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<!-- mime +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<h2 id=mime>MIME</h2>

<p>
The <tt>mime</tt> namespace offers filters that apply and remove common
content transfer encodings, such as Base64 and Quoted-Printable.
It also provides functions to break text into lines and change
the end-of-line convention.
MIME is described mainly in
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>,
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2046.txt">2046</a>,
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2047.txt">2047</a>,
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2047.txt">2048</a>, and
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2048.txt">2049</a>.
</p>

<p>
All functionality provided by the MIME module
follows the ideas presented in
<a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks">
LTN012, Filters sources and sinks</a>.
</p>

<p>
To obtain the <tt>mime</tt> namespace, run:
</p>

<pre class=example>
-- loads the MIME module and everything it requires
local mime = require("mime")
</pre>


<!-- High-level +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<h3 id=high>High-level filters</h3>

<!-- normalize ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="normalize">
mime.<b>normalize(</b>[marker]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Converts most common end-of-line markers to a specific given marker.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>Marker</tt> is the new marker. It defaults to CRLF, the canonic
end-of-line marker defined by the MIME standard.
</p>

<p class=return>
The function returns a filter that performs the conversion.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: There is no perfect solution to this problem. Different end-of-line
markers are an evil that will probably plague developers forever.
This function, however, will work perfectly for text created with any of
the most common end-of-line markers, i.e. the Mac OS (CR), the Unix (LF),
or the DOS (CRLF) conventions. Even if the data has mixed end-of-line
markers, the function will still work well, although it doesn't
guarantee that the number of empty lines will be correct.
</p>

<!-- decode +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="decode">
mime.<b>decode(</b>"base64"<b>)</b><br>
mime.<b>decode(</b>"quoted-printable"<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Returns a filter that decodes data from a given transfer content
encoding.
</p>

<!-- encode +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="encode">
mime.<b>encode(</b>"base64"<b>)</b><br>
mime.<b>encode(</b>"quoted-printable" [, mode]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Returns a filter that encodes data according to a given transfer content
encoding.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
In the Quoted-Printable case, the user can specify whether the data is
textual or binary, by passing the <tt>mode</tt> strings "<tt>text</tt>" or
"<tt>binary</tt>". <tt>Mode</tt> defaults to "<tt>text</tt>".
</p>

<p class=note>
Although both transfer content encodings specify a limit for the line
length, the encoding filters do <em>not</em> break text into lines (for
added flexibility).
Below is a filter that converts binary data to the Base64 transfer content
encoding and breaks it into lines of the correct size.
</p>

<pre class=example>
base64 = ltn12.filter.chain(
  mime.encode("base64"),
  mime.wrap("base64")
)
</pre>

<p class=note>
Note: Text data <em>has</em> to be converted to canonic form
<em>before</em> being encoded.
</p>

<pre class=example>
base64 = ltn12.filter.chain(
  mime.normalize(),
  mime.encode("base64"),
  mime.wrap("base64")
)
</pre>

<!-- stuff +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="stuff">
mime.<b>stuff()</b><br>
</p>

<p class=description>
Creates and returns a filter that performs stuffing of SMTP messages.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: The <a href=smtp.html#send><tt>smtp.send</tt></a> function
uses this filter automatically. You don't need to chain it with your
source, or apply it to your message body.
</p>

<!-- wrap +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="wrap">
mime.<b>wrap(</b>"text" [, length]<b>)</b><br>
mime.<b>wrap(</b>"base64"<b>)</b><br>
mime.<b>wrap(</b>"quoted-printable"<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Returns a filter that breaks data into lines.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
The "<tt>text</tt>" line-wrap filter simply breaks text into lines by
inserting CRLF end-of-line markers at appropriate positions.
<tt>Length</tt> defaults 76.
The "<tt>base64</tt>" line-wrap filter works just like the default
"<tt>text</tt>" line-wrap filter with default length.
The function can also wrap "<tt>quoted-printable</tt>" lines, taking care
not to break lines in the middle of an escaped character. In that case, the
line length is fixed at 76.
</p>

<p class=note>
For example, to create an encoding filter for the Quoted-Printable transfer content encoding of text data, do the following:
</p>

<pre class=example>
qp = ltn12.filter.chain(
  mime.normalize(),
  mime.encode("quoted-printable"),
  mime.wrap("quoted-printable")
)
</pre>

<p class=note>
Note: To break into lines with a different end-of-line convention, apply
a normalization filter after the line break filter.
</p>

<!-- Low-level ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<h3 id=low>Low-level filters</h3>

<!-- b64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="b64">
A, B = mime.<b>b64(</b>C [, D]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to perform Base64 encoding.
</p>

<p class=description>
<tt>A</tt> is the encoded version of the largest prefix of
<tt>C..D</tt>
that can be encoded unambiguously. <tt>B</tt> has the remaining bytes of
<tt>C..D</tt>, <em>before</em> encoding.
If <tt>D</tt> is <tt><b>nil</b></tt>, <tt>A</tt> is padded with
the encoding of the remaining bytes of <tt>C</tt>.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: The simplest use of this function is to encode a string into it's
Base64 transfer content encoding. Notice the extra parenthesis around the
call to <tt>mime.b64</tt>, to discard the second return value.
</p>

<pre class=example>
print((mime.b64("diego:password")))
--&gt; ZGllZ286cGFzc3dvcmQ=
</pre>

<!-- dot +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
<p class=name id="dot">
A, n = mime.<b>dot(</b>m [, B]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to perform SMTP stuffing and enable transmission of
messages containing the sequence "CRLF.CRLF".
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is the stuffed version of <tt>B</tt>. '<tt>n</tt>' gives the
number of characters from the sequence CRLF seen in the end of <tt>B</tt>.
'<tt>m</tt>' should tell the same, but for the previous chunk.
</p>

<p class=note>Note: The message body is defined to begin with
an implicit CRLF. Therefore, to stuff a message correctly, the
first <tt>m</tt> should have the value 2.
</p>

<pre class=example>
print((string.gsub(mime.dot(2, ".\r\nStuffing the message.\r\n.\r\n."), "\r\n", "\\n")))
--&gt; ..\nStuffing the message.\n..\n..
</pre>

<p class=note>
Note: The <a href=smtp.html#send><tt>smtp.send</tt></a> function
uses this filter automatically. You don't need to
apply it again.
</p>

<!-- eol ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="eol">
A, B = mime.<b>eol(</b>C [, D, marker]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to perform end-of-line marker translation.
For each chunk, the function needs to know if the last character of the
previous chunk could be part of an end-of-line marker or not. This is the
context the function receives besides the chunk.  An updated version of
the context is returned after each new chunk.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is the translated version of <tt>D</tt>. <tt>C</tt> is the
ASCII value of the last character of the previous chunk, if it was a
candidate for line break, or 0 otherwise.
<tt>B</tt> is the same as <tt>C</tt>, but for the current
chunk. <tt>Marker</tt> gives the new end-of-line marker and defaults to CRLF.
</p>

<pre class=example>
-- translates the end-of-line marker to UNIX
unix = mime.eol(0, dos, "\n")
</pre>

<!-- qp ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="qp">
A, B = mime.<b>qp(</b>C [, D, marker]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to perform Quoted-Printable encoding.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is the encoded version of the largest prefix of
<tt>C..D</tt>
that can be encoded unambiguously. <tt>B</tt> has the remaining bytes of
<tt>C..D</tt>, <em>before</em> encoding.
If <tt>D</tt> is <tt><b>nil</b></tt>, <tt>A</tt> is padded with
the encoding of the remaining bytes of <tt>C</tt>.
Throughout encoding, occurrences of CRLF are replaced by the
<tt>marker</tt>, which itself defaults to CRLF.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: The simplest use of this function is to encode a string into it's
Quoted-Printable transfer content encoding.
Notice the extra parenthesis around the call to <tt>mime.qp</tt>, to discard the second return value.
</p>

<pre class=example>
print((mime.qp("ma��")))
--&gt; ma=E7=E3=
</pre>

<!-- qpwrp ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="qpwrp">
A, m = mime.<b>qpwrp(</b>n [, B, length]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to break Quoted-Printable text into lines.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is a copy of <tt>B</tt>, broken into lines of at most
<tt>length</tt> bytes (defaults to 76).
'<tt>n</tt>' should tell how many bytes are left for the first
line of <tt>B</tt> and '<tt>m</tt>' returns the number of bytes
left in the last line of <tt>A</tt>.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: Besides breaking text into lines, this function makes sure the line
breaks don't fall in the middle of an escaped character combination. Also,
this function only breaks lines that are bigger than <tt>length</tt> bytes.
</p>

<!-- unb64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="unb64">
A, B = mime.<b>unb64(</b>C [, D]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to perform Base64 decoding.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is the decoded version of the largest prefix of
<tt>C..D</tt>
that can be decoded unambiguously. <tt>B</tt> has the remaining bytes of
<tt>C..D</tt>, <em>before</em> decoding.
If <tt>D</tt> is <tt><b>nil</b></tt>, <tt>A</tt> is the empty string
and <tt>B</tt> returns whatever couldn't be decoded.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: The simplest use of this function is to decode a string from it's
Base64 transfer content encoding.
Notice the extra parenthesis around the call to <tt>mime.unqp</tt>, to discard the second return value.
</p>

<pre class=example>
print((mime.unb64("ZGllZ286cGFzc3dvcmQ=")))
--&gt; diego:password
</pre>

<!-- unqp +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="unqp">
A, B = mime.<b>unqp(</b>C [, D]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to remove the Quoted-Printable transfer content encoding
from data.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is the decoded version of the largest prefix of
<tt>C..D</tt>
that can be decoded unambiguously. <tt>B</tt> has the remaining bytes of
<tt>C..D</tt>, <em>before</em> decoding.
If <tt>D</tt> is <tt><b>nil</b></tt>, <tt>A</tt> is augmented with
the encoding of the remaining bytes of <tt>C</tt>.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: The simplest use of this function is to decode a string from it's
Quoted-Printable transfer content encoding.
Notice the extra parenthesis around the call to <tt>mime.unqp</tt>, to discard the second return value.
</p>

<pre class=example>
print((mime.qp("ma=E7=E3=")))
--&gt; ma��
</pre>

<!-- wrp ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->

<p class=name id="wrp">
A, m = mime.<b>wrp(</b>n [, B, length]<b>)</b>
</p>

<p class=description>
Low-level filter to break text into lines with CRLF marker.
Text is assumed to be in the <a href=#normalize><tt>normalize</tt></a> form.
</p>

<p class=parameters>
<tt>A</tt> is a copy of <tt>B</tt>, broken into lines of at most
<tt>length</tt> bytes (defaults to 76).
'<tt>n</tt>' should tell how many bytes are left for the first
line of <tt>B</tt> and '<tt>m</tt>' returns the number of bytes
left in the last line of <tt>A</tt>.
</p>

<p class=note>
Note: This function only breaks lines that are bigger than
<tt>length</tt> bytes. The resulting line length does not include the CRLF
marker.
</p>


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<small>
Last modified by Diego Nehab on <br>
Thu Apr 20 00:25:44 EDT 2006
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author	Eric Wing <ewing . public \|-at-\| gmail . com>
date	Tue, 26 Aug 2008 18:40:01 -0700
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