--- a/cmd2.py	Mon Mar 23 09:57:01 2009 -0400
+++ b/cmd2.py	Mon Mar 23 10:16:59 2009 -0400
@@ -1,1105 +1,1114 @@
-"""Variant on standard library's cmd with extra features.
-
-To use, simply import cmd2.Cmd instead of cmd.Cmd; use precisely as though you
-were using the standard library's cmd, while enjoying the extra features.
-
-Searchable command history (commands: "hi", "li", "run")
-Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
-Multi-line commands
-Case-insensitive commands
-Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's "@" and "!")
-Settable environment parameters
-Optional _onchange_{paramname} called when environment parameter changes
-Parsing commands with `optparse` options (flags)
-Redirection to file with >, >>; input from file with <
-Easy transcript-based testing of applications (see example/example.py)
-
-Note that redirection with > and | will only work if `self.stdout.write()`
-is used in place of `print`.  The standard library's `cmd` module is 
-written to use `self.stdout.write()`, 
-
-- Catherine Devlin, Jan 03 2008 - catherinedevlin.blogspot.com
-
-mercurial repository at http://www.assembla.com/wiki/show/python-cmd2
-CHANGES:
-As of 0.3.0, options should be specified as `optparse` options.  See README.txt.
-flagReader.py options are still supported for backward compatibility
-"""
-import cmd, re, os, sys, optparse, subprocess, tempfile, pyparsing, doctest
-import unittest, string, datetime, urllib
-from optparse import make_option
-__version__ = '0.4.8'
-
-class OptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
-    def exit(self, status=0, msg=None):
-        self.values._exit = True
-        if msg:
-            print msg
-            
-    def print_help(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        # now, I need to call help of the calling function.  Hmm.
-        try:
-            print self._func.__doc__
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        optparse.OptionParser.print_help(self, *args, **kwargs)
-
-    def error(self, msg):
-        """error(msg : string)
-
-        Print a usage message incorporating 'msg' to stderr and exit.
-        If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
-        should either exit or raise an exception.
-        """
-        raise
-        
-def remainingArgs(oldArgs, newArgList):
-    '''
-    >>> remainingArgs('-f bar   bar   cow', ['bar', 'cow'])
-    'bar   cow'
-    '''
-    pattern = '\s+'.join(re.escape(a) for a in newArgList) + '\s*$'
-    matchObj = re.search(pattern, oldArgs)
-    return oldArgs[matchObj.start():]
-
-def options(option_list):
-    def option_setup(func):
-        optionParser = OptionParser()
-        for opt in option_list:
-            optionParser.add_option(opt)
-        optionParser.set_usage("%s [options] arg" % func.__name__.strip('do_'))
-        optionParser._func = func
-        def newFunc(instance, arg):
-            try:
-                opts, newArgList = optionParser.parse_args(arg.split()) # doesn't understand quoted strings shouldn't be dissected!
-                newArgs = remainingArgs(arg, newArgList)  # should it permit flags after args?
-            except (optparse.OptionValueError, optparse.BadOptionError,
-                    optparse.OptionError, optparse.AmbiguousOptionError,
-                    optparse.OptionConflictError), e:
-                print e
-                optionParser.print_help()
-                return
-            if hasattr(opts, '_exit'):
-                return None
-            if hasattr(arg, 'parser'):
-                terminator = arg.parsed.terminator
-                try:
-                    if arg.parsed.terminator[0] == '\n':
-                        terminator = arg.parsed.terminator[0]
-                except IndexError:
-                    pass
-                arg = arg.parser('%s %s%s%s' % (arg.parsed.command, newArgs, 
-                                                terminator, arg.parsed.suffix))
-            else:
-                arg = newArgs
-            result = func(instance, arg, opts)                            
-            return result        
-        newFunc.__doc__ = '%s\n%s' % (func.__doc__, optionParser.format_help())
-        return newFunc
-    return option_setup
-
-class PasteBufferError(EnvironmentError):
-    if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
-        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires pywin32
-to be installed on operating system.
-Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/"""
-    else:
-        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires xclip 
-to be installed on operating system.
-On Debian/Ubuntu, 'sudo apt-get install xclip' will install it."""        
-    def __init__(self):
-        Exception.__init__(self, self.errmsg)
-
-'''check here if functions exist; otherwise, stub out'''
-pastebufferr = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires %s
-to be installed on operating system.
-%s"""
-if subprocess.mswindows:
-    try:
-        import win32clipboard
-        def getPasteBuffer():
-            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
-            try:
-                result = win32clipboard.GetClipboardData()
-            except TypeError:
-                result = ''  #non-text
-            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
-            return result            
-        def writeToPasteBuffer(txt):
-            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
-            win32clipboard.EmptyClipboard()
-            win32clipboard.SetClipboardText(txt)
-            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()        
-    except ImportError:
-        def getPasteBuffer(*args):
-            raise OSError, pastebufferr % ('pywin32', 'Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/')
-        setPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
-else:
-    can_clip = False
-    try:
-        subprocess.check_call('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        can_clip = True
-    except AttributeError:  # check_call not defined, Python < 2.5
-        teststring = 'Testing for presence of xclip.'
-        xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        xclipproc.stdin.write(teststring)
-        xclipproc.stdin.close()
-        xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)        
-        if xclipproc.stdout.read() == teststring:
-            can_clip = True
-    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, IOError):
-        pass
-    if can_clip:    
-        def getPasteBuffer():
-            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-            return xclipproc.stdout.read()
-        def writeToPasteBuffer(txt):
-            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt)
-            xclipproc.stdin.close()
-            # but we want it in both the "primary" and "mouse" clipboards
-            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt)
-            xclipproc.stdin.close()
-    else:
-        def getPasteBuffer(*args):
-            raise OSError, pastebufferr % ('xclip', 'On Debian/Ubuntu, install with "sudo apt-get install xclip"')
-        setPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
-        writeToPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
-          
-pyparsing.ParserElement.setDefaultWhitespaceChars(' \t')
-
-class ParsedString(str):
-    pass
-
-class SkipToLast(pyparsing.SkipTo):
-    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
-        resultStore = []
-        startLoc = loc
-        instrlen = len(instring)
-        expr = self.expr
-        failParse = False
-        while loc <= instrlen:
-            try:
-                if self.failOn:
-                    failParse = True
-                    self.failOn.tryParse(instring, loc)
-                    failParse = False
-                loc = expr._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
-                expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False, callPreParse=False )
-                skipText = instring[startLoc:loc]
-                if self.includeMatch:
-                    loc,mat = expr._parse(instring,loc,doActions,callPreParse=False)
-                    if mat:
-                        skipRes = ParseResults( skipText )
-                        skipRes += mat
-                        resultStore.append((loc, [ skipRes ]))
-                    else:
-                        resultStore,append((loc, [ skipText ]))
-                else:
-                    resultStore.append((loc, [ skipText ]))
-                loc += 1
-            except (pyparsing.ParseException,IndexError):
-                if failParse:
-                    raise
-                else:
-                    loc += 1
-        if resultStore:
-            return resultStore[-1]
-        else:
-            exc = self.myException
-            exc.loc = loc
-            exc.pstr = instring
-            raise exc    
-
-def replace_with_file_contents(fname):
-    if fname:
-        try:
-            result = open(os.path.expanduser(fname[0])).read()
-        except IOError:
-            result = '< %s' % fname[0]  # wasn't a file after all
-    else:
-        result = getPasteBuffer()
-    return result
-        
-class Cmd(cmd.Cmd):
-    echo = False
-    case_insensitive = True
-    continuation_prompt = '> '  
-    timing = False
-    legalChars = '!#$%.:?@_' + pyparsing.alphanums + pyparsing.alphas8bit  # make sure your terminators are not in here!
-    shortcuts = {'?': 'help', '!': 'shell', '@': 'load' }
-    excludeFromHistory = '''run r list l history hi ed edit li eof'''.split()
-    noSpecialParse = 'set ed edit exit'.split()
-    defaultExtension = 'txt'
-    default_file_name = 'command.txt'
-    settable = ['prompt', 'continuation_prompt', 'default_file_name', 'editor', 'case_insensitive', 
-                'echo', 'timing']
-    settable.sort()
-    
-    editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR')
-    _STOP_AND_EXIT = 2
-    if not editor:
-        if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
-            editor = 'notepad'
-        else:
-            for editor in ['gedit', 'kate', 'vim', 'emacs', 'nano', 'pico']:
-                if not os.system('which %s' % (editor)):
-                    break
-            
-    def do_cmdenvironment(self, args):
-        '''Summary report of interactive parameters.'''
-        self.stdout.write("""
-        Commands are %(casesensitive)scase-sensitive.
-        Commands may be terminated with: %(terminators)s
-        Settable parameters: %(settable)s
-        """ % 
-        { 'casesensitive': (self.case_insensitive and 'not ') or '',
-          'terminators': str(self.terminators),
-          'settable': ' '.join(self.settable)
-        })
-        
-    def do_help(self, arg):
-        try:
-            fn = getattr(self, 'do_' + arg)
-            if fn and fn.optionParser:
-                fn.optionParser.print_help(file=self.stdout)
-                return
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        cmd.Cmd.do_help(self, arg)
-        
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):        
-        cmd.Cmd.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        self.history = History()
-        self._init_parser()
-        self.pystate = {}
-        
-    def do_shortcuts(self, args):
-        """Lists single-key shortcuts available."""
-        result = "\n".join('%s: %s' % (sc[0], sc[1]) for sc in self.shortcuts.items())
-        self.stdout.write("Single-key shortcuts for other commands:\n%s\n" % (result))
-
-    prefixParser = pyparsing.Empty()
-    commentGrammars = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.pythonStyleComment, pyparsing.cStyleComment])
-    commentGrammars.addParseAction(lambda x: '')
-    commentInProgress  = ((pyparsing.White() | pyparsing.lineStart) + 
-                          pyparsing.Literal('/*') + pyparsing.SkipTo(pyparsing.stringEnd))
-                          # `blah/*` means `everything in directory `blah`, not comment
-    terminators = [';']
-    blankLinesAllowed = False
-    multilineCommands = []
-    
-    def _init_parser(self):
-        r'''
-        >>> c = Cmd()
-        >>> c.multilineCommands = ['multiline']
-        >>> c.case_insensitive = True
-        >>> c._init_parser()
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('').dump()        
-        []        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('/* empty command */').dump()        
-        []        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('plainword').dump()        
-        ['plainword', '']
-        - command: plainword
-        - statement: ['plainword', '']
-          - command: plainword        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('termbare;').dump()
-        ['termbare', '', ';', '']
-        - command: termbare
-        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
-          - command: termbare
-          - terminator: ;
-        - terminator: ;        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('termbare; suffx').dump()
-        ['termbare', '', ';', 'suffx']
-        - command: termbare
-        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
-          - command: termbare
-          - terminator: ;
-        - suffix: suffx
-        - terminator: ;        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('barecommand').dump()
-        ['barecommand', '']
-        - command: barecommand
-        - statement: ['barecommand', '']
-          - command: barecommand
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('COMmand with args').dump()
-        ['command', 'with args']
-        - args: with args
-        - command: command
-        - statement: ['command', 'with args']
-          - args: with args
-          - command: command
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('command with args and terminator; and suffix').dump()
-        ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';', 'and suffix']
-        - args: with args and terminator
-        - command: command
-        - statement: ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';']
-          - args: with args and terminator
-          - command: command
-          - terminator: ;
-        - suffix: and suffix
-        - terminator: ;
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('simple | piped').dump()
-        ['simple', '', '|', ' piped']
-        - command: simple
-        - pipeTo:  piped
-        - statement: ['simple', '']
-          - command: simple
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('double-pipe || is not a pipe').dump()
-        ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
-        - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
-        - command: double
-        - statement: ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
-          - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
-          - command: double
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('command with args, terminator;sufx | piped').dump()
-        ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' piped']
-        - args: with args, terminator
-        - command: command
-        - pipeTo:  piped
-        - statement: ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';']
-          - args: with args, terminator
-          - command: command
-          - terminator: ;
-        - suffix: sufx
-        - terminator: ;
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output into > afile.txt').dump()
-        ['output', 'into', '>', 'afile.txt']
-        - args: into
-        - command: output
-        - output: >
-        - outputTo: afile.txt
-        - statement: ['output', 'into']
-          - args: into
-          - command: output   
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output into;sufx | pipethrume plz > afile.txt').dump()
-        ['output', 'into', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' pipethrume plz', '>', 'afile.txt']
-        - args: into
-        - command: output
-        - output: >
-        - outputTo: afile.txt
-        - pipeTo:  pipethrume plz
-        - statement: ['output', 'into', ';']
-          - args: into
-          - command: output
-          - terminator: ;
-        - suffix: sufx
-        - terminator: ;
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output to paste buffer >> ').dump()
-        ['output', 'to paste buffer', '>>', '']
-        - args: to paste buffer
-        - command: output
-        - output: >>
-        - statement: ['output', 'to paste buffer']
-          - args: to paste buffer
-          - command: output
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('ignore the /* commented | > */ stuff;').dump()
-        ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';', '']
-        - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
-        - command: ignore
-        - statement: ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';']
-          - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
-          - command: ignore
-          - terminator: ;
-        - terminator: ;
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('has > inside;').dump()
-        ['has', '> inside', ';', '']
-        - args: > inside
-        - command: has
-        - statement: ['has', '> inside', ';']
-          - args: > inside
-          - command: has
-          - terminator: ;
-        - terminator: ;        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside an unfinished command').dump()      
-        ['multiline', ' has > inside an unfinished command']
-        - multilineCommand: multiline        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside;').dump()
-        ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';', '']
-        - args: has > inside
-        - multilineCommand: multiline
-        - statement: ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';']
-          - args: has > inside
-          - multilineCommand: multiline
-          - terminator: ;
-        - terminator: ;        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment in progress;').dump()
-        ['multiline', ' command /* with comment in progress;']
-        - multilineCommand: multiline        
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment complete */ is done;').dump()
-        ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';', '']
-        - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
-        - multilineCommand: multiline
-        - statement: ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';']
-          - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
-          - multilineCommand: multiline
-          - terminator: ;
-        - terminator: ;
-        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command ends\n\n').dump()
-        ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
-        - args: command ends
-        - multilineCommand: multiline
-        - statement: ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
-          - args: command ends
-          - multilineCommand: multiline
-          - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
-        - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
-        '''
-        outputParser = (pyparsing.Literal('>>') | (pyparsing.WordStart() + '>') | pyparsing.Regex('[^=]>'))('output')
-        
-        terminatorParser = pyparsing.Or([(hasattr(t, 'parseString') and t) or pyparsing.Literal(t) for t in self.terminators])('terminator')
-        stringEnd = pyparsing.stringEnd ^ '\nEOF'
-        self.multilineCommand = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.Keyword(c, caseless=self.case_insensitive) for c in self.multilineCommands])('multilineCommand')
-        oneLineCommand = (~self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars))('command')
-        pipe = pyparsing.Keyword('|', identChars='|')
-        self.commentGrammars.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).setParseAction(lambda x: '')
-        self.commentInProgress.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(pyparsing.cStyleComment)       
-        afterElements = \
-            pyparsing.Optional(pipe + pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ stringEnd)('pipeTo')) + \
-            pyparsing.Optional(outputParser + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('outputTo'))
-        if self.case_insensitive:
-            self.multilineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
-            oneLineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
-        if self.blankLinesAllowed:
-            self.blankLineTerminationParser = pyparsing.NoMatch
-        else:
-            self.blankLineTerminator = (pyparsing.lineEnd + pyparsing.lineEnd)('terminator')
-            self.blankLineTerminator.setResultsName('terminator')
-            self.blankLineTerminationParser = ((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + pyparsing.SkipTo(self.blankLineTerminator).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + self.blankLineTerminator)('statement')
-        self.multilineParser = (((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + SkipToLast(terminatorParser).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + terminatorParser)('statement') +
-                                pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ pipe ^ stringEnd).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('suffix') + afterElements)
-        self.singleLineParser = ((oneLineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(terminatorParser ^ stringEnd ^ pipe ^ outputParser).setParseAction(lambda x:x[0].strip())('args'))('statement') +
-                                 pyparsing.Optional(terminatorParser) + afterElements)
-        #self.multilineParser = self.multilineParser.setResultsName('multilineParser')
-        #self.singleLineParser = self.singleLineParser.setResultsName('singleLineParser')
-        #self.blankLineTerminationParser = self.blankLineTerminationParser.setResultsName('blankLineTerminatorParser')
-        self.parser = (
-            stringEnd |
-            self.prefixParser + self.multilineParser |
-            self.prefixParser + self.singleLineParser |
-            self.prefixParser + self.blankLineTerminationParser | 
-            self.prefixParser + self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd)
-            )
-        self.parser.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(self.commentGrammars).ignore(self.commentInProgress)
-        
-        inputMark = pyparsing.Literal('<')
-        inputMark.setParseAction(lambda x: '')
-        fileName = pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars + '/\\')
-        inputFrom = fileName('inputFrom')
-        inputFrom.setParseAction(replace_with_file_contents)
-        # a not-entirely-satisfactory way of distinguishing < as in "import from" from <
-        # as in "lesser than"
-        self.inputParser = inputMark + pyparsing.Optional(inputFrom) + pyparsing.Optional('>') + \
-                           pyparsing.Optional(fileName) + (pyparsing.stringEnd | '|')
-        self.inputParser.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(self.commentGrammars).ignore(self.commentInProgress)               
-    
-    def preparse(self, raw, **kwargs):
-        return raw
-    
-    def parsed(self, raw, **kwargs):
-        if isinstance(raw, ParsedString):
-            p = raw
-        else:
-            raw = self.preparse(raw, **kwargs)
-            s = self.inputParser.transformString(raw.lstrip())
-            for (shortcut, expansion) in self.shortcuts.items():
-                if s.lower().startswith(shortcut):
-                    s = s.replace(shortcut, expansion + ' ', 1)
-                    break
-            result = self.parser.parseString(s)
-            result['command'] = result.multilineCommand or result.command        
-            result['raw'] = raw
-            result['clean'] = self.commentGrammars.transformString(result.args)
-            result['expanded'] = s        
-            p = ParsedString(result.clean)
-            p.parsed = result
-            p.parser = self.parsed
-        for (key, val) in kwargs.items():
-            p.parsed[key] = val
-        return p
-              
-    def postparsing_precmd(self, statement):
-        stop = 0
-        return stop, statement
-    def postparsing_postcmd(self, stop):
-        return stop
-    def onecmd(self, line):
-        """Interpret the argument as though it had been typed in response
-        to the prompt.
-
-        This may be overridden, but should not normally need to be;
-        see the precmd() and postcmd() methods for useful execution hooks.
-        The return value is a flag indicating whether interpretation of
-        commands by the interpreter should stop.
-        
-        This (`cmd2`) version of `onecmd` already override's `cmd`'s `onecmd`.
-
-        """
-        if not line:
-            return self.emptyline()
-        if not pyparsing.Or(self.commentGrammars).setParseAction(lambda x: '').transformString(line):
-            return 0    # command was empty except for comments
-        try:
-            statement = self.parsed(line)
-            while statement.parsed.multilineCommand and (statement.parsed.terminator == ''):
-                statement = '%s\n%s' % (statement.parsed.raw, 
-                                        self.pseudo_raw_input(self.continuation_prompt))                
-                statement = self.parsed(statement)
-        except Exception, e:
-            print e
-            return 0
-
-        try:
-            (stop, statement) = self.postparsing_precmd(statement)
-        except Exception, e:
-            print str(e)
-            return 0
-        if stop:
-            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)
-        
-        if not statement.parsed.command:
-            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop=0)
-                
-        statekeeper = None
-
-        if statement.parsed.pipeTo:
-            redirect = subprocess.Popen(statement.parsed.pipeTo, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-            statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))   
-            self.stdout = redirect.stdin
-        elif statement.parsed.output:
-            statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))            
-            if statement.parsed.outputTo:
-                mode = 'w'
-                if statement.parsed.output == '>>':
-                    mode = 'a'
-                try:
-                    self.stdout = open(os.path.expanduser(statement.parsed.outputTo), mode)                            
-                except OSError, e:
-                    print e
-                    return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop=0) 
-            else:
-                statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))
-                self.stdout = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-                if statement.parsed.output == '>>':
-                    self.stdout.write(getPasteBuffer())
-        try:
-            # "heart" of the command, replace's cmd's onecmd()
-            self.lastcmd = statement.parsed.expanded
-            try:
-                func = getattr(self, 'do_' + statement.parsed.command)
-            except AttributeError:
-                return self.postparsing_postcmd(self.default(statement))
-            timestart = datetime.datetime.now()
-            stop = func(statement) 
-            if self.timing:
-                print 'Elapsed: %s' % str(datetime.datetime.now() - timestart)
-        except Exception, e:
-            print e
-        try:
-            if statement.parsed.command not in self.excludeFromHistory:
-                self.history.append(statement.parsed.raw)
-        finally:
-            if statekeeper:
-                if statement.parsed.output and not statement.parsed.outputTo:
-                    self.stdout.seek(0)
-                    try:
-                        writeToPasteBuffer(self.stdout.read())
-                    except Exception, e:
-                        print str(e)
-                elif statement.parsed.pipeTo:
-                    for result in redirect.communicate():              
-                        statekeeper.stdout.write(result or '')                        
-                self.stdout.close()
-                statekeeper.restore()
-                                 
-            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)        
-        
-    def pseudo_raw_input(self, prompt):
-        """copied from cmd's cmdloop; like raw_input, but accounts for changed stdin, stdout"""
-        
-        if self.use_rawinput:
-            try:
-                line = raw_input(prompt)
-            except EOFError:
-                line = 'EOF'
-        else:
-            self.stdout.write(prompt)
-            self.stdout.flush()
-            line = self.stdin.readline()
-            if not len(line):
-                line = 'EOF'
-            else:
-                if line[-1] == '\n': # this was always true in Cmd
-                    line = line[:-1] 
-        return line
-                          
-    def cmdloop(self, intro=None):
-        """Repeatedly issue a prompt, accept input, parse an initial prefix
-        off the received input, and dispatch to action methods, passing them
-        the remainder of the line as argument.
-        """
-
-        # An almost perfect copy from Cmd; however, the pseudo_raw_input portion
-        # has been split out so that it can be called separately
-        
-        self.preloop()
-        if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
-            try:
-                import readline
-                self.old_completer = readline.get_completer()
-                readline.set_completer(self.complete)
-                readline.parse_and_bind(self.completekey+": complete")
-            except ImportError:
-                pass
-        try:
-            if intro is not None:
-                self.intro = intro
-            if self.intro:
-                self.stdout.write(str(self.intro)+"\n")
-            stop = None
-            while not stop:
-                if self.cmdqueue:
-                    line = self.cmdqueue.pop(0)
-                else:
-                    line = self.pseudo_raw_input(self.prompt)
-                if (self.echo) and (isinstance(self.stdin, file)):
-                    self.stdout.write(line + '\n')
-                line = self.precmd(line)
-                stop = self.onecmd(line)
-                stop = self.postcmd(stop, line)
-            self.postloop()
-        finally:
-            if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
-                try:
-                    import readline
-                    readline.set_completer(self.old_completer)
-                except ImportError:
-                    pass    
-            return stop
-
-    def do_EOF(self, arg):
-        return True
-    do_eof = do_EOF
-               
-    def showParam(self, param):
-        any_shown = False
-        param = param.strip().lower()
-        for p in self.settable:
-            if p.startswith(param):
-                val = getattr(self, p)
-                self.stdout.write('%s: %s\n' % (p, str(getattr(self, p))))
-                any_shown = True
-        if not any_shown:
-            print "Parameter '%s' not supported (type 'show' for list of parameters)." % param
-                
-    def do_quit(self, arg):
-        return self._STOP_AND_EXIT
-    do_exit = do_quit
-    do_q = do_quit
-    
-    def do_show(self, arg):
-        '''Shows value of a parameter.'''
-        if arg.strip():
-            self.showParam(arg)
-        else:
-            for param in self.settable:
-                self.showParam(param)
-    
-    def do_set(self, arg):
-        '''Sets a cmd2 parameter.  Accepts abbreviated parameter names so long as there is no ambiguity.
-           Call without arguments for a list of settable parameters with their values.'''
-        try:
-            paramName, val = arg.split(None, 1)
-            paramName = paramName.strip().lower()
-            hits = [paramName in p for p in self.settable]
-            if hits.count(True) == 1:
-                paramName = self.settable[hits.index(True)]
-                currentVal = getattr(self, paramName)
-                if (val[0] == val[-1]) and val[0] in ("'", '"'):
-                    val = val[1:-1]
-                else:                
-                    val = cast(currentVal, val)
-                setattr(self, paramName, val)
-                self.stdout.write('%s - was: %s\nnow: %s\n' % (paramName, currentVal, val))
-                if currentVal != val:
-                    try:
-                        onchange_hook = getattr(self, '_onchange_%s' % paramName)
-                        onchange_hook(old=currentVal, new=val)
-                    except AttributeError:
-                        pass
-            else:
-                self.do_show(paramName)
-        except (ValueError, AttributeError, NotSettableError), e:
-            self.do_show(arg)
-                
-    def do_pause(self, arg):
-        'Displays the specified text then waits for the user to press RETURN.'
-        raw_input(arg + '\n')
-        
-    def do_shell(self, arg):
-        'execute a command as if at the OS prompt.'
-        os.system(arg)
-        
-    def do_py(self, arg):  
-        '''
-        py <command>: Executes a Python command.
-        py: Enters interactive Python mode (end with `end py`).
-        '''
-        if arg.strip():
-            try:
-                result = eval(arg, self.pystate)
-                print repr(result)
-            except SyntaxError:
-                try:
-                    exec(arg, self.pystate)
-                except Exception:
-                    raise
-            except Exception, e:
-                print e        
-        else:
-            print 'Now accepting python commands; end with `end py`'
-            buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
-            while buffer[-1].lower().split()[:2] != ['end','py']:
-                try:
-                    buf = '\n'.join(buffer)
-                    try:
-                        result = eval(buf, self.pystate)
-                        print repr(result)
-                    except SyntaxError:
-                        exec(buf, self.pystate)
-                    buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
-                except SyntaxError:
-                    buffer.append(self.pseudo_raw_input('... '))
-                except Exception, e:
-                    print e
-                    buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
-
-    def do_history(self, arg):
-        """history [arg]: lists past commands issued
-        
-        no arg -> list all
-        arg is integer -> list one history item, by index
-        arg is string -> string search
-        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> regular expression search
-        """
-        if arg:
-            history = self.history.get(arg)
-        else:
-            history = self.history
-        for hi in history:
-            self.stdout.write(hi.pr())
-    def last_matching(self, arg):
-        try:
-            if arg:
-                return self.history.get(arg)[-1]
-            else:
-                return self.history[-1]
-        except IndexError:
-            return None        
-    def do_list(self, arg):
-        """list [arg]: lists last command issued
-        
-        no arg -> list absolute last
-        arg is integer -> list one history item, by index
-        - arg, arg - (integer) -> list up to or after #arg
-        arg is string -> list last command matching string search
-        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> regular expression search
-        """
-        try:
-            self.stdout.write(self.last_matching(arg).pr())
-        except:
-            pass
-    do_hi = do_history
-    do_l = do_list
-    do_li = do_list
-        
-    def do_ed(self, arg):
-        """ed: edit most recent command in text editor
-        ed [N]: edit numbered command from history
-        ed [filename]: edit specified file name
-        
-        commands are run after editor is closed.
-        "set edit (program-name)" or set  EDITOR environment variable
-        to control which editing program is used."""
-        if not self.editor:
-            print "please use 'set editor' to specify your text editing program of choice."
-            return
-        filename = self.default_file_name
-        if arg:
-            try:
-                buffer = self.last_matching(int(arg))
-            except ValueError:
-                filename = arg
-                buffer = ''
-        else:
-            buffer = self.history[-1]
-
-        if buffer:
-            f = open(os.path.expanduser(filename), 'w')
-            f.write(buffer or '')
-            f.close()        
-                
-        os.system('%s %s' % (self.editor, filename))
-        self.do__load(filename)
-    do_edit = do_ed
-    
-    saveparser = (pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.nums)^'*')("idx") + 
-                  pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(legalChars + '/\\'))("fname") +
-                  pyparsing.stringEnd)    
-    def do_save(self, arg):
-        """`save [N] [filename.ext]`
-        Saves command from history to file.
-        N => Number of command (from history), or `*`; 
-             most recent command if omitted"""
-
-        try:
-            args = self.saveparser.parseString(arg)
-        except pyparsing.ParseException:
-            print self.do_save.__doc__
-            return
-        fname = args.fname or self.default_file_name
-        if args.idx == '*':
-            saveme = '\n\n'.join(self.history[:])
-        elif args.idx:
-            saveme = self.history[int(args.idx)-1]
-        else:
-            saveme = self.history[-1]
-        try:
-            f = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'w')
-            f.write(saveme)
-            f.close()
-            print 'Saved to %s' % (fname)
-        except Exception, e:
-            print 'Error saving %s: %s' % (fname, str(e))
-            
-    urlre = re.compile('(https?://[-\\w\\./]+)')
-    def do_load(self, fname=None):           
-        """Runs script of command(s) from a file or URL."""
-        if fname is None:
-            fname = self.default_file_name
-        keepstate = Statekeeper(self, ('stdin','use_rawinput','prompt','continuation_prompt'))
-        try:
-            if isinstance(fname, file):
-                target = open(fname, 'r')
-            else:
-                match = self.urlre.match(fname)
-                if match:
-                    target = urllib.urlopen(match.group(1))
-                else:
-                    fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
-                    try:
-                        target = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'r')
-                    except IOError, e:                    
-                        target = open('%s.%s' % (os.path.expanduser(fname), 
-                                                 self.defaultExtension), 'r')
-        except IOError, e:
-            print 'Problem accessing script from %s: \n%s' % (fname, e)
-            keepstate.restore()
-            return
-        self.stdin = target    
-        self.use_rawinput = False
-        self.prompt = self.continuation_prompt = ''
-        stop = self.cmdloop()
-        self.stdin.close()
-        keepstate.restore()
-        self.lastcmd = ''
-        return (stop == self._STOP_AND_EXIT) and self._STOP_AND_EXIT    
-    do__load = do_load  # avoid an unfortunate legacy use of do_load from sqlpython
-    
-    def do_run(self, arg):
-        """run [arg]: re-runs an earlier command
-        
-        no arg -> run most recent command
-        arg is integer -> run one history item, by index
-        arg is string -> run most recent command by string search
-        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> run most recent by regex
-        """        
-        'run [N]: runs the SQL that was run N commands ago'
-        runme = self.last_matching(arg)
-        print runme
-        if runme:
-            runme = self.precmd(runme)
-            stop = self.onecmd(runme)
-            stop = self.postcmd(stop, runme)
-    do_r = do_run        
-            
-    def fileimport(self, statement, source):
-        try:
-            f = open(os.path.expanduser(source))
-        except IOError:
-            self.stdout.write("Couldn't read from file %s\n" % source)
-            return ''
-        data = f.read()
-        f.close()
-        return data
-            
-class HistoryItem(str):
-    def __init__(self, instr):
-        str.__init__(self)
-        self.lowercase = self.lower()
-        self.idx = None
-    def pr(self):
-        return '-------------------------[%d]\n%s\n' % (self.idx, str(self))
-        
-class History(list):
-    rangeFrom = re.compile(r'^([\d])+\s*\-$')
-    def append(self, new):
-        new = HistoryItem(new)
-        list.append(self, new)
-        new.idx = len(self)
-    def extend(self, new):
-        for n in new:
-            self.append(n)
-    def get(self, getme):
-        try:
-            getme = int(getme)
-            if getme < 0:
-                return self[:(-1 * getme)]
-            else:
-                return [self[getme-1]]
-        except IndexError:
-            return []
-        except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            getme = getme.strip()
-            mtch = self.rangeFrom.search(getme)
-            if mtch:
-                return self[(int(mtch.group(1))-1):]
-            if getme.startswith(r'/') and getme.endswith(r'/'):
-                finder = re.compile(getme[1:-1], re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE | re.IGNORECASE)
-                def isin(hi):
-                    return finder.search(hi)
-            else:
-                def isin(hi):
-                    return (getme.lower() in hi.lowercase)
-            return [itm for itm in self if isin(itm)]
-
-class NotSettableError(Exception):
-    pass
-        
-def cast(current, new):
-    """Tries to force a new value into the same type as the current."""
-    typ = type(current)
-    if typ == bool:
-        try:
-            return bool(int(new))
-        except ValueError, TypeError:
-            pass
-        try:
-            new = new.lower()    
-        except:
-            pass
-        if (new=='on') or (new[0] in ('y','t')):
-            return True
-        if (new=='off') or (new[0] in ('n','f')):
-            return False
-    else:
-        try:
-            return typ(new)
-        except:
-            pass
-    print "Problem setting parameter (now %s) to %s; incorrect type?" % (current, new)
-    return current
-        
-class Statekeeper(object):
-    def __init__(self, obj, attribs):
-        self.obj = obj
-        self.attribs = attribs
-        self.save()
-    def save(self):
-        for attrib in self.attribs:
-            setattr(self, attrib, getattr(self.obj, attrib))
-    def restore(self):
-        for attrib in self.attribs:
-            setattr(self.obj, attrib, getattr(self, attrib))        
-
-class Borg(object):
-    '''All instances of any Borg subclass will share state.
-    from Python Cookbook, 2nd Ed., recipe 6.16'''
-    _shared_state = {}
-    def __new__(cls, *a, **k):
-        obj = object.__new__(cls, *a, **k)
-        obj.__dict__ = cls._shared_state
-        return obj
-    
-class OutputTrap(Borg):
-    '''Instantiate an OutputTrap to divert/capture ALL stdout output.  For use in unit testing.
-    Call `tearDown()` to return to normal output.'''
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
-        self.trap = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        sys.stdout = self.trap
-    def read(self):
-        self.trap.seek(0)
-        result = self.trap.read()
-        self.trap.truncate(0)
-        return result.strip('\x00')        
-    def tearDown(self):
-        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
-
-class Cmd2TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    '''Subclass this, setting CmdApp and transcriptFileName, to make a unittest.TestCase class
-       that will execute the commands in transcriptFileName and expect the results shown.
-       See example.py'''
-    CmdApp = None
-    transcriptFileName = ''
-    def setUp(self):
-        if self.CmdApp:
-            self.outputTrap = OutputTrap()
-            self.cmdapp = self.CmdApp()
-            try:
-                tfile = open(os.path.expanduser(self.transcriptFileName))
-                self.transcript = iter(tfile.readlines())
-                tfile.close()
-            except IOError:
-                self.transcript = []
-    def assertEqualEnough(self, got, expected, message):
-        got = got.strip().splitlines()
-        expected = expected.strip().splitlines()
-        self.assertEqual(len(got), len(expected), message)
-        for (linegot, lineexpected) in zip(got, expected):
-            matchme = re.escape(lineexpected.strip()).replace('\\*', '.*').  \
-                      replace('\\ ', ' ')
-            self.assert_(re.match(matchme, linegot.strip()), message)
-    def testall(self):
-        if self.CmdApp:
-            lineNum = 0
-            try:
-                line = self.transcript.next()
-                while True:
-                    while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
-                        line = self.transcript.next()
-                    command = [line[len(self.cmdapp.prompt):]]
-                    line = self.transcript.next()
-                    while line.startswith(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):
-                        command.append(line[len(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):])
-                        line = self.transcript.next()
-                    command = ''.join(command)
-                    self.cmdapp.onecmd(command)
-                    result = self.outputTrap.read()
-                    if line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
-                        self.assertEqualEnough(result.strip(), '', 
-                            '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%s\nExpected: (nothing) \nGot:\n%s\n' % 
-                            (self.transcriptFileName, lineNum, command, result))    
-                        continue
-                    expected = []
-                    while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
-                        expected.append(line)
-                        line = self.transcript.next()
-                    expected = ''.join(expected)
-                    self.assertEqualEnough(expected.strip(), result.strip(), 
-                        '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%s\nExpected:\n%s\nGot:\n%s\n' % 
-                        (self.transcriptFileName, lineNum, command, expected, result))    
-                    # this needs to account for a line-by-line strip()ping
-            except StopIteration:
-                pass
-                # catch the final output?
-    def tearDown(self):
-        if self.CmdApp:
-            self.outputTrap.tearDown()
-        
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    doctest.testmod(optionflags = doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
-    #c = Cmd()
+"""Variant on standard library's cmd with extra features.
+
+To use, simply import cmd2.Cmd instead of cmd.Cmd; use precisely as though you
+were using the standard library's cmd, while enjoying the extra features.
+
+Searchable command history (commands: "hi", "li", "run")
+Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
+Multi-line commands
+Case-insensitive commands
+Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's "@" and "!")
+Settable environment parameters
+Optional _onchange_{paramname} called when environment parameter changes
+Parsing commands with `optparse` options (flags)
+Redirection to file with >, >>; input from file with <
+Easy transcript-based testing of applications (see example/example.py)
+
+Note that redirection with > and | will only work if `self.stdout.write()`
+is used in place of `print`.  The standard library's `cmd` module is 
+written to use `self.stdout.write()`, 
+
+- Catherine Devlin, Jan 03 2008 - catherinedevlin.blogspot.com
+
+mercurial repository at http://www.assembla.com/wiki/show/python-cmd2
+CHANGES:
+As of 0.3.0, options should be specified as `optparse` options.  See README.txt.
+flagReader.py options are still supported for backward compatibility
+"""
+import cmd, re, os, sys, optparse, subprocess, tempfile, pyparsing, doctest
+import unittest, string, datetime, urllib, inspect
+from optparse import make_option
+__version__ = '0.4.8'
+
+class OptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
+    def exit(self, status=0, msg=None):
+        self.values._exit = True
+        if msg:
+            print msg
+            
+    def print_help(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # now, I need to call help of the calling function.  Hmm.
+        try:
+            print self._func.__doc__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        optparse.OptionParser.print_help(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        """error(msg : string)
+
+        Print a usage message incorporating 'msg' to stderr and exit.
+        If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
+        should either exit or raise an exception.
+        """
+        raise
+        
+def remainingArgs(oldArgs, newArgList):
+    '''
+    >>> remainingArgs('-f bar   bar   cow', ['bar', 'cow'])
+    'bar   cow'
+    '''
+    pattern = '\s+'.join(re.escape(a) for a in newArgList) + '\s*$'
+    matchObj = re.search(pattern, oldArgs)
+    return oldArgs[matchObj.start():]
+
+def options(option_list):
+    def option_setup(func):
+        optionParser = OptionParser()
+        for opt in option_list:
+            optionParser.add_option(opt)
+        optionParser.set_usage("%s [options] arg" % func.__name__.strip('do_'))
+        optionParser._func = func
+        def newFunc(instance, arg):
+            try:
+                opts, newArgList = optionParser.parse_args(arg.split()) # doesn't understand quoted strings shouldn't be dissected!
+                newArgs = remainingArgs(arg, newArgList)  # should it permit flags after args?
+            except (optparse.OptionValueError, optparse.BadOptionError,
+                    optparse.OptionError, optparse.AmbiguousOptionError,
+                    optparse.OptionConflictError), e:
+                print e
+                optionParser.print_help()
+                return
+            if hasattr(opts, '_exit'):
+                return None
+            if hasattr(arg, 'parser'):
+                terminator = arg.parsed.terminator
+                try:
+                    if arg.parsed.terminator[0] == '\n':
+                        terminator = arg.parsed.terminator[0]
+                except IndexError:
+                    pass
+                arg = arg.parser('%s %s%s%s' % (arg.parsed.command, newArgs, 
+                                                terminator, arg.parsed.suffix))
+            else:
+                arg = newArgs
+            result = func(instance, arg, opts)                            
+            return result        
+        newFunc.__doc__ = '%s\n%s' % (func.__doc__, optionParser.format_help())
+        return newFunc
+    return option_setup
+
+class PasteBufferError(EnvironmentError):
+    if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
+        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires pywin32
+to be installed on operating system.
+Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/"""
+    else:
+        errmsg = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires xclip 
+to be installed on operating system.
+On Debian/Ubuntu, 'sudo apt-get install xclip' will install it."""        
+    def __init__(self):
+        Exception.__init__(self, self.errmsg)
+
+'''check here if functions exist; otherwise, stub out'''
+pastebufferr = """Redirecting to or from paste buffer requires %s
+to be installed on operating system.
+%s"""
+if subprocess.mswindows:
+    try:
+        import win32clipboard
+        def getPasteBuffer():
+            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
+            try:
+                result = win32clipboard.GetClipboardData()
+            except TypeError:
+                result = ''  #non-text
+            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
+            return result            
+        def writeToPasteBuffer(txt):
+            win32clipboard.OpenClipboard(0)
+            win32clipboard.EmptyClipboard()
+            win32clipboard.SetClipboardText(txt)
+            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()        
+    except ImportError:
+        def getPasteBuffer(*args):
+            raise OSError, pastebufferr % ('pywin32', 'Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/')
+        setPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
+else:
+    can_clip = False
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        can_clip = True
+    except AttributeError:  # check_call not defined, Python < 2.5
+        teststring = 'Testing for presence of xclip.'
+        xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        xclipproc.stdin.write(teststring)
+        xclipproc.stdin.close()
+        xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)        
+        if xclipproc.stdout.read() == teststring:
+            can_clip = True
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, IOError):
+        pass
+    if can_clip:    
+        def getPasteBuffer():
+            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -o -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+            return xclipproc.stdout.read()
+        def writeToPasteBuffer(txt):
+            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip -sel clip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt)
+            xclipproc.stdin.close()
+            # but we want it in both the "primary" and "mouse" clipboards
+            xclipproc = subprocess.Popen('xclip', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+            xclipproc.stdin.write(txt)
+            xclipproc.stdin.close()
+    else:
+        def getPasteBuffer(*args):
+            raise OSError, pastebufferr % ('xclip', 'On Debian/Ubuntu, install with "sudo apt-get install xclip"')
+        setPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
+        writeToPasteBuffer = getPasteBuffer
+          
+pyparsing.ParserElement.setDefaultWhitespaceChars(' \t')
+
+class ParsedString(str):
+    pass
+
+class SkipToLast(pyparsing.SkipTo):
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        resultStore = []
+        startLoc = loc
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        expr = self.expr
+        failParse = False
+        while loc <= instrlen:
+            try:
+                if self.failOn:
+                    failParse = True
+                    self.failOn.tryParse(instring, loc)
+                    failParse = False
+                loc = expr._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+                expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False, callPreParse=False )
+                skipText = instring[startLoc:loc]
+                if self.includeMatch:
+                    loc,mat = expr._parse(instring,loc,doActions,callPreParse=False)
+                    if mat:
+                        skipRes = ParseResults( skipText )
+                        skipRes += mat
+                        resultStore.append((loc, [ skipRes ]))
+                    else:
+                        resultStore,append((loc, [ skipText ]))
+                else:
+                    resultStore.append((loc, [ skipText ]))
+                loc += 1
+            except (pyparsing.ParseException,IndexError):
+                if failParse:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    loc += 1
+        if resultStore:
+            return resultStore[-1]
+        else:
+            exc = self.myException
+            exc.loc = loc
+            exc.pstr = instring
+            raise exc    
+
+def replace_with_file_contents(fname):
+    if fname:
+        try:
+            result = open(os.path.expanduser(fname[0])).read()
+        except IOError:
+            result = '< %s' % fname[0]  # wasn't a file after all
+    else:
+        result = getPasteBuffer()
+    return result
+        
+class Cmd(cmd.Cmd):
+    echo = False
+    case_insensitive = True
+    continuation_prompt = '> '  
+    timing = False
+    legalChars = '!#$%.:?@_' + pyparsing.alphanums + pyparsing.alphas8bit  # make sure your terminators are not in here!
+    shortcuts = {'?': 'help', '!': 'shell', '@': 'load' }
+    excludeFromHistory = '''run r list l history hi ed edit li eof'''.split()
+    noSpecialParse = 'set ed edit exit'.split()
+    defaultExtension = 'txt'
+    default_file_name = 'command.txt'
+    abbrev = True
+    settable = ['prompt', 'continuation_prompt', 'default_file_name', 'editor',
+                'case_insensitive', 'echo', 'timing', 'abbrev']
+    settable.sort()
+    
+    editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR')
+    _STOP_AND_EXIT = 2
+    if not editor:
+        if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
+            editor = 'notepad'
+        else:
+            for editor in ['gedit', 'kate', 'vim', 'emacs', 'nano', 'pico']:
+                if not os.system('which %s' % (editor)):
+                    break
+            
+    def do_cmdenvironment(self, args):
+        '''Summary report of interactive parameters.'''
+        self.stdout.write("""
+        Commands are %(casesensitive)scase-sensitive.
+        Commands may be terminated with: %(terminators)s
+        Settable parameters: %(settable)s
+        """ % 
+        { 'casesensitive': (self.case_insensitive and 'not ') or '',
+          'terminators': str(self.terminators),
+          'settable': ' '.join(self.settable)
+        })
+        
+    def do_help(self, arg):
+        try:
+            fn = getattr(self, 'do_' + arg)
+            if fn and fn.optionParser:
+                fn.optionParser.print_help(file=self.stdout)
+                return
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        cmd.Cmd.do_help(self, arg)
+        
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):        
+        cmd.Cmd.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.history = History()
+        self._init_parser()
+        self.pystate = {}
+        
+    def do_shortcuts(self, args):
+        """Lists single-key shortcuts available."""
+        result = "\n".join('%s: %s' % (sc[0], sc[1]) for sc in self.shortcuts.items())
+        self.stdout.write("Single-key shortcuts for other commands:\n%s\n" % (result))
+
+    prefixParser = pyparsing.Empty()
+    commentGrammars = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.pythonStyleComment, pyparsing.cStyleComment])
+    commentGrammars.addParseAction(lambda x: '')
+    commentInProgress  = ((pyparsing.White() | pyparsing.lineStart) + 
+                          pyparsing.Literal('/*') + pyparsing.SkipTo(pyparsing.stringEnd))
+                          # `blah/*` means `everything in directory `blah`, not comment
+    terminators = [';']
+    blankLinesAllowed = False
+    multilineCommands = []
+    
+    def _init_parser(self):
+        r'''
+        >>> c = Cmd()
+        >>> c.multilineCommands = ['multiline']
+        >>> c.case_insensitive = True
+        >>> c._init_parser()
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('').dump()        
+        []        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('/* empty command */').dump()        
+        []        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('plainword').dump()        
+        ['plainword', '']
+        - command: plainword
+        - statement: ['plainword', '']
+          - command: plainword        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('termbare;').dump()
+        ['termbare', '', ';', '']
+        - command: termbare
+        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
+          - command: termbare
+          - terminator: ;
+        - terminator: ;        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('termbare; suffx').dump()
+        ['termbare', '', ';', 'suffx']
+        - command: termbare
+        - statement: ['termbare', '', ';']
+          - command: termbare
+          - terminator: ;
+        - suffix: suffx
+        - terminator: ;        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('barecommand').dump()
+        ['barecommand', '']
+        - command: barecommand
+        - statement: ['barecommand', '']
+          - command: barecommand
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('COMmand with args').dump()
+        ['command', 'with args']
+        - args: with args
+        - command: command
+        - statement: ['command', 'with args']
+          - args: with args
+          - command: command
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('command with args and terminator; and suffix').dump()
+        ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';', 'and suffix']
+        - args: with args and terminator
+        - command: command
+        - statement: ['command', 'with args and terminator', ';']
+          - args: with args and terminator
+          - command: command
+          - terminator: ;
+        - suffix: and suffix
+        - terminator: ;
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('simple | piped').dump()
+        ['simple', '', '|', ' piped']
+        - command: simple
+        - pipeTo:  piped
+        - statement: ['simple', '']
+          - command: simple
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('double-pipe || is not a pipe').dump()
+        ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
+        - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
+        - command: double
+        - statement: ['double', '-pipe || is not a pipe']
+          - args: -pipe || is not a pipe
+          - command: double
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('command with args, terminator;sufx | piped').dump()
+        ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' piped']
+        - args: with args, terminator
+        - command: command
+        - pipeTo:  piped
+        - statement: ['command', 'with args, terminator', ';']
+          - args: with args, terminator
+          - command: command
+          - terminator: ;
+        - suffix: sufx
+        - terminator: ;
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output into > afile.txt').dump()
+        ['output', 'into', '>', 'afile.txt']
+        - args: into
+        - command: output
+        - output: >
+        - outputTo: afile.txt
+        - statement: ['output', 'into']
+          - args: into
+          - command: output   
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output into;sufx | pipethrume plz > afile.txt').dump()
+        ['output', 'into', ';', 'sufx', '|', ' pipethrume plz', '>', 'afile.txt']
+        - args: into
+        - command: output
+        - output: >
+        - outputTo: afile.txt
+        - pipeTo:  pipethrume plz
+        - statement: ['output', 'into', ';']
+          - args: into
+          - command: output
+          - terminator: ;
+        - suffix: sufx
+        - terminator: ;
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('output to paste buffer >> ').dump()
+        ['output', 'to paste buffer', '>>', '']
+        - args: to paste buffer
+        - command: output
+        - output: >>
+        - statement: ['output', 'to paste buffer']
+          - args: to paste buffer
+          - command: output
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('ignore the /* commented | > */ stuff;').dump()
+        ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';', '']
+        - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
+        - command: ignore
+        - statement: ['ignore', 'the /* commented | > */ stuff', ';']
+          - args: the /* commented | > */ stuff
+          - command: ignore
+          - terminator: ;
+        - terminator: ;
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('has > inside;').dump()
+        ['has', '> inside', ';', '']
+        - args: > inside
+        - command: has
+        - statement: ['has', '> inside', ';']
+          - args: > inside
+          - command: has
+          - terminator: ;
+        - terminator: ;        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside an unfinished command').dump()      
+        ['multiline', ' has > inside an unfinished command']
+        - multilineCommand: multiline        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline has > inside;').dump()
+        ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';', '']
+        - args: has > inside
+        - multilineCommand: multiline
+        - statement: ['multiline', 'has > inside', ';']
+          - args: has > inside
+          - multilineCommand: multiline
+          - terminator: ;
+        - terminator: ;        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment in progress;').dump()
+        ['multiline', ' command /* with comment in progress;']
+        - multilineCommand: multiline        
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command /* with comment complete */ is done;').dump()
+        ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';', '']
+        - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
+        - multilineCommand: multiline
+        - statement: ['multiline', 'command /* with comment complete */ is done', ';']
+          - args: command /* with comment complete */ is done
+          - multilineCommand: multiline
+          - terminator: ;
+        - terminator: ;
+        >>> print c.parser.parseString('multiline command ends\n\n').dump()
+        ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
+        - args: command ends
+        - multilineCommand: multiline
+        - statement: ['multiline', 'command ends', '\n', '\n']
+          - args: command ends
+          - multilineCommand: multiline
+          - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
+        - terminator: ['\n', '\n']
+        '''
+        outputParser = (pyparsing.Literal('>>') | (pyparsing.WordStart() + '>') | pyparsing.Regex('[^=]>'))('output')
+        
+        terminatorParser = pyparsing.Or([(hasattr(t, 'parseString') and t) or pyparsing.Literal(t) for t in self.terminators])('terminator')
+        stringEnd = pyparsing.stringEnd ^ '\nEOF'
+        self.multilineCommand = pyparsing.Or([pyparsing.Keyword(c, caseless=self.case_insensitive) for c in self.multilineCommands])('multilineCommand')
+        oneLineCommand = (~self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars))('command')
+        pipe = pyparsing.Keyword('|', identChars='|')
+        self.commentGrammars.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).setParseAction(lambda x: '')
+        self.commentInProgress.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(pyparsing.cStyleComment)       
+        afterElements = \
+            pyparsing.Optional(pipe + pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ stringEnd)('pipeTo')) + \
+            pyparsing.Optional(outputParser + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('outputTo'))
+        if self.case_insensitive:
+            self.multilineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
+            oneLineCommand.setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].lower())
+        if self.blankLinesAllowed:
+            self.blankLineTerminationParser = pyparsing.NoMatch
+        else:
+            self.blankLineTerminator = (pyparsing.lineEnd + pyparsing.lineEnd)('terminator')
+            self.blankLineTerminator.setResultsName('terminator')
+            self.blankLineTerminationParser = ((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + pyparsing.SkipTo(self.blankLineTerminator).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + self.blankLineTerminator)('statement')
+        self.multilineParser = (((self.multilineCommand ^ oneLineCommand) + SkipToLast(terminatorParser).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('args') + terminatorParser)('statement') +
+                                pyparsing.SkipTo(outputParser ^ pipe ^ stringEnd).setParseAction(lambda x: x[0].strip())('suffix') + afterElements)
+        self.singleLineParser = ((oneLineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(terminatorParser ^ stringEnd ^ pipe ^ outputParser).setParseAction(lambda x:x[0].strip())('args'))('statement') +
+                                 pyparsing.Optional(terminatorParser) + afterElements)
+        #self.multilineParser = self.multilineParser.setResultsName('multilineParser')
+        #self.singleLineParser = self.singleLineParser.setResultsName('singleLineParser')
+        #self.blankLineTerminationParser = self.blankLineTerminationParser.setResultsName('blankLineTerminatorParser')
+        self.parser = (
+            stringEnd |
+            self.prefixParser + self.multilineParser |
+            self.prefixParser + self.singleLineParser |
+            self.prefixParser + self.blankLineTerminationParser | 
+            self.prefixParser + self.multilineCommand + pyparsing.SkipTo(stringEnd)
+            )
+        self.parser.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(self.commentGrammars).ignore(self.commentInProgress)
+        
+        inputMark = pyparsing.Literal('<')
+        inputMark.setParseAction(lambda x: '')
+        fileName = pyparsing.Word(self.legalChars + '/\\')
+        inputFrom = fileName('inputFrom')
+        inputFrom.setParseAction(replace_with_file_contents)
+        # a not-entirely-satisfactory way of distinguishing < as in "import from" from <
+        # as in "lesser than"
+        self.inputParser = inputMark + pyparsing.Optional(inputFrom) + pyparsing.Optional('>') + \
+                           pyparsing.Optional(fileName) + (pyparsing.stringEnd | '|')
+        self.inputParser.ignore(pyparsing.quotedString).ignore(self.commentGrammars).ignore(self.commentInProgress)               
+    
+    def preparse(self, raw, **kwargs):
+        return raw
+    
+    def parsed(self, raw, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(raw, ParsedString):
+            p = raw
+        else:
+            raw = self.preparse(raw, **kwargs)
+            s = self.inputParser.transformString(raw.lstrip())
+            for (shortcut, expansion) in self.shortcuts.items():
+                if s.lower().startswith(shortcut):
+                    s = s.replace(shortcut, expansion + ' ', 1)
+                    break
+            result = self.parser.parseString(s)
+            result['command'] = result.multilineCommand or result.command        
+            result['raw'] = raw
+            result['clean'] = self.commentGrammars.transformString(result.args)
+            result['expanded'] = s        
+            p = ParsedString(result.clean)
+            p.parsed = result
+            p.parser = self.parsed
+        for (key, val) in kwargs.items():
+            p.parsed[key] = val
+        return p
+              
+    def postparsing_precmd(self, statement):
+        stop = 0
+        return stop, statement
+    def postparsing_postcmd(self, stop):
+        return stop
+    def onecmd(self, line):
+        """Interpret the argument as though it had been typed in response
+        to the prompt.
+
+        This may be overridden, but should not normally need to be;
+        see the precmd() and postcmd() methods for useful execution hooks.
+        The return value is a flag indicating whether interpretation of
+        commands by the interpreter should stop.
+        
+        This (`cmd2`) version of `onecmd` already override's `cmd`'s `onecmd`.
+
+        """
+        if not line:
+            return self.emptyline()
+        if not pyparsing.Or(self.commentGrammars).setParseAction(lambda x: '').transformString(line):
+            return 0    # command was empty except for comments
+        try:
+            statement = self.parsed(line)
+            while statement.parsed.multilineCommand and (statement.parsed.terminator == ''):
+                statement = '%s\n%s' % (statement.parsed.raw, 
+                                        self.pseudo_raw_input(self.continuation_prompt))                
+                statement = self.parsed(statement)
+        except Exception, e:
+            print e
+            return 0
+
+        try:
+            (stop, statement) = self.postparsing_precmd(statement)
+        except Exception, e:
+            print str(e)
+            return 0
+        if stop:
+            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)
+        
+        if not statement.parsed.command:
+            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop=0)
+                
+        statekeeper = None
+
+        if statement.parsed.pipeTo:
+            redirect = subprocess.Popen(statement.parsed.pipeTo, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+            statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))   
+            self.stdout = redirect.stdin
+        elif statement.parsed.output:
+            statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))            
+            if statement.parsed.outputTo:
+                mode = 'w'
+                if statement.parsed.output == '>>':
+                    mode = 'a'
+                try:
+                    self.stdout = open(os.path.expanduser(statement.parsed.outputTo), mode)                            
+                except OSError, e:
+                    print e
+                    return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop=0) 
+            else:
+                statekeeper = Statekeeper(self, ('stdout',))
+                self.stdout = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+                if statement.parsed.output == '>>':
+                    self.stdout.write(getPasteBuffer())
+        try:
+            # "heart" of the command, replace's cmd's onecmd()
+            self.lastcmd = statement.parsed.expanded   
+            try:
+                func = getattr(self, 'do_' + statement.parsed.command)
+            except AttributeError:
+                func = None
+                if self.abbrev:   # accept shortened versions of commands
+                    funcs = [func for (fname, func) in inspect.getmembers(
+                                                       self, inspect.ismethod) 
+                             if fname.startswith('do_' + statement.parsed.command)]
+                    if len(funcs) == 1:
+                        func = funcs[0]
+                if not func:
+                    return self.postparsing_postcmd(self.default(statement))                
+            timestart = datetime.datetime.now()
+            stop = func(statement) 
+            if self.timing:
+                print 'Elapsed: %s' % str(datetime.datetime.now() - timestart)
+        except Exception, e:
+            print e
+        try:
+            if statement.parsed.command not in self.excludeFromHistory:
+                self.history.append(statement.parsed.raw)
+        finally:
+            if statekeeper:
+                if statement.parsed.output and not statement.parsed.outputTo:
+                    self.stdout.seek(0)
+                    try:
+                        writeToPasteBuffer(self.stdout.read())
+                    except Exception, e:
+                        print str(e)
+                elif statement.parsed.pipeTo:
+                    for result in redirect.communicate():              
+                        statekeeper.stdout.write(result or '')                        
+                self.stdout.close()
+                statekeeper.restore()
+                                 
+            return self.postparsing_postcmd(stop)        
+        
+    def pseudo_raw_input(self, prompt):
+        """copied from cmd's cmdloop; like raw_input, but accounts for changed stdin, stdout"""
+        
+        if self.use_rawinput:
+            try:
+                line = raw_input(prompt)
+            except EOFError:
+                line = 'EOF'
+        else:
+            self.stdout.write(prompt)
+            self.stdout.flush()
+            line = self.stdin.readline()
+            if not len(line):
+                line = 'EOF'
+            else:
+                if line[-1] == '\n': # this was always true in Cmd
+                    line = line[:-1] 
+        return line
+                          
+    def cmdloop(self, intro=None):
+        """Repeatedly issue a prompt, accept input, parse an initial prefix
+        off the received input, and dispatch to action methods, passing them
+        the remainder of the line as argument.
+        """
+
+        # An almost perfect copy from Cmd; however, the pseudo_raw_input portion
+        # has been split out so that it can be called separately
+        
+        self.preloop()
+        if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
+            try:
+                import readline
+                self.old_completer = readline.get_completer()
+                readline.set_completer(self.complete)
+                readline.parse_and_bind(self.completekey+": complete")
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        try:
+            if intro is not None:
+                self.intro = intro
+            if self.intro:
+                self.stdout.write(str(self.intro)+"\n")
+            stop = None
+            while not stop:
+                if self.cmdqueue:
+                    line = self.cmdqueue.pop(0)
+                else:
+                    line = self.pseudo_raw_input(self.prompt)
+                if (self.echo) and (isinstance(self.stdin, file)):
+                    self.stdout.write(line + '\n')
+                line = self.precmd(line)
+                stop = self.onecmd(line)
+                stop = self.postcmd(stop, line)
+            self.postloop()
+        finally:
+            if self.use_rawinput and self.completekey:
+                try:
+                    import readline
+                    readline.set_completer(self.old_completer)
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass    
+            return stop
+
+    def do_EOF(self, arg):
+        return True
+    do_eof = do_EOF
+               
+    def showParam(self, param):
+        any_shown = False
+        param = param.strip().lower()
+        for p in self.settable:
+            if p.startswith(param):
+                val = getattr(self, p)
+                self.stdout.write('%s: %s\n' % (p, str(getattr(self, p))))
+                any_shown = True
+        if not any_shown:
+            print "Parameter '%s' not supported (type 'show' for list of parameters)." % param
+                
+    def do_quit(self, arg):
+        return self._STOP_AND_EXIT
+    do_exit = do_quit
+    do_q = do_quit
+    
+    def do_show(self, arg):
+        '''Shows value of a parameter.'''
+        if arg.strip():
+            self.showParam(arg)
+        else:
+            for param in self.settable:
+                self.showParam(param)
+    
+    def do_set(self, arg):
+        '''Sets a cmd2 parameter.  Accepts abbreviated parameter names so long as there is no ambiguity.
+           Call without arguments for a list of settable parameters with their values.'''
+        try:
+            paramName, val = arg.split(None, 1)
+            paramName = paramName.strip().lower()
+            hits = [paramName in p for p in self.settable]
+            if hits.count(True) == 1:
+                paramName = self.settable[hits.index(True)]
+                currentVal = getattr(self, paramName)
+                if (val[0] == val[-1]) and val[0] in ("'", '"'):
+                    val = val[1:-1]
+                else:                
+                    val = cast(currentVal, val)
+                setattr(self, paramName, val)
+                self.stdout.write('%s - was: %s\nnow: %s\n' % (paramName, currentVal, val))
+                if currentVal != val:
+                    try:
+                        onchange_hook = getattr(self, '_onchange_%s' % paramName)
+                        onchange_hook(old=currentVal, new=val)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+            else:
+                self.do_show(paramName)
+        except (ValueError, AttributeError, NotSettableError), e:
+            self.do_show(arg)
+                
+    def do_pause(self, arg):
+        'Displays the specified text then waits for the user to press RETURN.'
+        raw_input(arg + '\n')
+        
+    def do_shell(self, arg):
+        'execute a command as if at the OS prompt.'
+        os.system(arg)
+        
+    def do_py(self, arg):  
+        '''
+        py <command>: Executes a Python command.
+        py: Enters interactive Python mode (end with `end py`).
+        '''
+        if arg.strip():
+            try:
+                result = eval(arg, self.pystate)
+                print repr(result)
+            except SyntaxError:
+                try:
+                    exec(arg, self.pystate)
+                except Exception:
+                    raise
+            except Exception, e:
+                print e        
+        else:
+            print 'Now accepting python commands; end with `end py`'
+            buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
+            while buffer[-1].lower().split()[:2] != ['end','py']:
+                try:
+                    buf = '\n'.join(buffer)
+                    try:
+                        result = eval(buf, self.pystate)
+                        print repr(result)
+                    except SyntaxError:
+                        exec(buf, self.pystate)
+                    buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
+                except SyntaxError:
+                    buffer.append(self.pseudo_raw_input('... '))
+                except Exception, e:
+                    print e
+                    buffer = [self.pseudo_raw_input('>>> ')]
+
+    def do_history(self, arg):
+        """history [arg]: lists past commands issued
+        
+        no arg -> list all
+        arg is integer -> list one history item, by index
+        arg is string -> string search
+        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> regular expression search
+        """
+        if arg:
+            history = self.history.get(arg)
+        else:
+            history = self.history
+        for hi in history:
+            self.stdout.write(hi.pr())
+    def last_matching(self, arg):
+        try:
+            if arg:
+                return self.history.get(arg)[-1]
+            else:
+                return self.history[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return None        
+    def do_list(self, arg):
+        """list [arg]: lists last command issued
+        
+        no arg -> list absolute last
+        arg is integer -> list one history item, by index
+        - arg, arg - (integer) -> list up to or after #arg
+        arg is string -> list last command matching string search
+        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> regular expression search
+        """
+        try:
+            self.stdout.write(self.last_matching(arg).pr())
+        except:
+            pass
+    do_hi = do_history
+    do_l = do_list
+    do_li = do_list
+        
+    def do_ed(self, arg):
+        """ed: edit most recent command in text editor
+        ed [N]: edit numbered command from history
+        ed [filename]: edit specified file name
+        
+        commands are run after editor is closed.
+        "set edit (program-name)" or set  EDITOR environment variable
+        to control which editing program is used."""
+        if not self.editor:
+            print "please use 'set editor' to specify your text editing program of choice."
+            return
+        filename = self.default_file_name
+        if arg:
+            try:
+                buffer = self.last_matching(int(arg))
+            except ValueError:
+                filename = arg
+                buffer = ''
+        else:
+            buffer = self.history[-1]
+
+        if buffer:
+            f = open(os.path.expanduser(filename), 'w')
+            f.write(buffer or '')
+            f.close()        
+                
+        os.system('%s %s' % (self.editor, filename))
+        self.do__load(filename)
+    do_edit = do_ed
+    
+    saveparser = (pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(pyparsing.nums)^'*')("idx") + 
+                  pyparsing.Optional(pyparsing.Word(legalChars + '/\\'))("fname") +
+                  pyparsing.stringEnd)    
+    def do_save(self, arg):
+        """`save [N] [filename.ext]`
+        Saves command from history to file.
+        N => Number of command (from history), or `*`; 
+             most recent command if omitted"""
+
+        try:
+            args = self.saveparser.parseString(arg)
+        except pyparsing.ParseException:
+            print self.do_save.__doc__
+            return
+        fname = args.fname or self.default_file_name
+        if args.idx == '*':
+            saveme = '\n\n'.join(self.history[:])
+        elif args.idx:
+            saveme = self.history[int(args.idx)-1]
+        else:
+            saveme = self.history[-1]
+        try:
+            f = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'w')
+            f.write(saveme)
+            f.close()
+            print 'Saved to %s' % (fname)
+        except Exception, e:
+            print 'Error saving %s: %s' % (fname, str(e))
+            
+    urlre = re.compile('(https?://[-\\w\\./]+)')
+    def do_load(self, fname=None):           
+        """Runs script of command(s) from a file or URL."""
+        if fname is None:
+            fname = self.default_file_name
+        keepstate = Statekeeper(self, ('stdin','use_rawinput','prompt','continuation_prompt'))
+        try:
+            if isinstance(fname, file):
+                target = open(fname, 'r')
+            else:
+                match = self.urlre.match(fname)
+                if match:
+                    target = urllib.urlopen(match.group(1))
+                else:
+                    fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
+                    try:
+                        target = open(os.path.expanduser(fname), 'r')
+                    except IOError, e:                    
+                        target = open('%s.%s' % (os.path.expanduser(fname), 
+                                                 self.defaultExtension), 'r')
+        except IOError, e:
+            print 'Problem accessing script from %s: \n%s' % (fname, e)
+            keepstate.restore()
+            return
+        self.stdin = target    
+        self.use_rawinput = False
+        self.prompt = self.continuation_prompt = ''
+        stop = self.cmdloop()
+        self.stdin.close()
+        keepstate.restore()
+        self.lastcmd = ''
+        return (stop == self._STOP_AND_EXIT) and self._STOP_AND_EXIT    
+    do__load = do_load  # avoid an unfortunate legacy use of do_load from sqlpython
+    
+    def do_run(self, arg):
+        """run [arg]: re-runs an earlier command
+        
+        no arg -> run most recent command
+        arg is integer -> run one history item, by index
+        arg is string -> run most recent command by string search
+        arg is /enclosed in forward-slashes/ -> run most recent by regex
+        """        
+        'run [N]: runs the SQL that was run N commands ago'
+        runme = self.last_matching(arg)
+        print runme
+        if runme:
+            runme = self.precmd(runme)
+            stop = self.onecmd(runme)
+            stop = self.postcmd(stop, runme)
+    do_r = do_run        
+            
+    def fileimport(self, statement, source):
+        try:
+            f = open(os.path.expanduser(source))
+        except IOError:
+            self.stdout.write("Couldn't read from file %s\n" % source)
+            return ''
+        data = f.read()
+        f.close()
+        return data
+            
+class HistoryItem(str):
+    def __init__(self, instr):
+        str.__init__(self)
+        self.lowercase = self.lower()
+        self.idx = None
+    def pr(self):
+        return '-------------------------[%d]\n%s\n' % (self.idx, str(self))
+        
+class History(list):
+    rangeFrom = re.compile(r'^([\d])+\s*\-$')
+    def append(self, new):
+        new = HistoryItem(new)
+        list.append(self, new)
+        new.idx = len(self)
+    def extend(self, new):
+        for n in new:
+            self.append(n)
+    def get(self, getme):
+        try:
+            getme = int(getme)
+            if getme < 0:
+                return self[:(-1 * getme)]
+            else:
+                return [self[getme-1]]
+        except IndexError:
+            return []
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            getme = getme.strip()
+            mtch = self.rangeFrom.search(getme)
+            if mtch:
+                return self[(int(mtch.group(1))-1):]
+            if getme.startswith(r'/') and getme.endswith(r'/'):
+                finder = re.compile(getme[1:-1], re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE | re.IGNORECASE)
+                def isin(hi):
+                    return finder.search(hi)
+            else:
+                def isin(hi):
+                    return (getme.lower() in hi.lowercase)
+            return [itm for itm in self if isin(itm)]
+
+class NotSettableError(Exception):
+    pass
+        
+def cast(current, new):
+    """Tries to force a new value into the same type as the current."""
+    typ = type(current)
+    if typ == bool:
+        try:
+            return bool(int(new))
+        except ValueError, TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            new = new.lower()    
+        except:
+            pass
+        if (new=='on') or (new[0] in ('y','t')):
+            return True
+        if (new=='off') or (new[0] in ('n','f')):
+            return False
+    else:
+        try:
+            return typ(new)
+        except:
+            pass
+    print "Problem setting parameter (now %s) to %s; incorrect type?" % (current, new)
+    return current
+        
+class Statekeeper(object):
+    def __init__(self, obj, attribs):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.attribs = attribs
+        self.save()
+    def save(self):
+        for attrib in self.attribs:
+            setattr(self, attrib, getattr(self.obj, attrib))
+    def restore(self):
+        for attrib in self.attribs:
+            setattr(self.obj, attrib, getattr(self, attrib))        
+
+class Borg(object):
+    '''All instances of any Borg subclass will share state.
+    from Python Cookbook, 2nd Ed., recipe 6.16'''
+    _shared_state = {}
+    def __new__(cls, *a, **k):
+        obj = object.__new__(cls, *a, **k)
+        obj.__dict__ = cls._shared_state
+        return obj
+    
+class OutputTrap(Borg):
+    '''Instantiate an OutputTrap to divert/capture ALL stdout output.  For use in unit testing.
+    Call `tearDown()` to return to normal output.'''
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        self.trap = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        sys.stdout = self.trap
+    def read(self):
+        self.trap.seek(0)
+        result = self.trap.read()
+        self.trap.truncate(0)
+        return result.strip('\x00')        
+    def tearDown(self):
+        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
+
+class Cmd2TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    '''Subclass this, setting CmdApp and transcriptFileName, to make a unittest.TestCase class
+       that will execute the commands in transcriptFileName and expect the results shown.
+       See example.py'''
+    CmdApp = None
+    transcriptFileName = ''
+    def setUp(self):
+        if self.CmdApp:
+            self.outputTrap = OutputTrap()
+            self.cmdapp = self.CmdApp()
+            try:
+                tfile = open(os.path.expanduser(self.transcriptFileName))
+                self.transcript = iter(tfile.readlines())
+                tfile.close()
+            except IOError:
+                self.transcript = []
+    def assertEqualEnough(self, got, expected, message):
+        got = got.strip().splitlines()
+        expected = expected.strip().splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(len(got), len(expected), message)
+        for (linegot, lineexpected) in zip(got, expected):
+            matchme = re.escape(lineexpected.strip()).replace('\\*', '.*').  \
+                      replace('\\ ', ' ')
+            self.assert_(re.match(matchme, linegot.strip()), message)
+    def testall(self):
+        if self.CmdApp:
+            lineNum = 0
+            try:
+                line = self.transcript.next()
+                while True:
+                    while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
+                        line = self.transcript.next()
+                    command = [line[len(self.cmdapp.prompt):]]
+                    line = self.transcript.next()
+                    while line.startswith(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):
+                        command.append(line[len(self.cmdapp.continuation_prompt):])
+                        line = self.transcript.next()
+                    command = ''.join(command)
+                    self.cmdapp.onecmd(command)
+                    result = self.outputTrap.read()
+                    if line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
+                        self.assertEqualEnough(result.strip(), '', 
+                            '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%s\nExpected: (nothing) \nGot:\n%s\n' % 
+                            (self.transcriptFileName, lineNum, command, result))    
+                        continue
+                    expected = []
+                    while not line.startswith(self.cmdapp.prompt):
+                        expected.append(line)
+                        line = self.transcript.next()
+                    expected = ''.join(expected)
+                    self.assertEqualEnough(expected.strip(), result.strip(), 
+                        '\nFile %s, line %d\nCommand was:\n%s\nExpected:\n%s\nGot:\n%s\n' % 
+                        (self.transcriptFileName, lineNum, command, expected, result))    
+                    # this needs to account for a line-by-line strip()ping
+            except StopIteration:
+                pass
+                # catch the final output?
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.CmdApp:
+            self.outputTrap.tearDown()
+        
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    doctest.testmod(optionflags = doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
+    #c = Cmd()