annotate doc/http.html @ 1:cf0892e34f45

Resyncing with Git repo
author Eric Wing <ewing . public |-at-| gmail . com>
date Wed, 27 Aug 2008 22:44:22 -0700
parents 4b915342e2a8
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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3 <html>
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4
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5 <head>
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6 <meta name="description" content="LuaSocket: HTTP support">
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7 <meta name="keywords" content="Lua, HTTP, Library, WWW, Browser, Network, Support">
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8 <title>LuaSocket: HTTP support</title>
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9 <link rel="stylesheet" href="reference.css" type="text/css">
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10 </head>
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11
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12 <body>
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13
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14 <!-- header ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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15
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16 <div class=header>
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17 <hr>
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18 <center>
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19 <table summary="LuaSocket logo">
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20 <tr><td align=center><a href="http://www.lua.org">
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21 <img width=128 height=128 border=0 alt="LuaSocket" src="luasocket.png">
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22 </a></td></tr>
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23 <tr><td align=center valign=top>Network support for the Lua language
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24 </td></tr>
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25 </table>
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26 <p class=bar>
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27 <a href="home.html">home</a> &middot;
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28 <a href="home.html#download">download</a> &middot;
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29 <a href="introduction.html">introduction</a> &middot;
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30 <a href="introduction.html">introduction</a> &middot;
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31 <a href="reference.html">reference</a>
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32 </p>
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33 </center>
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34 <hr>
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35 </div>
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36
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37 <!-- http +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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38
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39 <h2 id=http>HTTP</h2>
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40
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41 <p>
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42 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used to exchange
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43 information between web-browsers and servers. The <tt>http</tt>
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44 namespace offers full support for the client side of the HTTP
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45 protocol (i.e.,
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46 the facilities that would be used by a web-browser implementation). The
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47 implementation conforms to the HTTP/1.1 standard,
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48 <a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC
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49 2616</a>.
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50 </p>
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51
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52 <p>
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53 The module exports functions that provide HTTP functionality in different
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54 levels of abstraction. From the simple
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55 string oriented requests, through generic
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56 <a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks">LTN12</a> based, down to even lower-level if you bother to look through the source code.
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57 </p>
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58
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59 <p>
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60 To obtain the <tt>http</tt> namespace, run:
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61 </p>
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62
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63 <pre class=example>
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64 -- loads the HTTP module and any libraries it requires
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65 local http = require("socket.http")
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66 </pre>
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67
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68 <p>
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69 URLs must conform to
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70 <a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc1738.txt">RFC
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71 1738</a>,
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72 that is, an URL is a string in the form:
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73 </p>
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74
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75 <blockquote>
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76 <pre>
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77 [http://][&lt;user&gt;[:&lt;password&gt;]@]&lt;host&gt;[:&lt;port&gt;][/&lt;path&gt;]
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78 </pre>
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79 </blockquote>
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80
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81 <p>
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82 MIME headers are represented as a Lua table in the form:
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83 </p>
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84
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85 <blockquote>
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86 <table summary="MIME headers in Lua table">
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87 <tr><td><tt>
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88 headers = {<br>
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89 &nbsp;&nbsp;field-1-name = <i>field-1-value</i>,<br>
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90 &nbsp;&nbsp;field-2-name = <i>field-2-value</i>,<br>
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91 &nbsp;&nbsp;field-3-name = <i>field-3-value</i>,<br>
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92 &nbsp;&nbsp;...<br>
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93 &nbsp;&nbsp;field-n-name = <i>field-n-value</i><br>
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94 }
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95 </tt></td></tr>
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96 </table>
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97 </blockquote>
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98
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99 <p>
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100 Field names are case insensitive (as specified by the standard) and all
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101 functions work with lowercase field names.
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102 Field values are left unmodified.
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103 </p>
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104
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105 <p class=note>
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106 Note: MIME headers are independent of order. Therefore, there is no problem
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107 in representing them in a Lua table.
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108 </p>
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109
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110 <p>
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111 The following constants can be set to control the default behavior of
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112 the HTTP module:
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113 </p>
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114
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115 <ul>
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116 <li> <tt>PORT</tt>: default port used for connections;
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117 <li> <tt>PROXY</tt>: default proxy used for connections;
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118 <li> <tt>TIMEOUT</tt>: sets the timeout for all I/O operations;
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119 <li> <tt>USERAGENT</tt>: default user agent reported to server.
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120 </ul>
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121
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122 <!-- http.request ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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123
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124 <p class=name id=request>
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125 http.<b>request(</b>url [, body]<b>)</b><br>
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126 http.<b>request{</b><br>
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127 &nbsp;&nbsp;url = <i>string</i>,<br>
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128 &nbsp;&nbsp;[sink = <i>LTN12 sink</i>,]<br>
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129 &nbsp;&nbsp;[method = <i>string</i>,]<br>
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130 &nbsp;&nbsp;[headers = <i>header-table</i>,]<br>
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131 &nbsp;&nbsp;[source = <i>LTN12 source</i>],<br>
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132 &nbsp;&nbsp;[step = <i>LTN12 pump step</i>,]<br>
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133 &nbsp;&nbsp;[proxy = <i>string</i>,]<br>
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134 &nbsp;&nbsp;[redirect = <i>boolean</i>,]<br>
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135 &nbsp;&nbsp;[create = <i>function</i>]<br>
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136 <b>}</b>
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137 </p>
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138
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139 <p class=description>
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140 The request function has two forms. The simple form downloads
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141 a URL using the <tt>GET</tt> or <tt>POST</tt> method and is based
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142 on strings. The generic form performs any HTTP method and is
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143 <a href=http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks>LTN12</a> based.
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144 </p>
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145
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146 <p class=parameters>
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147 If the first argument of the <tt>request</tt> function is a string, it
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148 should be an <tt>url</tt>. In that case, if a <tt>body</tt>
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149 is provided as a string, the function will perform a <tt>POST</tt> method
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150 in the <tt>url</tt>. Otherwise, it performs a <tt>GET</tt> in the
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151 <tt>url</tt>
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152 </p>
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153
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154 <p class=parameters>
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155 If the first argument is instead a table, the most important fields are
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156 the <tt>url</tt> and the <em>simple</em>
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157 <a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks">LTN12</a>
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158 <tt>sink</tt> that will receive the downloaded content.
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159 Any part of the <tt>url</tt> can be overridden by including
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160 the appropriate field in the request table.
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161 If authentication information is provided, the function
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162 uses the Basic Authentication Scheme (see <a href="#authentication">note</a>)
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163 to retrieve the document. If <tt>sink</tt> is <tt><b>nil</b></tt>, the
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164 function discards the downloaded data. The optional parameters are the
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165 following:
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166 </p>
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167 <ul>
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168 <li><tt>method</tt>: The HTTP request method. Defaults to "GET";
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169 <li><tt>headers</tt>: Any additional HTTP headers to send with the request;
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170 <li><tt>source</tt>: <em>simple</em>
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171 <a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks">LTN12</a>
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172 source to provide the request body. If there
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173 is a body, you need to provide an appropriate "<tt>content-length</tt>"
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174 request header field, or the function will attempt to send the body as
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175 "<tt>chunked</tt>" (something few servers support). Defaults to the empty source;
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176 <li><tt>step</tt>:
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177 <a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/FiltersSourcesAndSinks">LTN12</a>
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178 pump step function used to move data.
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179 Defaults to the LTN12 <tt>pump.step</tt> function.
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180 <li><tt>proxy</tt>: The URL of a proxy server to use. Defaults to no proxy;
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181 <li><tt>redirect</tt>: Set to <tt><b>false</b></tt> to prevent the
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182 function from automatically following 301 or 302 server redirect messages;
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183 <li><tt>create</tt>: An optional function to be used instead of
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184 <a href=tcp.html#socket.tcp><tt>socket.tcp</tt></a> when the communications socket is created.
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185 </ul>
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186
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187 <p class=return>
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188 In case of failure, the function returns <tt><b>nil</b></tt> followed by an
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189 error message. If successful, the simple form returns the response
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190 body as a string, followed by the response status code, the response
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191 headers and the response status line. The generic function returns the same
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192 information, except the first return value is just the number 1 (the body
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193 goes to the <tt>sink</tt>).
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194 </p>
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195
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196 <p class=return>
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197 Even when the server fails to provide the contents of the requested URL (URL not found, for example),
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198 it usually returns a message body (a web page informing the
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199 URL was not found or some other useless page). To make sure the
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200 operation was successful, check the returned status <tt>code</tt>. For
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201 a list of the possible values and their meanings, refer to <a
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202 href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC
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203 2616</a>.
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204 </p>
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205
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206 <p class=description>
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207 Here are a few examples with the simple interface:
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208 </p>
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209
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210 <pre class=example>
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211 -- load the http module
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212 local io = require("io")
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213 local http = require("socket.http")
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214 local ltn12 = require("ltn12")
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215
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216 -- connect to server "www.cs.princeton.edu" and retrieves this manual
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217 -- file from "~diego/professional/luasocket/http.html" and print it to stdout
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218 http.request{
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219 url = "http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/professional/luasocket/http.html",
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220 sink = ltn12.sink.file(io.stdout)
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221 }
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222
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223 -- connect to server "www.example.com" and tries to retrieve
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224 -- "/private/index.html". Fails because authentication is needed.
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225 b, c, h = http.request("http://www.example.com/private/index.html")
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226 -- b returns some useless page telling about the denied access,
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227 -- h returns authentication information
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228 -- and c returns with value 401 (Authentication Required)
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229
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230 -- tries to connect to server "wrong.host" to retrieve "/"
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231 -- and fails because the host does not exist.
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232 r, e = http.request("http://wrong.host/")
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233 -- r is nil, and e returns with value "host not found"
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234 </pre>
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235
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236 <p class=description>
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237 And here is an example using the generic interface:
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238 </p>
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239
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240 <pre class=example>
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241 -- load the http module
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242 http = require("socket.http")
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243
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244 -- Requests information about a document, without downloading it.
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245 -- Useful, for example, if you want to display a download gauge and need
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246 -- to know the size of the document in advance
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247 r, c, h = http.request {
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248 method = "HEAD",
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249 url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/~diego"
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250 }
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251 -- r is 1, c is 200, and h would return the following headers:
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252 -- h = {
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253 -- date = "Tue, 18 Sep 2001 20:42:21 GMT",
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254 -- server = "Apache/1.3.12 (Unix) (Red Hat/Linux)",
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255 -- ["last-modified"] = "Wed, 05 Sep 2001 06:11:20 GMT",
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256 -- ["content-length"] = 15652,
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257 -- ["connection"] = "close",
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258 -- ["content-Type"] = "text/html"
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259 -- }
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260 </pre>
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261
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262 <p class=note id=post>
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263 Note: When sending a POST request, simple interface adds a
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264 "<tt>Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt>"
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265 header to the request. This is the type used by
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266 HTML forms. If you need another type, use the generic
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267 interface.
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268 </p>
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269
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270 <p class=note id=authentication>
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271 Note: Some URLs are protected by their
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272 servers from anonymous download. For those URLs, the server must receive
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273 some sort of authentication along with the request or it will deny
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274 download and return status "401&nbsp;Authentication Required".
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275 </p>
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276
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277 <p class=note>
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278 The HTTP/1.1 standard defines two authentication methods: the Basic
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279 Authentication Scheme and the Digest Authentication Scheme, both
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280 explained in detail in
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281 <a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/rfc/rfc2068.txt">RFC 2068</a>.
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282 </p>
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283
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284 <p class=note>The Basic Authentication Scheme sends
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285 <tt>&lt;user&gt;</tt> and
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286 <tt>&lt;password&gt;</tt> unencrypted to the server and is therefore
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287 considered unsafe. Unfortunately, by the time of this implementation,
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288 the wide majority of servers and browsers support the Basic Scheme only.
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289 Therefore, this is the method used by the toolkit whenever
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290 authentication is required.
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291 </p>
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292
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293 <pre class=example>
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294 -- load required modules
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295 http = require("socket.http")
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296 mime = require("mime")
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297
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298 -- Connect to server "www.example.com" and tries to retrieve
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299 -- "/private/index.html", using the provided name and password to
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300 -- authenticate the request
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301 b, c, h = http.request("http://fulano:silva@www.example.com/private/index.html")
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302
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303 -- Alternatively, one could fill the appropriate header and authenticate
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304 -- the request directly.
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305 r, c = http.request {
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306 url = "http://www.example.com/private/index.html",
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307 headers = { authentication = "Basic " .. (mime.b64("fulano:silva")) }
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308 }
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309 </pre>
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310
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311 <!-- footer +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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312
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313 <div class=footer>
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314 <hr>
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315 <center>
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316 <p class=bar>
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317 <a href="home.html">home</a> &middot;
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318 <a href="home.html#download">download</a> &middot;
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319 <a href="installation.html">installation</a> &middot;
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320 <a href="introduction.html">introduction</a> &middot;
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321 <a href="reference.html">reference</a>
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322 </p>
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323 <p>
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324 <small>
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325 Last modified by Diego Nehab on <br>
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326 Thu Apr 20 00:25:26 EDT 2006
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327 </small>
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328 </p>
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329 </center>
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330 </div>
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331
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332 </body>
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333 </html>