annotate docs/source/capabilities.rst @ 514:ea547649a1b8

fix case in oracle queries
author catherine.devlin@gmail.com
date Tue, 02 Nov 2010 04:14:00 -0400
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1 ==============================
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2 SQLPython's extra capabilities
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3 ==============================
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4
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5 SQLPython's primary function is to allow entry of SQL queries, much like
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6 SQL*Plus, psql, and the mysql command-line client. It aims to reproduce
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7 as many SQL*Plus capabilities as possible. In addition, it offers several
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8 extra features inspired by other command-line clients.
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9
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10 Neatened output
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11 ===============
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12
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13 When printing query results, sqlpython economizes on screen space by allocating
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14 only the width each column actually needs.
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15
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16 Smart prompt
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17 ============
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18
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19 sqlpython automatically uses `username`@`instance`> as its prompt, helping
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20 avoid wrong-instance and wrong-user errors.
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21
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22 Tab completion
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23 ==============
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24
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25 When typing SQL commands, hitting `<TAB>` after entering part of an object
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26 or column name brings up a list of appropriate possibilities or, if there
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27 is only one possibility, fills in the rest of the name. This feature is
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28 not yet very reliable, but can save typing.
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29
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30 Scripting
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31 =========
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32
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33 Like SQL\*Plus, sqlpython can run scripts (text files with series of SQL and
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34 sqlpython commands) with `@/path/to/script.sql` or (for online scripts)
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35 `@http://scripthost/scriptlibrary/script.sql`.
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36
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37 History
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38 =======
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39
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40 If used on a \*nix machine with ``readline`` installed, then ``bash``-like access
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41 to the command history is available.
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42
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43 The up- and down-arrow keys allow you to scroll through the lines entered so far
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44 in your sqlpython session.
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45
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46 Commands are also entered into a command history.
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47
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48 history *or* hi
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49 List entire command history
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50
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51 list *or* li
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52 List only last command
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53
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54 hi `<N>`
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55 List command number <N> from history.
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56
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57 hi `<N>-`, hi `-<N>`
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58 List commands from <N> onward, or up to <N>
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59
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60 hi `<str>`
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61 Lists commands that include the string <str>
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62
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63 hi `/<regex>/`
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64 Lists commands that match the regular expression <regex>
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65
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66 run, r, *or* `\\g`
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67 Run the most recent command again
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68
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69 run `<N>`
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70 Run command <N>
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71
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72 run `<str>`, run `/<regex>/`
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73 Run command matching <str> or <regex> (as for `history`) -
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74 if multiple items would match, run most recent
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75
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76 Special I/O destinations
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77 ========================
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78
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79 Much as in a UNIX shell, you can follow a command with a special output destination.
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80
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81 `> {filename}` sends the output to a file. This is more convenient than SQL\*Plus's
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82 SPOOL {filename}... SPOOL OFF (though you can use those as well).
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83
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84 `>` alone (no filename) sends the output to the paste buffer.
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85
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86 `|` pipes the output to an operating-system command.
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87
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88 When `< {filename}` is included in your command, it is replaced with the contents of
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89 {filename} before the command is run.
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90
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91 Examples::
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92
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93 Need examples!!!!
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94
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95 Special output formats
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96 ======================
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97
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98 By replacing the `;` that terminates a SELECT statement with a backslash-character
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99 sequence, you can get output in a number of useful formats. The `terminators`
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100 command lists them, for your convenience.
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101
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102 ========== ======================== ================================
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103 terminator format Useful for
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104 ========== ======================== ================================
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105 ; standard Oracle format
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106 \\c CSV (with headings) sending to spreadsheets
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107 \\C CSV (no headings)
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108 \\g list wide output with linewraps
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109 \\G aligned list
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110 \\h HTML table web reports
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111 \\i INSERT statements copying to other instances
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112 \\j JSON
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113 \\r ReStructured Text inclusion in documentation
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114 \\s CSV (with headings)
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115 \\S CSV (no headings)
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116 \\t transposed "wide" tables like v$database
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117 \\x XML
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118 \\l line plot, with markers
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119 \\L scatter plot (no lines)
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120 \\b bar graph
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121 \\p pie chart
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122 ========== ======================== ================================
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123
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124 Most of these output formats are even more useful when combined with special output
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125 destinations. For example, `SELECT * FROM party\\h > /var/www/party_report.html`
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126 could create an HTML report in the webserver's documents directory, ready to serve.
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127
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128 UNIX-like commands
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129 ==================
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130
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131 Many sqlpython commands allow you to act as though the database objects
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132 were files in a UNIX filesystem. Many of the commands also accept flags
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133 to modify their behavior.
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134
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135 ls `{object type/object name, with wildcards}`
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136 Lists objects from the data dictionaries, as though they were in a
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137 *object_type*/*object_name* directory structure. Thus, `ls view/\*`
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138 lists all the user's views. Calling with no argument is equivalent
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139 to `ls *`.
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140
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141 Options::
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142
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143 -l, --long long descriptions
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144 -a, --all all schemas' objects (otherwise, you only get your own)
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145 -t, --timesort Sort by last_ddl_time
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146 -r, --reverse Reverse order while sorting
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147
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148 `ls -lt *;10` lists the ten items with the most recent last_ddl_time;
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149 this can be a good way to answer the question, "What was I working on?"
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150
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151 cat `{remainder of query}`
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152 Shorthand for "SELECT * FROM". Can be combined with anything else
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153 that fits into a SELECT statement (WHERE, ORDER BY, etc.)
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154
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155 grep `{target}` `{table}` `[{table2,...}]`
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156 Equivalent to SELECT * FROM {table} WHERE *any column* LIKE '%{target}%'.
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157 Useful when you don't know, don't remember, or don't care which column
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158 a value may be found in.
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159
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160 Options::
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161
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162 -i, --ignore-case Case-insensitive search
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163
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164 find -c {target}, find -t {column}
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165 Lists all tables or columns whose names contain {target}. More convenient than
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166 querying user_tab_columns/all_tab_columns or user_tables/all_tables.
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167 Options::
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168
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169 -a Find all objects (not just my own)
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170
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171 Data dictionary exploration
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172 ===========================
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173
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174 refs `{table_name}`
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175 Lists all foreign key constraints on the table or referring to the table.
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176
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177 deps `{object_name}`
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178 Lists all objects dependent upon the named object.
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179
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180 comments `{table_name}`
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181 Prints comments on a table and its columns.
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182
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183 PL/SQL source code
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184 ==================
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185
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186 pull {object_name}
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187 Displays the PL/SQL source code for {object_name}.
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188
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189 Options:
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190 -d, --dump dump results to files (object_type/object_name.sql)
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191 -f, --full get dependent objects as well
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192 -a, --all all schemas' objects
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193
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194 bzr, git, hg `{object_name}`
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195 Dump source code to files, as `pull -f`, but also creates or commits to a
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196 repository of the appropriate distributed version control system
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197 (Bazaar, Git, or Mercurial, respectively).
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198
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199 find `{target}`
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200 Lists all PL/SQL objects whose source code contains the {target} string.
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201 Always case-insensitive.
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202 Options::
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203
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204 -a Search all PL/SQL objects (not just my own)
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205
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206 PostgreSQL-like shortcuts
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207 =========================
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208
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209 psql, the command-line client for the open-source database `PostgreSQL <http://www.postgresql.org/>`_ uses a number
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210 of backslash-character sequences as convenient shortcuts. sqlpython steals many of
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211 them.
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212
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213 ===== ===================
247
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214 \\c connect
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215 \\d desc
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216 \\e edit
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217 \\g run
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218 \\h help
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219 \\i load
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220 \\o spool
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221 \\p list
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222 \\q quit
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223 \\w save
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224 \\db _dir_tablespaces
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225 \\dd comments
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226 \\dn _dir_schemas
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227 \\dt _dir_tables
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228 \\dv _dir_views
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229 \\di _dir_indexes
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230 \\? help psql
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231 ===== ===================
281
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232
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233 Bind variables
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234 ==============
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235
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236 Bind variables work in sqlpython as they do in SQL\*Plus, but they are set dynamically; there
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237 is no need to declare them before use. The syntax for setting them is more permissive than
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238 in SQL\*Plus; all these are recognized::
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239
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240 exec :mybind := 'value'
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241 exec :mybind = 'value'
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242 :mybind := 'value'
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243 :mybind = 'value'
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244
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245 The current values of all bind variables can be viewed with the `print` command.
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246
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247 The `bind` command creates and populates bind variables for the final row of the most recent
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248 SELECT statement executed; each column name is used as a bind variable, which is filled with
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249 the value. `bind -r {rownumber}` does the same, but fills from row {rownumber} instead of
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250 from the final row (row numbers begin at 0 for this command).
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251
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252 When the `autobind` sqlpython parameter is True, a `bind` statement is issued automatically
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253 after every query that returns exactly one row.
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254
445
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255 Once bind variables are defined, they can be used in SQL statements. The syntax
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256 is dependnent on which RDBMS is being queried.
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257
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258 ---------- ------------------------------------------
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259 RDBMS bind variable example
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260 ---------- ------------------------------------------
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261 Oracle SELECT * FROM party WHERE name = :name;
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262 postgreSQL SELECT * FROM party WHERE name = %(name)s;
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263 MySQL SELECT * FROM party WHERE name = ;
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264 ---------- ------------------------------------------
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265
281
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266 Bind variables are available from within Python as a dictionary named `binds` (see Python).
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267
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268 Substitution variables
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269 ======================
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270
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271 Substitution variables ("&" variables) work much as they do in SQL\*Plus. As in SQL\*Plus,
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272 the `scan` parameter determines whether queries are scanned to replace substitution
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273 variables. Unlike SQL\*Plus, sqlpython knows how annoying it is to hit a substitution
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274 variable you didn't expect, so entering "SET SCAN OFF" when prompted for a substitution
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275 variable actually aborts the substitution process.
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276
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277 Wild SQL
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278 ========
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279
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280 Wild SQL is a nonstandard SQL feature that must be enabled with `set wildsql on`. When it is
282
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281 enabled, column names in a SELECT statement do not need to be explicitly typed; they can be
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282 specified with special Wild SQL symbols: wildcards (`*`, `%`, `_`); column numbers (`#{N}`);
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283 and NOT-style exclusion (`!`). The symbols can even be combined.
247
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284
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285 TODO: column number Wild SQL is not working as of sqlpython 1.7.0
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286
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287 ::
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288
282
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289 jrrt@orcl> cat party
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290
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291 NAME STR INT WIS DEX CON CHA
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292 ------- --- --- --- --- --- ---
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293 Frodo 8 14 16 15 14 16
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294 Gimli 17 12 10 11 17 11
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295 Legolas 13 15 14 18 15 17
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296 Sam 11 9 14 11 16 13
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297
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298 4 rows selected.
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299
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300 jrrt@orcl> set wild on
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301 wildsql - was: False
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302 now: True
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303 jrrt@orcl> select *i* from party;
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304
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305 INT WIS
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306 --- ---
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307 14 16
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308 12 10
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309 15 14
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310 9 14
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311
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312 4 rows selected.
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313
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314 jrrt@orcl> select #1, #5 from party;
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315
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316 NAME DEX
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317 ------- ---
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318 Frodo 15
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319 Gimli 11
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320 Legolas 18
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321 Sam 11
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322
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323 4 rows selected.
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324
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325 jrrt@orcl> select !str from party;
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326
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327 NAME INT WIS DEX CON CHA
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328 ------- --- --- --- --- ---
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329 Frodo 14 16 15 14 16
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330 Gimli 12 10 11 17 11
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331 Legolas 15 14 18 15 17
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332 Sam 9 14 11 16 13
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333
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334 4 rows selected.
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335
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336 jrrt@orcl> select n*, !#3, !c* from party;
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337
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338 NAME STR WIS DEX
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339 ------- --- --- ---
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340 Frodo 8 16 15
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341 Gimli 17 10 11
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342 Legolas 13 14 18
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343 Sam 11 14 11
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344
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345 4 rows selected.
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346
282
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347 Wild SQL symbols only work in the first SELECT statement in a query; they do not work in
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348 subqueries, subsequent UNIONed queries, etc.
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349
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350 Python
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351 ======
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352
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353 The `py` command allows the user to execute Python commands, either one-at-a-time (with
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354 `py {command}`) or in an interactive environment (beginning with a bare `py` statement,
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355 and continuing until Ctrl-D, `quit()`, or `exit()` is entered).
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356
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357 A history of result sets from each query is exposed to the python session as the list `r`;
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358 the most recent result set is `r[-1]`. Each row can be references as a tuple, or as an
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359 object with an attribute for each column.
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360
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361 Bind variables are exposed as the dictionary `binds`. Each row from each result set has
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362 a .bind() method that fills a bind varible for each column with that row's value.
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363
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364 Resultsets in `r` are read-only, but `binds` can be written as well as read, and will
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365 be working bind variables in the SQL environment.
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366
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367 SQL and sqlpython commands can be issued from the Python environment with `sql("{your SQL}")`.
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368
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369 All variables are retained each time the python environment is entered (whether interactively,
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370 or with one-line `py` statements).
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371 ::
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372
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373 0:testschema@orcl> select title, author from play;
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374
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375 TITLE AUTHOR
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376 --------------- -----------
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377 Timon of Athens Shakespeare
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378 Twelfth Night Shakespeare
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379 The Tempest Shakespeare
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380 Agamemnon Aeschylus
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381
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382 4 rows selected.
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383
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384 0:testschema@orcl> py import urllib
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385 0:testschema@orcl> py current_season = urllib.urlopen('http://cincyshakes.com/').read()
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386 0:testschema@orcl> py
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387 Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Jul 31 2008, 17:28:52)
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388 [GCC 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)] on linux2
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389 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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390 (mysqlpy)
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391
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392 py <command>: Executes a Python command.
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393 py: Enters interactive Python mode; end with `Ctrl-D`, `quit()`, or 'exit`.
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394 Past SELECT results are exposed as list `r`;
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395 most recent resultset is `r[-1]`.
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396 SQL bind, substitution variables are exposed as `binds`, `substs`.
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397 SQL and sqlpython commands can be issued with sql("your non-python command here").
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398
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399 >>> r[-1]
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400 [('Timon of Athens', 'Shakespeare'), ('Twelfth Night', 'Shakespeare'), ('The Tempest', 'Shakespeare'), ('Agamemnon', 'Aeschylus')]
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401 >>> r[-1][0][0]
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402 'Timon of Athens'
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403 >>> for row in r[-1]:
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404 ... print "%s, by %s" % (row.title, row.author)
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405 ...
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406 Timon of Athens, by Shakespeare
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407 Twelfth Night, by Shakespeare
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408 The Tempest, by Shakespeare
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409 Agamemnon, by Aeschylus
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410 >>> [row.title for row in r[-1] if row.title in current_season]
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411 ['Timon of Athens', 'Twelfth Night']
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412 >>> binds['author'] = 'Shakespeare'
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413 >>> query = "SELECT title FROM play WHERE author = :author"
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414 >>> sql(query)
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415
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416 TITLE
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417 ---------------
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418 Timon of Athens
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419 Twelfth Night
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420 The Tempest
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421
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422 3 rows selected.
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423
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424 >>> r[-1]
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425 [('Timon of Athens',), ('Twelfth Night',), ('The Tempest',)]
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426 >>> r[-1][0]
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427 ('Timon of Athens',)
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428 >>> r[-1][0].bind()
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429 >>> binds['title']
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430 'Timon of Athens'
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431 >>> quit()
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432 0:testschema@orcl> select title, author from play where title = :title;
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433
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434 TITLE AUTHOR
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435 --------------- -----------
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436 Timon of Athens Shakespeare
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437
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438 1 row selected.
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439
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440 Parameters
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441 ==========
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442
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443 Several parameters control the behavior of sqlpython itself.
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444
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445 ===================== =================================================== ===============
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446 parameter effect default
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447 ===================== =================================================== ===============
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448 autobind When True, single-row queries automatically `bind` False
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449 commit_on_exit Automatically commits work at end of session True
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450 continuation_prompt Prompt for second line and onward of long statement >
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451 default_file_name The file opened by `edit`, if not specified afiedt.buf
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452 echo Echo command entered before executing False
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453 editor Text editor invoked by `edit`. varies
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454 heading Print column names along with results True
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455 maxfetch Maximum number of rows to return from any query 1000
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456 maxtselctrows Maximum # of rows from a tselect or \\n query 10
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457 prompt Probably unwise to change user@instance>
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458 scan Interpret & as indicating substitution variables True
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459 serveroutput Print DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE results True
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460 sql_echo Print text of "behind-the-scenes" queries False
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461 timeout In seconds 30
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462 timing Print time for each command to execute False
456
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463 wildsql Accept \*, %, #, and ! in column names False
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464 ===================== =================================================== ===============
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465
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466 The user can change these with the `set {paramname} {new-value}` statement.
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467 The True/False parameters accept new values permissively, recognizing "True", "False",
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468 "T", "F", "yes", "no", "on", "off", etc.
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469
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470 `set` and `show` both list the current values of the sqlpython parameters. They
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471 also recognize any abbreviated parameter name, so long as it is long enough to be
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472 unique. That is, `show maxf` is recognized as `show maxfetch`, but `show max` is
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473 too short to distinguish between `maxfetch` and `maxtselctrows`.
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474
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475 `show parameter {param}` shows current Oracle parameters (from v$parameter), as it does
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476 in SQL\*Plus.
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477
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478 Tuning
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479 ======
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480
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481 In sqlpython, `explain {SQL ID}` shows the execution plan for the SQL statement with the
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482 given ID. If SQL ID is omitted, it defaults to the most recent SQL executed.
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483 (This is not necessarily the last statement `EXPLAIN PLAN` was issued against.)
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484
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485 Other specialized sqlpython tuning commands include:
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486
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487 load
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488 Displays OS load on cluster nodes (10gRAC)
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489
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490 longops
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491 Displays long-running operations
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492
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493 sessinfo
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494 Reports session info for the given sid, extended to RAC with gv$
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495
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496 top, top9i
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497 Displays active sessions
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498
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499 BLOB display
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500 ============
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501
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502 (Oracle only, for now)
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503
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504 When a SELECT query returns BLOB columns, most SQL tools simply cannot
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505 display the results. Sqlpython, however, will create
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506 a local file for each BLOB returned (up to the parameter `bloblimit`),
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507 and return the filepaths of the new files in the query results. In a
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508 tool like the GNOME terminal, these filepaths work as right-clickable
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509 links that can open the files.
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510
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511 When the \\h terminator is used to generate HTML table output, if the
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512 BLOBs are images, they will be embedded as images in the generated
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513 table.
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514
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515
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516
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517