annotate learner.py @ 132:f6505ec32dc3

Updated documentation slightly
author Joseph Turian <turian@gmail.com>
date Thu, 08 May 2008 00:54:14 -0400
parents 57e6492644ec
children b4657441dd65
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2 from dataset import AttributesHolder,AbstractFunction
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3 import compile
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4 from theano import tensor as t
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6 class Learner(AttributesHolder):
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7 """
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8 Base class for learning algorithms, provides an interface
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9 that allows various algorithms to be applicable to generic learning
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10 algorithms.
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12 A L{Learner} can be seen as a learning algorithm, a function that when
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13 applied to training data returns a learned function, an object that
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14 can be applied to other data and return some output data.
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15 """
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16
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17 def __init__(self):
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18 pass
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19
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20 def forget(self):
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21 """
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22 Reset the state of the learner to a blank slate, before seeing
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23 training data. The operation may be non-deterministic if the
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24 learner has a random number generator that is set to use a
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25 different seed each time it forget() is called.
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26 """
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27 raise NotImplementedError
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28
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29 def update(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None):
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30 """
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31 Continue training a learner, with the evidence provided by the given training set.
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32 Hence update can be called multiple times. This is particularly useful in the
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33 on-line setting or the sequential (Bayesian or not) settings.
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34 The result is a function that can be applied on data, with the same
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35 semantics of the Learner.use method.
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36
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37 The user may optionally provide a training L{StatsCollector} that is used to record
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38 some statistics of the outputs computed during training. It is update(d) during
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39 training.
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40 """
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41 return self.use # default behavior is 'non-adaptive', i.e. update does not do anything
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42
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43
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44 def __call__(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None):
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45 """
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46 Train a learner from scratch using the provided training set,
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47 and return the learned function.
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48 """
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49 self.forget()
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50 return self.update(learning_task,train_stats_collector)
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51
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52 def use(self,input_dataset,output_fieldnames=None,
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53 test_stats_collector=None,copy_inputs=True,
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54 put_stats_in_output_dataset=True,
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55 output_attributes=[]):
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56 """
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57 Once a L{Learner} has been trained by one or more call to 'update', it can
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58 be used with one or more calls to 'use'. The argument is an input L{DataSet} (possibly
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59 containing a single example) and the result is an output L{DataSet} of the same length.
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60 If output_fieldnames is specified, it may be use to indicate which fields should
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61 be constructed in the output L{DataSet} (for example ['output','classification_error']).
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62 Otherwise, self.defaultOutputFields is called to choose the output fields.
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63 Optionally, if copy_inputs, the input fields (of the input_dataset) can be made
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64 visible in the output L{DataSet} returned by this method.
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65 Optionally, attributes of the learner can be copied in the output dataset,
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66 and statistics computed by the stats collector also put in the output dataset.
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67 Note the distinction between fields (which are example-wise quantities, e.g. 'input')
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68 and attributes (which are not, e.g. 'regularization_term').
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69
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70 We provide here a default implementation that does all this using
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71 a sub-class defined method: minibatchwiseUseFunction.
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72
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73 @todo check if some of the learner attributes are actually SPECIFIED
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74 as attributes of the input_dataset, and if so use their values instead
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75 of the ones in the learner.
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76
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77 The learner tries to compute in the output dataset the output fields specified.
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78 If None is specified then self.defaultOutputFields(input_dataset.fieldNames())
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79 is called to determine the output fields.
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80
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81 Attributes of the learner can also optionally be copied into the output dataset.
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82 If output_attributes is None then all of the attributes in self.AttributeNames()
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83 are copied in the output dataset, but if it is [] (the default), then none are copied.
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84 If a test_stats_collector is provided, then its attributes (test_stats_collector.AttributeNames())
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85 are also copied into the output dataset attributes.
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86 """
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87 minibatchwise_use_function = self.minibatchwiseUseFunction(input_dataset.fieldNames(),
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88 output_fieldnames,
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89 test_stats_collector)
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90 virtual_output_dataset = ApplyFunctionDataSet(input_dataset,
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91 minibatchwise_use_function,
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92 True,DataSet.numpy_vstack,
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93 DataSet.numpy_hstack)
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94 # actually force the computation
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95 output_dataset = CachedDataSet(virtual_output_dataset,True)
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96 if copy_inputs:
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97 output_dataset = input_dataset | output_dataset
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98 # copy the wanted attributes in the dataset
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99 if output_attributes is None:
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100 output_attributes = self.attributeNames()
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101 if output_attributes:
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102 assert set(attribute_names) <= set(self.attributeNames())
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103 output_dataset.setAttributes(output_attributes,
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104 self.names2attributes(output_attributes,return_copy=True))
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105 if test_stats_collector:
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106 test_stats_collector.update(output_dataset)
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107 if put_stats_in_output_dataset:
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108 output_dataset.setAttributes(test_stats_collector.attributeNames(),
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109 test_stats_collector.attributes())
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110 return output_dataset
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111
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112 def minibatchwiseUseFunction(self, input_fields, output_fields, stats_collector):
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113 """
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114 Returns a function that can map the given input fields to the given output fields
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115 and to the attributes that the stats collector needs for its computation.
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116 That function is expected to operate on minibatches.
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117 The function returned makes use of the self.useInputAttributes() and
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118 sets the attributes specified by self.useOutputAttributes().
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119 """
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120 def attributeNames(self):
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121 """
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122 A Learner may have attributes that it wishes to export to other objects. To automate
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123 such export, sub-classes should define here the names (list of strings) of these attributes.
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125 @todo By default, attributeNames looks for all dictionary entries whose name does not start with _.
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126 """
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127 return []
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128
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129 def attributes(self,return_copy=False):
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130 """
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131 Return a list with the values of the learner's attributes (or optionally, a deep copy).
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132 """
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133 return self.names2attributes(self.attributeNames(),return_copy)
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134
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135 def names2attributes(self,names,return_copy=False):
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136 """
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137 Private helper function that maps a list of attribute names to a list
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138 of (optionally copies) values of attributes.
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139 """
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140 if return_copy:
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141 return [copy.deepcopy(self.__getattribute__(name).data) for name in names]
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142 else:
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143 return [self.__getattribute__(name).data for name in names]
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144
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145 def updateInputAttributes(self):
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146 """
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147 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes needed by update() in order
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148 to do its work.
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149 """
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150 raise AbstractFunction()
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151
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152 def useInputAttributes(self):
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153 """
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154 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes needed by use() in order
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155 to do its work.
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156 """
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157 raise AbstractFunction()
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158
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159 def updateOutputAttributes(self):
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160 """
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161 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes modified/created by update() in order
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162 to do its work.
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163
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164 By default these are inferred from the various update output attributes:
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165 """
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166 return ["parameters"] + self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes() + self.updateEndOutputAttributes()
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167
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168 def useOutputAttributes(self):
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169 """
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170 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes modified/created by use() in order
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171 to do its work.
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172 """
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173 raise AbstractFunction()
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174
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175
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176 class TLearner(Learner):
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177 """
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178 TLearner is a virtual class of Learners that attempts to factor out of the definition
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179 of a learner the steps that are common to many implementations of learning algorithms,
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180 so as to leave only 'the equations' to define in particular sub-classes, using Theano.
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181
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182 In the default implementations of use and update, it is assumed that the 'use' and 'update' methods
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183 visit examples in the input dataset sequentially. In the 'use' method only one pass through the dataset is done,
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184 whereas the sub-learner may wish to iterate over the examples multiple times. Subclasses where this
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185 basic model is not appropriate can simply redefine update or use.
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186
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187 Sub-classes must provide the following functions and functionalities:
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188 - attributeNames(): defines all the names of attributes which can be used as fields or
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189 attributes in input/output datasets or in stats collectors.
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190 All these attributes are expected to be theano.Result objects
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191 (with a .data property and recognized by theano.Function for compilation).
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192 The sub-class constructor defines the relations between
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193 the Theano variables that may be used by 'use' and 'update'
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194 or by a stats collector.
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195 - defaultOutputFields(input_fields): return a list of default dataset output fields when
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196 None are provided by the caller of use.
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197 The following naming convention is assumed and important.
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198 Attributes whose names are listed in attributeNames() can be of any type,
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199 but those that can be referenced as input/output dataset fields or as
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200 output attributes in 'use' or as input attributes in the stats collector
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201 should be associated with a Theano Result variable. If the exported attribute
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202 name is <name>, the corresponding Result name (an internal attribute of
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203 the TLearner, created in the sub-class constructor) should be _<name>.
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204 Typically <name> will be numpy ndarray and _<name> will be the corresponding
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205 Theano Tensor (for symbolic manipulation).
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206
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207 @todo pousser dans Learner toute la poutine qui peut l'etre sans etre
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208 dependant de Theano
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209 """
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210
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211 def __init__(self):
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212 Learner.__init__(self)
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213
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214 def defaultOutputFields(self, input_fields):
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215 """
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216 Return a default list of output field names (to put in the output dataset).
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217 This will be used when None are provided (as output_fields) by the caller of the 'use' method.
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218 This may involve looking at the input_fields (names) available in the
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219 input_dataset.
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220 """
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221 raise AbstractFunction()
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222
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223 def minibatchwiseUseFunction(self, input_fields, output_fields, stats_collector):
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224 """
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225 Implement minibatchwiseUseFunction by exploiting Theano compilation
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226 and the expression graph defined by a sub-class constructor.
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227 """
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228 if not output_fields:
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229 output_fields = self.defaultOutputFields(input_fields)
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230 if stats_collector:
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231 stats_collector_inputs = stats_collector.input2UpdateAttributes()
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232 for attribute in stats_collector_inputs:
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233 if attribute not in input_fields:
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234 output_fields.append(attribute)
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235 key = (input_fields,output_fields)
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236 if key not in self.use_functions_dictionary:
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237 use_input_attributes = self.useInputAttributes()
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238 use_output_attributes = self.useOutputAttributes()
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239 complete_f = compile.function(self.names2OpResults(input_fields+use_input_attributes),
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240 self.names2OpResults(output_fields+use_output_attributes))
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241 def f(*input_field_values):
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242 input_attribute_values = self.names2attributes(use_input_attributes)
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243 results = complete_f(*(input_field_values + input_attribute_values))
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244 output_field_values = results[0:len(output_fields)]
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245 output_attribute_values = results[len(output_fields):len(results)]
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246 if use_output_attributes:
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247 self.setAttributes(use_output_attributes,output_attribute_values)
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248 return output_field_values
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249 self.use_functions_dictionary[key]=f
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250 return self.use_functions_dictionary[key]
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251
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252 def names2OpResults(self,names):
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253 """
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254 Private helper function that maps a list of attribute names to a list
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255 of corresponding Op Results (with the same name but with a '_' prefix).
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256 """
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257 return [self.__getattribute__('_'+name).data for name in names]
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258
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259
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260 class MinibatchUpdatesTLearner(TLearner):
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261 """
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262 This adds to L{TLearner} a
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263 - updateStart(), updateEnd(), updateMinibatch(minibatch), isLastEpoch():
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264 functions executed at the beginning, the end, in the middle
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265 (for each minibatch) of the update method, and at the end
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266 of each epoch. This model only
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267 works for 'online' or one-shot learning that requires
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268 going only once through the training data. For more complicated
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269 models, more specialized subclasses of TLearner should be used
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270 or a learning-algorithm specific update method should be defined.
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271
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272 - a 'parameters' attribute which is a list of parameters (whose names are
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273 specified by the user's subclass with the parameterAttributes() method)
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274
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275 """
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276
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277 def __init__(self):
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278 TLearner.__init__(self)
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279 self.update_minibatch_function = compile.function
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280 (self.names2OpResults(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes()+
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281 self.updateMinibatchInputFields()),
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282 self.names2OpResults(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes()))
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283 self.update_end_function = compile.function
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284 (self.names2OpResults(self.updateEndInputAttributes()),
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285 self.names2OpResults(self.updateEndOutputAttributes()))
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286
128
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287 def allocate(self, minibatch):
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288 """
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289 This function is called at the beginning of each L{updateMinibatch}
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290 and should be used to check that all required attributes have been
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291 allocated and initialized (usually this function calls forget()
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292 when it has to do an initialization).
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293 """
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294 raise AbstractFunction()
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295
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296 def updateMinibatchInputFields(self):
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297 raise AbstractFunction()
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298
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299 def updateMinibatchInputAttributes(self):
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300 raise AbstractFunction()
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301
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302 def updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(self):
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303 raise AbstractFunction()
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304
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305 def updateEndInputAttributes(self):
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306 raise AbstractFunction()
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307
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308 def updateEndOutputAttributes(self):
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309 raise AbstractFunction()
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310
111
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311 def parameterAttributes(self):
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312 raise AbstractFunction()
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313
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314 def updateStart(self): pass
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315
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316 def updateEnd(self):
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317 self.setAttributes(self.updateEndOutputAttributes(),
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318 self.update_end_function
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319 (self.names2attributes(self.updateEndInputAttributes())))
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320 self.parameters = self.names2attributes(self.parameterAttributes())
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321
110
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322 def updateMinibatch(self,minibatch):
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323 # make sure all required fields are allocated and initialized
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324 self.allocate(minibatch)
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325 self.setAttributes(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(),
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326 # concatenate the attribute values and field values and then apply update fn
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327 self.update_minibatch_function(*(self.names2attributes
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328 (self.updateMinibatchInputAttributes()))
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329 + minibatch(self.updateMinibatchInputFields())))
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330
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331 def isLastEpoch(self):
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332 """
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333 This method is called at the end of each epoch (cycling over the training set).
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334 It returns a boolean to indicate if this is the last epoch.
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335 By default just do one epoch.
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336 """
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337 return True
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338
92
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339 def update(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None):
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340 """
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341 @todo check if some of the learner attributes are actually SPECIFIED
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342 in as attributes of the training_set.
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343 """
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344 self.updateStart(training_set)
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345 stop=False
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346 while not stop:
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347 if train_stats_collector:
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348 train_stats_collector.forget() # restart stats collectin at the beginning of each epoch
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349 for minibatch in training_set.minibatches(self.training_set_input_fields,
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350 minibatch_size=self.minibatch_size):
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351 self.update_minibatch(minibatch)
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352 if train_stats_collector:
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353 minibatch_set = minibatch.examples()
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354 minibatch_set.setAttributes(self.attributeNames(),self.attributes())
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355 train_stats_collector.update(minibatch_set)
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356 stop = self.isLastEpoch()
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357 self.updateEnd()
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358 return self.use
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359
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360 class OnlineGradientTLearner(MinibatchUpdatesTLearner):
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361 """
132
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362 Specialization of L{MinibatchUpdatesTLearner} in which the minibatch updates
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363 are obtained by performing an online (minibatch-based) gradient step.
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364
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365 Sub-classes must define the following:
132
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366 - self._learning_rate (may be changed by the sub-class between epochs or minibatches)
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367 - self.lossAttribute() = name of the loss field
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368 """
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369 def __init__(self,truly_online=False):
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370 """
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371 If truly_online then only one pass is made through the training set passed to update().
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372
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373 SUBCLASSES SHOULD CALL THIS CONSTRUCTOR ONLY AFTER HAVING DEFINED ALL THEIR THEANO FORMULAS
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374 """
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375 self.truly_online=truly_online
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376
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377 # create the formulas for the gradient update
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378 old_params = [self.__getattribute__("_"+name) for name in self.parameterAttributes()]
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379 new_params_names = ["_new_"+name for name in self.parameterAttributes()]
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380 loss = self.__getattribute__("_"+self.lossAttribute())
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381 self.setAttributes(new_params_names,
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382 [t.add_inplace(param,self._learning_rate*t.grad(loss,param))
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383 for param in old_params])
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384 MinibatchUpdatesTLearner.__init__(self)
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385
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386 def isLastEpoch(self):
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387 return self.truly_online
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388
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389 def updateMinibatchInputAttributes(self):
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390 return self.parameterAttributes()
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391
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392 def updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(self):
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393 return ["_new"+name for name in self.parameterAttributes()]
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394
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395 def updateEndInputAttributes(self):
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396 return self.parameterAttributes()
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397
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398