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annotate doc/v2_planning/coding_style.txt @ 1074:ee7f34fc98fe

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author Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
date Fri, 10 Sep 2010 11:38:40 -0400
parents 3e7978201ffc 04bbf05d249c
children d422f726c156
rev   line source
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1 Discussion of Coding-Style
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2 ==========================
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3
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4 Participants
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5 ------------
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6 - Dumitru
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7 - Fred
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8 - David
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9 - Olivier D [leader]
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10
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11
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12
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13 Fred: This is a refactored thing from James email of what we should put in message
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14 that we send to the user:
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15 1) Hint where in the code this log come from.
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16 2) Hint how to hide this message? or we should this into documentation.
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17 3) Tell explicitly if the user can ignore it and the consequence.
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18
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19 Existing Python coding style specifications and guidelines
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20 ----------------------------------------------------------
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21
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22 * http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/ Style Guide for Python Code
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23 * http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/ Docstring Conventions
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24 * http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/pyguide.html Google Python Style Guide
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25 * http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/python_style_guide.shtml
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26 * http://python.net/~goodger/projects/pycon/2007/idiomatic/handout.html
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27 * http://www.cs.caltech.edu/courses/cs11/material/python/misc/python_style_guide.html
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28 * http://barry.warsaw.us/software/STYLEGUIDE.txt
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29 * http://self.maluke.com/style
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30 * http://chandlerproject.org/Projects/ChandlerCodingStyleGuidelines
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31 * http://lists.osafoundation.org/pipermail/dev/2003-March/000479.html
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32 * http://learnpython.pbworks.com/PythonTricks
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33 * http://eikke.com/how-not-to-write-python-code/
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34 * http://jaynes.colorado.edu/PythonGuidelines.html
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35 * http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/#coding-style
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36 * http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/wiki/CodingStyleGuidelines
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37
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38 We will probably want to take PEP-8 as starting point, and read what other
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39 people think about it / how other coding guidelines differ from it.
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40
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41 Dumi: we should also try to find tools that automate these
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42 processes: pylint, pyflakes, pychecker, pythontidy
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43
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44 OD: Things about PEP 8 I don't like (but it may be just me):
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45
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46 * If necessary, you can add an extra pair of parentheses around an
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47 expression, but sometimes using a backslash looks better.
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48 --> I rarely find that backslash looks better. In most situations you can
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49 get rid of them. Typically I prefer:
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50 if (cond_1 and
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51 cond_2 and
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52 cond_3):
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53 to
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54 if cond_1 and \
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55 cond_2 and \
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56 cond_3:
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57
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58 * You should use two spaces after a sentence-ending period.
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59 --> Looks weird to me.
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60 (DWF: This is an old convention from the typewriter era. It has more
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61 or less been wiped out by HTML's convention of ignoring extra
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62 whitespace: see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing for
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63 more detail. I think it's okay to drop this convention in source code.)
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64
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65 * Imports should usually be on separate lines
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66 --> Can be a lot of lines wasted for no obvious benefit. I think this is
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67 mostly useful when you import different modules from different places,
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68 but I would say that for instance for standard modules it would be
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69 better to import them all on a single line (doing multiple lines only
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70 if there are too many of them), e.g. prefer:
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71 import os, sys, time
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72 to
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73 import os
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74 import sys
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75 import time
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76 However, I agree about separating imports between standard lib / 3rd
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77 party, e.g. prefer:
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78 import os, sys, time
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79 import numpy, scipy
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80 to
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81 import numpy, os, scipy, sys, time
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82 (Personal note: preferably order imports by alphabetical order, makes
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83 it easier to quickly see if a specific module is already imported,
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84 and avoids duplicated imports)
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85
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86 * Missing in PEP 8:
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87 - How to indent multi-line statements? E.g. do we want
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88 x = my_func(a, b, c,
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89 d, e, f)
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90 or
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91 x = my_func(a, b, c,
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92 d, e, f)
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93 or
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94 x = my_func(
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95 a, b, c, d, e, f)
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96 --> Probably depends on the specific situation, but we could have a
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97 few typical examples (and the same happens with multi-lines lists)
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98 (Fred: I would do 2 or 3, but not 1. I find it more redable when the
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99 indent is broken after a paranthesis then at any point.
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100
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101 * From PEP 257: The BDFL [3] recommends inserting a blank line between the
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102 last paragraph in a multi-line docstring and its closing quotes, placing
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103 the closing quotes on a line by themselves. This way, Emacs'
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104 fill-paragraph command can be used on it.
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105 --> I have nothing against Emacs, but this is ugly!
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106
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107 Documentation
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108 -------------
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109
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110 How do we write doc?
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111
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112 Compatibility with various Python versions
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113 ------------------------------------------
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114
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115 * Which Python 2.x version do we want to support?
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116
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117 * Is it reasonable to have coding guidelines that would make the code as
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118 compatible as possible with Python 3?
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119
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120 C coding style
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121 --------------
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122
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123 We also need a c-style coding style.
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124
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125 Meeting 2010/09/09
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126 ------------------
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127
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128 * Coding guidelines
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129 PEP 8 & Google should be a good basis to start with.
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130 Task: Highlight the most important points in them (OD).
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131
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132 * Documentation
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133 Use RST with Sphinx.
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134 Task: Provide specific examples on how to document a class, method, and some
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135 specific classes like Op (DE). Modify the theano documentation to include that.
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136
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137 * Python versions to be supported
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138 Support 2.4 (because some of the clusters are still running 2.4) and write
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139 code that can be converted to 3.x with 2to3 in a straightforward way.
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140 Task: Write to-do's and to-not-do's to avoid compatibility issues. (OD)
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141 (DWF: Pauli Virtanen and others have put together extensive
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wardefar@grincheux.iro.umontreal.ca
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142 documentation in the process of porting NumPy to Py3K, see his notes at
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143 http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/browser/trunk/doc/Py3K.txt -- this is
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144 the most complete resource for complicated combinations of Python and C).
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145
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146
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147 * C coding style
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148 How to write C code (in particular for Numpy / Cuda), and how to mix C and
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149 Python.
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150 Task: See if there would be a sensible C code style to follow (maybe look how
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151 Numpy does it), and how projects that mix C and Python deal with it (e.g. use
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152 separate files, or be able to have mixed syntax highlighting?) (FB)
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153
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154 * Program output
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155 Use the warning and logging modules. Avoid print as much as possible.
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156 Task: Look into these modules to define general guidelines e.g. to decide when
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157 to use warning instead of logging. (DWF)
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158
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159 * Automatized code verification
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160 Use pychecker & friends to make sure everything is fine.
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161 Task: Look into the various options available (DE)
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162
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163 * Tests
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164 Force people to write tests. Automatic email reminder of code lines not
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165 covered by tests (see if we can get this from nosetests). Decorator to mark
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166 some classes / methods as not being tested yet, so as to be able to
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167 automatically warn the user when he is using untested stuff (and to remind
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168 ourselves we should add a test).
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169 Task: See feasibility. (OD)
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170
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171 * VIM / Emacs plugins / config files
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172 To enforce good coding style automatically.
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173 Task: Look for existing options. (FB)
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174 (DWF: I have put some time into this for vim, I will send around my files)
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175
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176 Suggestion by PV
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177 ----------------
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178
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179 Have a sample code that showcases everything one should comply to.
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180
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181 Some coding guidlines (work-in-progress from OD)
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182 ------------------------------------------------
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183
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184 * Avoid using lists if all you care about is iterating on something. Using
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185 lists:
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186 - uses more memory (and possibly more CPU if the code may break out of
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187 the iteration)
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188 - can lead to ugly code when converted to Python 3 with 2to3
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189 - can have a different behavior if evaluating elements in the list has
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190 side effects (if you want these side effects, make it explicit by
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191 assigning the list to some variable before iterating on it)
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192
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193 Iterative version List version
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194 my_dict.iterkeys() my_dict.keys()
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195 my_dict.itervalues() my_dict.values()
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196 my_dict.iteritems() my_dict.items()
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197 itertools.imap map
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198 itertools.ifilter filter
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199 itertools.izip zip
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200 xrange range
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201
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202 * Use `in` on container objects instead of using class-specific methods.
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203 It is easier to read and may allow you to use your code with different
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204 container types.
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205
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206 Yes No
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207 --- --
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208 key in my_dict my_dict.has_key(key)
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209 sub_string in my_string my_string.find(sub_string) >= 0
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210
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211 * (Point to debate) Avoid contractions in code comments (particularly in
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212 documentation): "We do not add blue to red because it does not look
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213 good" rather than "We don't add blue to red because it doesn't look
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214 good". I mostly find it to be cleaner (been used to it while writing
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215 scientific articles too).
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216
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217 * (Point to debate) Imperative vs. third-person comments. I am used to the
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218 imperative form and like it better only because it typically saves one
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219 letter (the 's'): "Return the sum of elements in x" rather than
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220 "Returns the sum of elements in x".
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221
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222 * (Point to debate) I like always doing the following when subclassing
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223 a class A:
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224 class B(A):
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225 def __init__(self, b_arg_1, b_arg_2, **kw):
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226 super(B, self).__init__(**kw)
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227 ...
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228 The point here is that the constructor always allow for extra keyword
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229 arguments (except for the class at the very top of the hierarchy), which
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230 are automatically passed to the parent class.
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231 Pros:
3e7978201ffc coding_style: Some more python coding guidelines
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232 - You do not need to repeat the parent class arguments whenever you
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233 write a new subclass.
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234 - Whenever you add an argument to the parent class, all child classes
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235 can benefit from it without modifying their code.
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236 Cons:
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237 - One needs to look at the parent classes to see what these arguments
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238 are.
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239 - You cannot use a **kw argument in your constructor for your own
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240 selfish purpose.
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241 - I have no clue whether one could do this with multiple inheritance.
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242 - More?
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243 Question: Should we encourage this in Pylearn?
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244
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245 * Generally prefer list comprehensions to map / filter, as the former are
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246 easier to read.
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247 Yes:
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248 non_comments = [line.strip() for line in my_file.readlines()
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249 if not line.startswith('#')]
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250 No:
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251 non_comments = map(str.strip,
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252 filter(lambda line: not line.startswith('#'),
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253 my_file.readlines()))
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254
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255 * Use the `key` argument instead of `cmp` when sorting (for Python 3
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256 compatibility).
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257 Yes:
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258 my_list.sort(key=abs)
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259 No:
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260 my_list.sort(cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(abs(x), abs(y)))
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261
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262 * Use // for integer division (for readability and Python 3 compatibility).
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263 Yes:
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264 n_samples_per_split = n_samples // n_splits
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265 No:
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266 n_samples_per_split = n_samples / n_splits
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267
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268 * Only use ASCII characters in code files.
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269
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270 * Code indent must be done with four blank characters (not with tabs).
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271
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272 * Whenever you read / write binary files, specify it in the mode ('rb' for
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273 reading, 'wb' for writing). This is important for cross-platform and
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274 Python 3 compatibility (e.g. when pickling / unpickling objects).
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275
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276 * Avoid tuple parameter unpacking to avoid very ugly code when converting
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277 to Python 3.
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278 Yes:
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279 def f(x, y_z):
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280 y, z = y_z
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281 No:
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282 def f(x, (y, z))
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283
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284 * Only use cPickle, not pickle.
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285
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286 * Always raise exception with
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287 raise MyException(args)
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288 where MyException inherits from Exception.
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289