Mercurial > pylearn
annotate learner.py @ 133:b4657441dd65
Corrected typos
author | Yoshua Bengio <bengioy@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Fri, 09 May 2008 13:38:54 -0400 |
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2 from dataset import AttributesHolder,AbstractFunction |
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3 import compile |
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4 from theano import tensor as t |
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5 |
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6 class Learner(AttributesHolder): |
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7 """ |
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8 Base class for learning algorithms, provides an interface |
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9 that allows various algorithms to be applicable to generic learning |
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10 algorithms. |
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11 |
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12 A L{Learner} can be seen as a learning algorithm, a function that when |
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13 applied to training data returns a learned function, an object that |
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14 can be applied to other data and return some output data. |
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15 """ |
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16 |
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17 def __init__(self): |
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18 pass |
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19 |
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20 def forget(self): |
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21 """ |
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22 Reset the state of the learner to a blank slate, before seeing |
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23 training data. The operation may be non-deterministic if the |
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24 learner has a random number generator that is set to use a |
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25 different seed each time it forget() is called. |
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26 """ |
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27 raise NotImplementedError |
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28 |
14 | 29 def update(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None): |
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30 """ |
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31 Continue training a learner, with the evidence provided by the given training set. |
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32 Hence update can be called multiple times. This is particularly useful in the |
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33 on-line setting or the sequential (Bayesian or not) settings. |
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34 The result is a function that can be applied on data, with the same |
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35 semantics of the Learner.use method. |
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36 |
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37 The user may optionally provide a training L{StatsCollector} that is used to record |
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38 some statistics of the outputs computed during training. It is update(d) during |
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39 training. |
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40 """ |
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41 return self.use # default behavior is 'non-adaptive', i.e. update does not do anything |
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42 |
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43 |
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44 def __call__(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None): |
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45 """ |
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46 Train a learner from scratch using the provided training set, |
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47 and return the learned function. |
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48 """ |
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49 self.forget() |
133 | 50 return self.update(training_set,train_stats_collector) |
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51 |
128 | 52 def use(self,input_dataset,output_fieldnames=None, |
53 test_stats_collector=None,copy_inputs=True, | |
54 put_stats_in_output_dataset=True, | |
55 output_attributes=[]): | |
56 """ | |
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57 Once a L{Learner} has been trained by one or more call to 'update', it can |
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58 be used with one or more calls to 'use'. The argument is an input L{DataSet} (possibly |
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59 containing a single example) and the result is an output L{DataSet} of the same length. |
128 | 60 If output_fieldnames is specified, it may be use to indicate which fields should |
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61 be constructed in the output L{DataSet} (for example ['output','classification_error']). |
128 | 62 Otherwise, self.defaultOutputFields is called to choose the output fields. |
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63 Optionally, if copy_inputs, the input fields (of the input_dataset) can be made |
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64 visible in the output L{DataSet} returned by this method. |
128 | 65 Optionally, attributes of the learner can be copied in the output dataset, |
66 and statistics computed by the stats collector also put in the output dataset. | |
67 Note the distinction between fields (which are example-wise quantities, e.g. 'input') | |
68 and attributes (which are not, e.g. 'regularization_term'). | |
69 | |
70 We provide here a default implementation that does all this using | |
71 a sub-class defined method: minibatchwiseUseFunction. | |
72 | |
73 @todo check if some of the learner attributes are actually SPECIFIED | |
74 as attributes of the input_dataset, and if so use their values instead | |
75 of the ones in the learner. | |
76 | |
77 The learner tries to compute in the output dataset the output fields specified. | |
78 If None is specified then self.defaultOutputFields(input_dataset.fieldNames()) | |
79 is called to determine the output fields. | |
80 | |
81 Attributes of the learner can also optionally be copied into the output dataset. | |
82 If output_attributes is None then all of the attributes in self.AttributeNames() | |
83 are copied in the output dataset, but if it is [] (the default), then none are copied. | |
84 If a test_stats_collector is provided, then its attributes (test_stats_collector.AttributeNames()) | |
85 are also copied into the output dataset attributes. | |
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86 """ |
128 | 87 minibatchwise_use_function = self.minibatchwiseUseFunction(input_dataset.fieldNames(), |
88 output_fieldnames, | |
89 test_stats_collector) | |
90 virtual_output_dataset = ApplyFunctionDataSet(input_dataset, | |
91 minibatchwise_use_function, | |
92 True,DataSet.numpy_vstack, | |
93 DataSet.numpy_hstack) | |
94 # actually force the computation | |
95 output_dataset = CachedDataSet(virtual_output_dataset,True) | |
96 if copy_inputs: | |
97 output_dataset = input_dataset | output_dataset | |
98 # copy the wanted attributes in the dataset | |
99 if output_attributes is None: | |
100 output_attributes = self.attributeNames() | |
101 if output_attributes: | |
102 assert set(attribute_names) <= set(self.attributeNames()) | |
103 output_dataset.setAttributes(output_attributes, | |
104 self.names2attributes(output_attributes,return_copy=True)) | |
105 if test_stats_collector: | |
106 test_stats_collector.update(output_dataset) | |
107 if put_stats_in_output_dataset: | |
108 output_dataset.setAttributes(test_stats_collector.attributeNames(), | |
109 test_stats_collector.attributes()) | |
110 return output_dataset | |
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111 |
128 | 112 def minibatchwiseUseFunction(self, input_fields, output_fields, stats_collector): |
113 """ | |
114 Returns a function that can map the given input fields to the given output fields | |
115 and to the attributes that the stats collector needs for its computation. | |
116 That function is expected to operate on minibatches. | |
117 The function returned makes use of the self.useInputAttributes() and | |
118 sets the attributes specified by self.useOutputAttributes(). | |
119 """ | |
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120 def attributeNames(self): |
78 | 121 """ |
122 A Learner may have attributes that it wishes to export to other objects. To automate | |
123 such export, sub-classes should define here the names (list of strings) of these attributes. | |
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124 |
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125 @todo By default, attributeNames looks for all dictionary entries whose name does not start with _. |
78 | 126 """ |
127 return [] | |
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128 |
128 | 129 def attributes(self,return_copy=False): |
130 """ | |
131 Return a list with the values of the learner's attributes (or optionally, a deep copy). | |
132 """ | |
133 return self.names2attributes(self.attributeNames(),return_copy) | |
134 | |
135 def names2attributes(self,names,return_copy=False): | |
136 """ | |
137 Private helper function that maps a list of attribute names to a list | |
138 of (optionally copies) values of attributes. | |
139 """ | |
140 if return_copy: | |
129
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141 return [copy.deepcopy(self.__getattribute__(name).data) for name in names] |
128 | 142 else: |
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143 return [self.__getattribute__(name).data for name in names] |
128 | 144 |
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145 def updateInputAttributes(self): |
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146 """ |
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147 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes needed by update() in order |
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148 to do its work. |
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149 """ |
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150 raise AbstractFunction() |
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151 |
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152 def useInputAttributes(self): |
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153 """ |
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154 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes needed by use() in order |
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155 to do its work. |
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156 """ |
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157 raise AbstractFunction() |
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158 |
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159 def updateOutputAttributes(self): |
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160 """ |
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161 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes modified/created by update() in order |
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162 to do its work. |
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163 |
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164 By default these are inferred from the various update output attributes: |
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165 """ |
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166 return ["parameters"] + self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes() + self.updateEndOutputAttributes() |
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167 |
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168 def useOutputAttributes(self): |
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169 """ |
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170 A subset of self.attributeNames() which are the names of attributes modified/created by use() in order |
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171 to do its work. |
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172 """ |
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173 raise AbstractFunction() |
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174 |
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175 |
78 | 176 class TLearner(Learner): |
177 """ | |
178 TLearner is a virtual class of Learners that attempts to factor out of the definition | |
179 of a learner the steps that are common to many implementations of learning algorithms, | |
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180 so as to leave only 'the equations' to define in particular sub-classes, using Theano. |
78 | 181 |
182 In the default implementations of use and update, it is assumed that the 'use' and 'update' methods | |
183 visit examples in the input dataset sequentially. In the 'use' method only one pass through the dataset is done, | |
184 whereas the sub-learner may wish to iterate over the examples multiple times. Subclasses where this | |
185 basic model is not appropriate can simply redefine update or use. | |
186 | |
187 Sub-classes must provide the following functions and functionalities: | |
188 - attributeNames(): defines all the names of attributes which can be used as fields or | |
189 attributes in input/output datasets or in stats collectors. | |
190 All these attributes are expected to be theano.Result objects | |
191 (with a .data property and recognized by theano.Function for compilation). | |
192 The sub-class constructor defines the relations between | |
193 the Theano variables that may be used by 'use' and 'update' | |
194 or by a stats collector. | |
195 - defaultOutputFields(input_fields): return a list of default dataset output fields when | |
196 None are provided by the caller of use. | |
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197 The following naming convention is assumed and important. |
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198 Attributes whose names are listed in attributeNames() can be of any type, |
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199 but those that can be referenced as input/output dataset fields or as |
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200 output attributes in 'use' or as input attributes in the stats collector |
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201 should be associated with a Theano Result variable. If the exported attribute |
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202 name is <name>, the corresponding Result name (an internal attribute of |
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203 the TLearner, created in the sub-class constructor) should be _<name>. |
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204 Typically <name> will be numpy ndarray and _<name> will be the corresponding |
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205 Theano Tensor (for symbolic manipulation). |
107
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206 |
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207 @todo pousser dans Learner toute la poutine qui peut l'etre sans etre |
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208 dependant de Theano |
78 | 209 """ |
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210 |
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211 def __init__(self): |
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212 Learner.__init__(self) |
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213 |
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214 def defaultOutputFields(self, input_fields): |
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215 """ |
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216 Return a default list of output field names (to put in the output dataset). |
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217 This will be used when None are provided (as output_fields) by the caller of the 'use' method. |
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218 This may involve looking at the input_fields (names) available in the |
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219 input_dataset. |
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220 """ |
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221 raise AbstractFunction() |
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222 |
128 | 223 def minibatchwiseUseFunction(self, input_fields, output_fields, stats_collector): |
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224 """ |
128 | 225 Implement minibatchwiseUseFunction by exploiting Theano compilation |
226 and the expression graph defined by a sub-class constructor. | |
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227 """ |
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228 if not output_fields: |
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229 output_fields = self.defaultOutputFields(input_fields) |
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230 if stats_collector: |
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231 stats_collector_inputs = stats_collector.input2UpdateAttributes() |
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232 for attribute in stats_collector_inputs: |
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233 if attribute not in input_fields: |
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234 output_fields.append(attribute) |
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235 key = (input_fields,output_fields) |
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236 if key not in self.use_functions_dictionary: |
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237 use_input_attributes = self.useInputAttributes() |
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238 use_output_attributes = self.useOutputAttributes() |
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239 complete_f = compile.function(self.names2OpResults(input_fields+use_input_attributes), |
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240 self.names2OpResults(output_fields+use_output_attributes)) |
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241 def f(*input_field_values): |
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242 input_attribute_values = self.names2attributes(use_input_attributes) |
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243 results = complete_f(*(input_field_values + input_attribute_values)) |
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244 output_field_values = results[0:len(output_fields)] |
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245 output_attribute_values = results[len(output_fields):len(results)] |
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246 if use_output_attributes: |
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247 self.setAttributes(use_output_attributes,output_attribute_values) |
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248 return output_field_values |
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249 self.use_functions_dictionary[key]=f |
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250 return self.use_functions_dictionary[key] |
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251 |
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252 def names2OpResults(self,names): |
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253 """ |
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254 Private helper function that maps a list of attribute names to a list |
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255 of corresponding Op Results (with the same name but with a '_' prefix). |
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256 """ |
133 | 257 return [self.__getattribute__('_'+name) for name in names] |
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258 |
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259 |
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260 class MinibatchUpdatesTLearner(TLearner): |
107
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261 """ |
132
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262 This adds to L{TLearner} a |
110
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263 - updateStart(), updateEnd(), updateMinibatch(minibatch), isLastEpoch(): |
107
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264 functions executed at the beginning, the end, in the middle |
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265 (for each minibatch) of the update method, and at the end |
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266 of each epoch. This model only |
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267 works for 'online' or one-shot learning that requires |
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268 going only once through the training data. For more complicated |
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269 models, more specialized subclasses of TLearner should be used |
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270 or a learning-algorithm specific update method should be defined. |
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271 |
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272 - a 'parameters' attribute which is a list of parameters (whose names are |
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273 specified by the user's subclass with the parameterAttributes() method) |
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274 |
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275 """ |
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276 |
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277 def __init__(self): |
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278 TLearner.__init__(self) |
118
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279 self.update_minibatch_function = compile.function |
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280 (self.names2OpResults(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes()+ |
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281 self.updateMinibatchInputFields()), |
110
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282 self.names2OpResults(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes())) |
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283 self.update_end_function = compile.function |
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284 (self.names2OpResults(self.updateEndInputAttributes()), |
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285 self.names2OpResults(self.updateEndOutputAttributes())) |
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286 |
128 | 287 def allocate(self, minibatch): |
288 """ | |
132
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289 This function is called at the beginning of each L{updateMinibatch} |
128 | 290 and should be used to check that all required attributes have been |
291 allocated and initialized (usually this function calls forget() | |
292 when it has to do an initialization). | |
293 """ | |
294 raise AbstractFunction() | |
295 | |
110
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296 def updateMinibatchInputFields(self): |
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297 raise AbstractFunction() |
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298 |
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299 def updateMinibatchInputAttributes(self): |
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300 raise AbstractFunction() |
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301 |
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302 def updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(self): |
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303 raise AbstractFunction() |
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304 |
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305 def updateEndInputAttributes(self): |
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306 raise AbstractFunction() |
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307 |
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308 def updateEndOutputAttributes(self): |
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309 raise AbstractFunction() |
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310 |
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311 def parameterAttributes(self): |
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312 raise AbstractFunction() |
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313 |
133 | 314 def updateStart(self,training_set): |
315 pass | |
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316 |
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317 def updateEnd(self): |
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318 self.setAttributes(self.updateEndOutputAttributes(), |
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319 self.update_end_function |
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320 (self.names2attributes(self.updateEndInputAttributes()))) |
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321 self.parameters = self.names2attributes(self.parameterAttributes()) |
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322 |
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323 def updateMinibatch(self,minibatch): |
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324 # make sure all required fields are allocated and initialized |
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325 self.allocate(minibatch) |
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326 self.setAttributes(self.updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(), |
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327 # concatenate the attribute values and field values and then apply update fn |
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328 self.update_minibatch_function(*(self.names2attributes |
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329 (self.updateMinibatchInputAttributes())) |
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330 + minibatch(self.updateMinibatchInputFields()))) |
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331 |
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332 def isLastEpoch(self): |
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333 """ |
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334 This method is called at the end of each epoch (cycling over the training set). |
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335 It returns a boolean to indicate if this is the last epoch. |
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336 By default just do one epoch. |
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337 """ |
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338 return True |
78 | 339 |
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340 def update(self,training_set,train_stats_collector=None): |
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341 """ |
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342 @todo check if some of the learner attributes are actually SPECIFIED |
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343 in as attributes of the training_set. |
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344 """ |
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345 self.updateStart(training_set) |
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346 stop=False |
133 | 347 if hasattr(self,'_minibatch_size') and self._minibatch_size: |
348 minibatch_size=self._minibatch_size | |
349 else: | |
350 minibatch_size=min(100,len(training_set)) | |
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351 while not stop: |
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352 if train_stats_collector: |
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353 train_stats_collector.forget() # restart stats collectin at the beginning of each epoch |
133 | 354 for minibatch in training_set.minibatches(minibatch_size=minibatch_size): |
355 self.updateMinibatch(minibatch) | |
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356 if train_stats_collector: |
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357 minibatch_set = minibatch.examples() |
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358 minibatch_set.setAttributes(self.attributeNames(),self.attributes()) |
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359 train_stats_collector.update(minibatch_set) |
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360 stop = self.isLastEpoch() |
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361 self.updateEnd() |
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362 return self.use |
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363 |
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364 class OnlineGradientTLearner(MinibatchUpdatesTLearner): |
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365 """ |
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366 Specialization of L{MinibatchUpdatesTLearner} in which the minibatch updates |
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367 are obtained by performing an online (minibatch-based) gradient step. |
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368 |
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369 Sub-classes must define the following: |
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370 - self._learning_rate (may be changed by the sub-class between epochs or minibatches) |
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371 - self.lossAttribute() = name of the loss field |
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372 """ |
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373 def __init__(self,truly_online=False): |
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374 """ |
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375 If truly_online then only one pass is made through the training set passed to update(). |
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376 |
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377 SUBCLASSES SHOULD CALL THIS CONSTRUCTOR ONLY AFTER HAVING DEFINED ALL THEIR THEANO FORMULAS |
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378 """ |
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379 self.truly_online=truly_online |
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380 |
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381 # create the formulas for the gradient update |
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382 old_params = [self.__getattribute__("_"+name) for name in self.parameterAttributes()] |
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383 new_params_names = ["_new_"+name for name in self.parameterAttributes()] |
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384 loss = self.__getattribute__("_"+self.lossAttribute()) |
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385 self.setAttributes(new_params_names, |
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386 [t.add_inplace(param,self._learning_rate*t.grad(loss,param)) |
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387 for param in old_params]) |
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388 MinibatchUpdatesTLearner.__init__(self) |
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389 |
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390 def isLastEpoch(self): |
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391 return self.truly_online |
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392 |
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393 def updateMinibatchInputAttributes(self): |
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394 return self.parameterAttributes() |
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395 |
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396 def updateMinibatchOutputAttributes(self): |
133 | 397 return ["new_"+name for name in self.parameterAttributes()] |
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398 |
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399 def updateEndInputAttributes(self): |
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400 return self.parameterAttributes() |
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401 |
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402 |