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coding_style: More work on some guidelines, also put some points to debate in a specific section
author Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
date Mon, 13 Sep 2010 16:50:24 -0400
parents d422f726c156
children 60ef81fe1825
rev   line source
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1 Discussion of Coding-Style
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2 ==========================
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3
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4 Participants
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5 ------------
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6 - Dumitru
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7 - Fred
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8 - David
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9 - Olivier D [leader]
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10
1103
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11 Open for public debate
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12 ----------------------
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13
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14 * Use imports for packages and modules only. I.e. avoid
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15 from foo import *
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16 from foo import Bar
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17 OD: Overall I agree with this. However we probably want to allow some
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18 exceptions, like:
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19 from itertools import imap, izip
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20 Also, some people may want to have shortcuts like
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21 from theano import tensor as T
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22 but I would prefer to forbid this. It is handy when trying stuff in
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23 the interactive interpreter, but in real code it can easily get messy
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24 when you want to copy / paste different pieces of code and they use
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25 different conventions. Typing tensor.* is a bit longer, but a lot more
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26 portable.
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27
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28 * Imports should usually be on separate lines.
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29 OD: I would add an exception, saying it is ok to group multiple imports
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30 from the standard library on a single line, e.g.
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31 import os, sys, time
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32 I just don't see much benefit in putting them on separate lines (for
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33 third-party imports I agree it is best to keep them separate, as it
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34 makes dependencies clearer, and diffs look better when someone adds /
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35 removes an import). Does anyone see a good reason to keep standard
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36 library imports on different lines?
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37
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38 * The BDFL recommends inserting a blank line between the
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39 last paragraph in a multi-line docstring and its closing quotes, placing
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40 the closing quotes on a line by themselves. This way, Emacs'
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41 fill-paragraph command can be used on it.
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42 OD: I think it is ugly and I have not seen it used much. Any Emacs
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43 user believes it is a must?
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44
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45 * Avoid contractions in code comments (particularly in
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46 documentation): "We do not add blue to red because it does not look good"
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47 rather than "We don't add blue to red because it doesn't look good".
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48 OD: I mostly find it to be cleaner (been used to it while writing
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49 scientific articles too).
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50
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51 * Imperative vs. third-person comments.
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52 # Return the sum of elements in x. <-- imperative
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53 # Returns the sum of elements in x. <-- third-person
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54 OD: I am used to the imperative form and like it better only because it
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55 typically saves one letter (the 's') and is easier to conjugate.
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56
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57 * OD: I like always doing the following when subclassing
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58 a class A:
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59 class B(A):
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60 def __init__(self, b_arg_1, b_arg_2, **kw):
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61 super(B, self).__init__(**kw)
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62 ...
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63 The point here is that the constructor always allow for extra keyword
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64 arguments (except for the class at the very top of the hierarchy), which
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65 are automatically passed to the parent class.
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66 Pros:
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67 - You do not need to repeat the parent class arguments whenever you
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68 write a new subclass.
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69 - Whenever you add an argument to the parent class, all child classes
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70 can benefit from it without modifying their code.
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71 Cons:
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72 - One needs to look at the parent classes to see what these arguments
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73 are.
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74 - You cannot use a **kw argument in your constructor for your own
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75 selfish purpose.
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76 - I have no clue whether one could do this with multiple inheritance.
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77 - More?
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78 Question: Should we encourage this in Pylearn?
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79
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80 Note about warnings
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81 -------------------
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82
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83 Fred: This is a refactored thing from James email of what we should put in message
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84 that we send to the user:
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85 1) Hint where in the code this log come from.
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86 2) Hint how to hide this message? or we should this into documentation.
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87 3) Tell explicitly if the user can ignore it and the consequence.
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88
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89 Existing Python coding style specifications and guidelines
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90 ----------------------------------------------------------
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91
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92 * Must-read
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93 * Official Python coding style guide: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008
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94 * Official docstring conventions: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257
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95 * Google Python Style Guide: http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/pyguide.html
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96 * Interesting
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97 * Code Like a Pythonista: http://python.net/~goodger/projects/pycon/2007/idiomatic/handout.html
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98 * Can skip
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99 * Python style for university class: http://www.cs.caltech.edu/courses/cs11/material/python/misc/python_style_guide.html
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100 * Mailman coding style: http://barry.warsaw.us/software/STYLEGUIDE.txt
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101 * Some company coding style: http://self.maluke.com/style
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102 * Chandler coding style: http://chandlerproject.org/Projects/ChandlerCodingStyleGuidelines
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103 * Outdated recommendations: http://lists.osafoundation.org/pipermail/dev/2003-March/000479.html
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104 * Mostly some beginners tips: http://learnpython.pbworks.com/PythonTricks
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105 * More beginners tips: http://eikke.com/how-not-to-write-python-code/
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106 * Cogent coding guidelines: http://jaynes.colorado.edu/PythonGuidelines.html
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107 * Djangoo coding guidelines: http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/#coding-style
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108 * Numpy documentation style guidelines: http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/wiki/CodingStyleGuidelines
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109 * Some random guy guidelines (nothing special): http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/python_style_guide.shtml
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110
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111 We will probably want to take PEP-8 as starting point, and read what other
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112 people think about it / how other coding guidelines differ from it.
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113
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114 Dumi: we should also try to find tools that automate these
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115 processes: pylint, pyflakes, pychecker, pythontidy
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116
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117 OD: Things about PEP 8 I don't like (but it may be just me):
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118
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119 * If necessary, you can add an extra pair of parentheses around an
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120 expression, but sometimes using a backslash looks better.
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121 --> I rarely find that backslash looks better. In most situations you can
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122 get rid of them. Typically I prefer:
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123 if (cond_1 and
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124 cond_2 and
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125 cond_3):
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126 to
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127 if cond_1 and \
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128 cond_2 and \
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129 cond_3:
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130
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131 * You should use two spaces after a sentence-ending period.
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132 --> Looks weird to me.
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133 (DWF: This is an old convention from the typewriter era. It has more
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134 or less been wiped out by HTML's convention of ignoring extra
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135 whitespace: see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing for
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136 more detail. I think it's okay to drop this convention in source code.)
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137 OD: Cool, thanks, I guess we can drop it then.
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138
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139 * Missing in PEP 8:
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140 - How to indent multi-line statements? E.g. do we want
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141 x = my_func(a, b, c,
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142 d, e, f)
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143 or
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144 x = my_func(a, b, c,
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145 d, e, f)
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146 or
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147 x = my_func(
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148 a, b, c, d, e, f)
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149 --> Probably depends on the specific situation, but we could have a
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150 few typical examples (and the same happens with multi-lines lists)
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151 (Fred: I would do 2 or 3, but not 1. I find it more redable when the
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152 indent is broken after a paranthesis then at any point.
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153 OD: After thinking about it, I agreee as well. My recommendation would
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154 be to go with 2 when it can fit on two lines, and 3 otherwise. Same
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155 with lists.
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156
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157 Documentation
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158 -------------
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159
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160 How do we write doc?
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161
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162 Compatibility with various Python versions
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163 ------------------------------------------
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164
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165 * Which Python 2.x version do we want to support?
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166
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167 * Is it reasonable to have coding guidelines that would make the code as
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168 compatible as possible with Python 3?
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169
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170 C coding style
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171 --------------
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172
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173 We also need a c-style coding style.
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174
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175 Meeting 2010/09/09
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176 ------------------
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177
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178 * Coding guidelines
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179 PEP 8 & Google should be a good basis to start with.
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180 Task: Highlight the most important points in them (OD).
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181
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182 * Documentation
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183 Use RST with Sphinx.
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184 Task: Provide specific examples on how to document a class, method, and some
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185 specific classes like Op (DE). Modify the theano documentation to include that.
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186 OD: May want to check out
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187 http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/wiki/CodingStyleGuidelines
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188
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189 * Python versions to be supported
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190 Support 2.4 (because some of the clusters are still running 2.4) and write
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191 code that can be converted to 3.x with 2to3 in a straightforward way.
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192 Task: Write to-do's and to-not-do's to avoid compatibility issues. (OD)
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193 (DWF: Pauli Virtanen and others have put together extensive
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194 documentation in the process of porting NumPy to Py3K, see his notes at
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195 http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/browser/trunk/doc/Py3K.txt -- this is
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196 the most complete resource for complicated combinations of Python and C).
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197
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198
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199 * C coding style
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200 How to write C code (in particular for Numpy / Cuda), and how to mix C and
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201 Python.
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202 Task: See if there would be a sensible C code style to follow (maybe look how
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203 Numpy does it), and how projects that mix C and Python deal with it (e.g. use
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204 separate files, or be able to have mixed syntax highlighting?) (FB)
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205
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206 * Program output
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207 Use the warning and logging modules. Avoid print as much as possible.
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208 Task: Look into these modules to define general guidelines e.g. to decide when
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209 to use warning instead of logging. (DWF)
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210
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211 * Automatized code verification
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212 Use pychecker & friends to make sure everything is fine.
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213 Task: Look into the various options available (DE)
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214
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215 * Tests
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216 Force people to write tests. Automatic email reminder of code lines not
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217 covered by tests (see if we can get this from nosetests). Decorator to mark
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218 some classes / methods as not being tested yet, so as to be able to
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219 automatically warn the user when he is using untested stuff (and to remind
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220 ourselves we should add a test).
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221 Task: See feasibility. (OD)
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222
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223 * VIM / Emacs plugins / config files
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224 To enforce good coding style automatically.
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225 Task: Look for existing options. (FB)
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226 (DWF: I have put some time into this for vim, I will send around my files)
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227
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228 Suggestion by PV
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229 ----------------
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230
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231 Have a sample code that showcases everything one should comply to.
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232
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233 Some coding guidelines (work-in-progress from OD)
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234 -------------------------------------------------
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235
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236 * Avoid using lists if all you care about is iterating on something. Using
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237 lists:
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238 - uses more memory (and possibly more CPU if the code may break out of
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239 the iteration)
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240 - can lead to ugly code when converted to Python 3 with 2to3
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241 - can have a different behavior if evaluating elements in the list has
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242 side effects (if you want these side effects, make it explicit by
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243 assigning the list to some variable before iterating on it)
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244
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245 Iterative version List version
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246 my_dict.iterkeys() my_dict.keys()
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247 my_dict.itervalues() my_dict.values()
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248 my_dict.iteritems() my_dict.items()
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249 itertools.imap map
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250 itertools.ifilter filter
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251 itertools.izip zip
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252 xrange range
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253
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254 * Use `in` on container objects instead of using class-specific methods.
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255 It is easier to read and may allow you to use your code with different
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256 container types.
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257
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258 Yes No
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259 --- --
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260 key in my_dict my_dict.has_key(key)
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261 sub_string in my_string my_string.find(sub_string) >= 0
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262
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263
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264 * Generally prefer list comprehensions to map / filter, as the former are
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265 easier to read.
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266 Yes:
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267 non_comments = [line.strip() for line in my_file.readlines()
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268 if not line.startswith('#')]
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269 No:
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270 non_comments = map(str.strip,
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271 filter(lambda line: not line.startswith('#'),
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272 my_file.readlines()))
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273
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274 * Use the `key` argument instead of `cmp` when sorting (for Python 3
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275 compatibility).
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276 Yes:
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277 my_list.sort(key=abs)
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278 No:
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279 my_list.sort(cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(abs(x), abs(y)))
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280
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281 * Use // for integer division (for readability and Python 3 compatibility).
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282 Yes:
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283 n_samples_per_split = n_samples // n_splits
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284 No:
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285 n_samples_per_split = n_samples / n_splits
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286
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287 * Only use ASCII characters in code files.
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288
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289 * Code indent must be done with four blank characters (not with tabs).
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290
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291 * Limit lines to 79 characters.
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292
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293 * Comments should start with a capital letter (unless the first word is a
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294 code identifier) and end with a period (very short inline comments may
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295 ignore this rule).
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296
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297 * Whenever you read / write binary files, specify it in the mode ('rb' for
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298 reading, 'wb' for writing). This is important for cross-platform and
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299 Python 3 compatibility (e.g. when pickling / unpickling objects).
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300
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301 * Avoid tuple parameter unpacking to avoid very ugly code when converting
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302 to Python 3.
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303 Yes:
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304 def f(x, y_z):
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305 y, z = y_z
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306 No:
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307 def f(x, (y, z))
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308
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309 * Only use cPickle, not pickle.
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310
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311 * Always raise exception with
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312 raise MyException(args)
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313 where MyException inherits from Exception.
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314
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315 * Imports should be listed in alphabetical order. It makes it easier to
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316 verify that something is imported, and avoids duplicated imports.
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317
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318 * Use a leading underscore '_' for internal attributes / methods,
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319 but avoid the double underscore '__' unless you know what you are
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320 doing.
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321
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322 * A script's only top-level code should be something like:
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323 if __name__ == '__main__':
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324 sys.exit(main())
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325
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326 Mercurial commits
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327 -----------------
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328
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329 * How to write good commit messages?
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330 OD: Check Django's guidelines (link above)
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331 * Standardize the merge commit text (what is the message from fetch?)
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332
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333