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annotate doc/v2_planning/API_coding_style.txt @ 1162:4f1b9e0a1377

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coding_style: Moved more stuff to API
author Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
date Fri, 17 Sep 2010 12:56:30 -0400
parents 531e77fb67f2
children 53340a8df1fa
rev   line source
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1 =========================
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2 Coding Style Guidelines
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3 =========================
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4
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5 Note: until the Pylearn documentation is properly compiled, you can view
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6 the HTML version of this document `here
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7 <http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~delallea/tmp/coding_style/html/API_coding_style.html>`_.
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8
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9 Main Goals
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10 ==========
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11
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12 * Code should be compatible with Python 2.4 and above (using 2to3 for
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13 conversion to Python 3.x). This may not be possible in the short term
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14 for Theano-dependent code.
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15
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16 * Code should be easy to read, understand and update by developers and
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17 users.
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18
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19 * Code should be well-documented and well-tested.
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20
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21 Python Coding Guidelines
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22 ========================
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23
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24 Official Guidelines
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25 -------------------
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26
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27 Source Material
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28 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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29
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30 The four main documents describing our Python coding guidelines are:
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31 * `PEP 8 -- Style Guide for Python Code
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32 <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008>`_
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33 * `PEP 257 -- Docstring Conventions
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34 <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257>`_
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35 * `Numpy Docstring Standard
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36 <http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/wiki/CodingStyleGuidelines#docstring-standard>`_
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37 * `Google Python Style Guide
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38 <http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/pyguide.html>`_
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39
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40
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41 However, there are a few points mentioned in those documents that we decided
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42 to do differently:
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43
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44 * Use only one space (not two) after a sentence-ending period in comments.
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45
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46 * You do not need to add an extra blank line before the closing quotes of
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47 a multi-line docstring.
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48
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49 .. code-block:: python
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50
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51 # Good.
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52 """This is a multi-line docstring.
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53
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54 Which means it has more than one line.
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55 """
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56
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57 # Bad.
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58 """This is a multi-line docstring.
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59
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60 Which means it has more than one line.
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61
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62 """
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63
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64 * Standard library imports can (and should) be on the same line, to avoid
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65 wasting space on straighforward imports:
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66
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67 .. code-block:: python
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68
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69 # Good.
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70 import os, sys, time
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71 # Good when it does not fit on a single line.
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72 import std_lib_module_1, std_lib_module_2, std_lib_module_3
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73 import std_lib_module_4, std_lib_module_5, std_lib_module_6
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74 # Bad.
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75 import os
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76 import sys
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77 import time
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78
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79 * Importing class / functions from a module is allowed when these are
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80 used multiple times, and no ambiguity is possible.
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81
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82 .. code-block:: python
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83
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84 # Good when Bar and Blah are used many times.
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85 from foo import Bar, Blah
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86 do_something_with(Bar(), Blah(), Bar(), Blah(), Bar(), Blah())
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87 # Good in most situations.
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88 import foo
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89 do_something_with(foo.Bar(), foo.Blah())
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90 # Bad.
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91 from foo import *
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92 from numpy import any # Potential ambiguity with __builtin__.any
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93
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94 Excerpts
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95 ~~~~~~~~
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96
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97 We emphasize here a few important topics that are found in the official
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98 guidelines:
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99
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100 * Only use ASCII characters in code files.
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101
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102 * Code indent must be done with four blank characters (no tabs).
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103
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104 * Limit lines to 79 characters.
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105
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106 * Naming conventions: ``ClassName``, ``TOP_LEVEL_CONSTANT``,
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107 ``everything_else``.
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108
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109 * Comments should start with a capital letter (unless the first word is a
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110 code identifier) and end with a period (short inline comments may skip
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111 the period at the end).
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112
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113 * Imports should be listed in alphabetical order. It makes it easier to
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114 verify that something is imported, and avoids duplicated imports.
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115
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116 * Use absolute imports only. This is compatible across a wider range of
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117 Python versions, and avoids confusion about what is being
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118 imported.
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119
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120 * Avoid renaming imported modules. This makes code more difficult to
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121 re-use, and is not grep-friendly.
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122
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123 .. code-block:: python
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124
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125 # Good.
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126 from theano import tensor
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127 # Bad.
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128 from theano import tensor as T
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129
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130 * Avoid using lists if all you care about is iterating on something. Using
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131 lists:
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132
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133 - uses more memory (and possibly more CPU if the code may break out of
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134 the iteration),
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135 - can lead to ugly code when converted to Python 3 with 2to3,
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136 - can have a different behavior if evaluating elements in the list has
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137 side effects (if you want these side effects, make it explicit by
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138 assigning the list to some variable before iterating on it).
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139
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140 +------------------------+------------------------+
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141 | Iterative version | List version |
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142 +========================+========================+
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143 | .. code-block:: python | .. code-block:: python |
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144 | | |
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145 | my_dict.iterkeys | my_dict.keys |
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146 | my_dict.itervalues | my_dict.values |
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147 | my_dict.iteritems | my_dict.items |
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148 +------------------------+------------------------+
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149 | .. code-block:: python | .. code-block:: python |
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150 | | |
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151 | itertools.ifilter | filter |
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152 | itertools.imap | map |
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153 | itertools.izip | zip |
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154 +------------------------+------------------------+
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155 | .. code-block:: python | .. code-block:: python |
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156 | | |
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157 | xrange | range |
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158 +------------------------+------------------------+
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159
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160 Code example with ``map``:
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161
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162 .. code-block:: python
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163
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164 # Good.
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165 for f_x in imap(f, x):
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166 ...
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167 all_f_x = map(f, x)
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168 map(f, x) # f has some side effect.
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169 # Bad.
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170 for element in map(f, x):
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171 ...
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172 imap(f, x)
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173
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174 * Generally prefer list comprehensions to ``map`` / ``filter``, as the former are
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175 easier to read.
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176
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177 .. code-block:: python
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178
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179 # Good.
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180 non_comments = [line.strip() for line in my_file.readlines()
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181 if not line.startswith('#')]
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182 # Bad.
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183 non_comments = map(str.strip,
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184 ifilter(lambda line: not line.startswith('#'),
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185 my_file.readlines()))
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186
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187 * Use ``in`` on container objects instead of using class-specific methods:
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188 it is easier to read and may allow you to re-use your code with different
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189 container types.
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190
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191 .. code-block:: python
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192
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193 # Good.
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194 has_key = key in my_dict
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195 has_substring = substring in my_string
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196 # Bad.
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197 has_key = my_dict.has_key(key)
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198 has_substring = my_string.find(substring) >= 0
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199
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200 * Do not use mutable arguments as default values. Instead, use a helper
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201 function (conditional expressions are forbidden at this point, see
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202 below).
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203
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204 .. code-block:: python
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205
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206 # Good.
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207 def f(array=None):
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208 array = pylearn.if_none(array, [])
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209 ...
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210 # Bad.
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211 def f(array=[]): # Dangerous if `array` is modified down the road.
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212 ...
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213
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214 * Use a leading underscore '_' in names of internal attributes / methods,
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215 but avoid the double underscore '__' unless you know what you are
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216 doing.
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217
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218
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219 Additional Recommendations
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220 --------------------------
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221
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222 Things you should do even if they are not listed in official guidelines:
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223
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224 * All Python code files should start like this:
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225
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226 .. code-block:: python
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227
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228 """Module docstring as the first line, as usual."""
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229
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230 __authors__ = "Olivier Delalleau, Frederic Bastien, David Warde-Farley"
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231 __copyright__ = "(c) 2010, Universite de Montreal"
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232 __license__ = "3-clause BSD License"
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233 __contact__ = "Name Of Current Guardian of this file <email@address>"
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234
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235 * Use ``//`` for integer division and ``/ float(...)`` if you want the
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236 floating point operation (for readability and compatibility across all
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237 versions of Python).
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238
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239 .. code-block:: python
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240
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241 # Good.
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242 n_samples_per_split = n_samples // n_splits
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243 mean_x = sum(x) / float(len(x))
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244 # Bad.
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245 n_samples_per_split = n_samples / n_splits
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246 mean_x = sum(x) / len(x)
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247
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248 * Always raise an exception with ``raise MyException(args)`` where ``MyException``
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249 inherits from ``Exception``. This is required for compatibility across
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250 all versions of Python.
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251
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252 .. code-block:: python
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253
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254 # Good.
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255 raise NotImplementedError('The Pylearn team is too lazy.')
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256 # Bad.
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257 raise NotImplementedError, 'The Pylearn team is too lazy.'
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258 raise 'The Pylearn team is too lazy to implement this.'
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259
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260 * Use either ``try ... except`` or ``try ... finally``, but do not mix
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261 ``except`` with ``finally`` (which is not supported in Python 2.4).
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262 You can however embed one into the other to mimic the ``try ... except ...
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263 finally`` behavior.
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264
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265 .. code-block:: python
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266
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267 # Good.
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268 try:
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269 try:
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270 something_that_may_fail()
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271 except SomeError:
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272 do_something_if_it_failed()
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273 finally:
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274 always_do_this_regardless_of_what_happened()
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275 # Bad.
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276 try:
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277 something_that_may_fail()
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278 except SomeError:
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279 do_something_if_it_failed()
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280 finally:
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281 always_do_this_regardless_of_what_happened()
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282
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283 * No conditional expression (not supported in Python 2.4). These are
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284 expressions of the form ``x = y if condition else z``.
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285
1159
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286 * Do not use the ``all`` and ``any`` builtin functions (they are not supported
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287 in Python 2.4). Instead, import them from ``theano.gof.python25`` (or
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288 use ``numpy.all`` / ``numpy.any`` for array data).
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289
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290 * Do not use the ``hashlib`` module (not supported in Python 2.4). We will
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291 probably provide a wrapper around it to be compatible with all Python
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292 versions.
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293
1162
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294 * Use ``numpy.inf`` and ``numpy.nan`` rather than
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295 ``float('inf')`` / ``float('nan')`` (should be slightly more efficient even
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296 if efficiency is typically not an issue here, the main goal being code
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297 consistency). Also, always use ``numpy.isinf`` / ``numpy.isnan`` to
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298 test infinite / NaN values. This is important because ``numpy.nan !=
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299 float('nan')``.
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300
1145
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301 * Avoid backslashes whenever possible. They make it more
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302 difficult to edit code, and they are ugly (as well as potentially
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303 dangerous if there are trailing white spaces).
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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304
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305 .. code-block:: python
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306
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307 # Good.
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308 if (cond_1 and
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diff changeset
309 cond_2 and
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
310 cond_3):
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
311 ...
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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312 # Bad.
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313 if cond_1 and \
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diff changeset
314 cond_2 and \
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
315 cond_3:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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316 ...
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
317
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diff changeset
318 * When indenting multi-line statements like lists or function arguments,
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319 keep elements of the same level aligned with each other.
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320 The position of the first
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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321 element (on the same line or a new line) should be chosen depending on
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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322 what is easiest to read (sometimes both can be ok).
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
323
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
324 .. code-block:: python
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
325
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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326 # Good.
1150
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327 for my_very_long_variable_name in [my_foo, my_bar, my_love,
1145
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
328 my_everything]:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
329 ...
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
330 for my_very_long_variable_name in [
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
331 my_foo, my_bar, my_love, my_everything]:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
332 ...
1150
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333 # Good iff the list needs to be frequently updated or is easier to
d7192e52653e coding_style: Moved some elements to official API
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334 # understand when each element is on its own line.
1145
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335 for my_very_long_variable_name in [
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
336 my_foo,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
337 my_bar,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
338 my_love,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
339 my_everything,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
340 ]:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
341 ...
1150
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342 # Good as long as it does not require more than two lines.
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diff changeset
343 for my_very_long_variable_name in [my_foo,
d7192e52653e coding_style: Moved some elements to official API
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diff changeset
344 my_bar]:
d7192e52653e coding_style: Moved some elements to official API
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diff changeset
345 ...
1145
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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346 # Bad.
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
347 for my_very_long_variable_name in [my_foo, my_bar, my_love,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
348 my_everything]:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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parents: 1143
diff changeset
349 ...
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
350 for my_very_long_variable_name in [my_foo,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
351 my_bar,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
352 my_love,
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
353 my_everything]:
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1143
diff changeset
354 ...
d6d73a9f07b8 API_coding_style: Started to work on official guidelines
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diff changeset
355
1159
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356 * Use the ``key`` argument instead of ``cmp`` when sorting (for Python 3
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
357 compatibility).
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
358
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
359 .. code-block:: python
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
360
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
361 # Good.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
362 my_list.sort(key=abs)
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
363 # Bad.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
364 my_list.sort(cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(abs(x), abs(y)))
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
365
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
366 * Whenever you read / write binary files, specify it in the mode ('rb' for
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
367 reading, 'wb' for writing). This is important for cross-platform and
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
368 Python 3 compatibility (e.g. when pickling / unpickling objects).
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
369
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
370 .. code-block:: python
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
371
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
372 # Good.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
373 cPickle.dump(obj, open('my_obj.pkl', 'wb', protocol=-1))
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
374 # Bad.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
375 cPickle.dump(obj, open('my_obj.pkl', 'w', protocol=-1))
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
376
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
377 * Avoid tuple parameter unpacking as it can lead to very ugly code when
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
378 converting to Python 3.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
379
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
380 .. code-block:: python
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
381
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
382 # Good.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
383 def f(x, y_z):
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
384 y, z = y_z
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
385 ...
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
386 # Bad.
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
387 def f(x, (y, z)):
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
388 ...
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
389
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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parents: 1150
diff changeset
390 * Only use ``cPickle``, not ``pickle`` (except for debugging purpose since
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
391 error messages from ``pickle`` are sometimes easier to understand).
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
392
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
393 * A script's only top-level code should be something like:
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
394
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
395 .. code-block:: python
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1150
diff changeset
396
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
397 if __name__ == '__main__':
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
398 sys.exit(main())
531e77fb67f2 coding_style: Moved more elements to official 'API'
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diff changeset
399
1150
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diff changeset
400
1147
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Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
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diff changeset
401 The ``logging`` Module vs. the ``warning`` Module
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
402 =================================================
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
403
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
404 The ``logging`` Module
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
405 ----------------------
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
406
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
407 A central logging facility for Python capable of logging messages of various
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
408 categories/urgency and choosing with some granularity which messages are
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
diff changeset
409 displayed/suppressed, as well as where they are displayed or written. This
f6011a2aff0b coding_style: Moved David's comments from coding_style.txt to API_coding_style.txt
Olivier Delalleau <delallea@iro>
parents: 1145
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410 includes an ``INFO`` level for innocuous status information, a ``WARNING`` level
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411 for unexpected state that is still recoverable, ``DEBUG`` for detailed
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412 information which is only really of interest when things are going wrong, etc.
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413
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414 In addition to the `library documentation`_, see this helpful tutorial,
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415 `Python Logging 101`_.
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416
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417 .. _library documentation: http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html
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418 .. _Python Logging 101: http://plumberjack.blogspot.com/2009/09/python-logging-101.html
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419
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420 The ``warning`` Module
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421 ----------------------
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422
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423 The ``warning`` module in the standard library and its main interface, the
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424 ``warn()`` function, allows the programmer to issue warnings in situations where
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425 they wish to alert the user to some condition, but the situation is not
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426 urgent enough to throw an exception. By default, a warning issued at a given
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427 line of the code will only be displayed the first time that line is executed.
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428 By default, warnings are written to ``sys.stderr`` but the ``warning`` module
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429 contains flexible facilities for altering the defaults, redirecting, etc.
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430
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431 Which? When?
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432 ------------
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433
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434 It is our feeling that the ``logging`` module's ``WARNING`` level be used to log
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435 warnings more meant for *internal*, *developer* consumption, to log situations
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436 where something unexpected happened that may be indicative of a problem but
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437 is several layers of abstraction below what a user of the library would
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438 care about.
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439
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440 By contrast, the warning module should be used for warnings intended for user
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441 consumption, e.g. alerting them that their version of Pylearn is older than
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442 this plugin requires, so things may not work as expected, or that a given
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443 function/class/method is slated for deprecation in a coming release (early
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444 in the library's lifetime, ``DeprecationWarning`` will likely be the most common
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445 case). The warning message issued through this facility should avoid
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446 referring to Pylearn internals.
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447
1148
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448 Code Sample
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449 ===========
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450
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451 The following code sample illustrates many of the coding guidelines one should
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452 follow in Pylearn.
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453
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454 .. code-block:: python
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455
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456 import os, sys, time
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457
1162
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458 Automatic Code Verification
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459 ===========================
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460
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461 Tools will be available to make it easier to automatically ensure that code
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462 committed to Pylearn complies to above specifications. This work is not
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463 finalized yet, but David started a `Wiki page`_ with helpful configuration
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464 tips for Vim.
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465
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466 .. _Wiki page: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/twiki/bin/view.cgi/Divers/VimPythonRecommendations
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467
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468 TODO
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469 ====
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470
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471 Things still missing from this document, being discussed in coding_style.txt:
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472 - Proper style for C code and Mercurial commits
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473 - Enforcing 100% test coverage of the code base
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474 - Providing ways to add type checking for function arguments
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475