diff cos/python/Objects/unicodeobject.c @ 27:7f74363f4c82

Added some files for the python port
author windel
date Tue, 27 Dec 2011 18:59:02 +0100
parents
children
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--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/cos/python/Objects/unicodeobject.c	Tue Dec 27 18:59:02 2011 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,14135 @@
+/*
+
+Unicode implementation based on original code by Fredrik Lundh,
+modified by Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>.
+
+Major speed upgrades to the method implementations at the Reykjavik
+NeedForSpeed sprint, by Fredrik Lundh and Andrew Dalke.
+
+Copyright (c) Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+The original string type implementation is:
+
+  Copyright (c) 1999 by Secret Labs AB
+  Copyright (c) 1999 by Fredrik Lundh
+
+By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its
+associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood,
+and will comply with the following terms and conditions:
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
+granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all
+copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice
+appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs
+AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+permission.
+
+SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+*/
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "Python.h"
+#include "ucnhash.h"
+
+/* Endianness switches; defaults to little endian */
+
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+# define BYTEORDER_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+# define BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+/* --- Globals ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+   The globals are initialized by the _PyUnicode_Init() API and should
+   not be used before calling that API.
+
+*/
+
+
+/* Maximum code point of Unicode 6.0: 0x10ffff (1,114,111) */
+#define MAX_UNICODE 0x10ffff
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+#  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(op, 0)
+#else
+#  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) PyUnicode_Check(op)
+#endif
+
+#define _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                             \
+    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8)
+#define PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                              \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
+     PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
+         ((char*)((PyASCIIObject*)(op) + 1)) :          \
+         _PyUnicode_UTF8(op))
+#define _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                      \
+    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8_length)
+#define PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                       \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
+     PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
+         ((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->length :               \
+         _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op))
+#define _PyUnicode_WSTR(op)                             \
+    (((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->wstr)
+#define _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(op)                      \
+    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->wstr_length)
+#define _PyUnicode_LENGTH(op)                           \
+    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
+#define _PyUnicode_STATE(op)                            \
+    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state)
+#define _PyUnicode_HASH(op)                             \
+    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->hash)
+#define _PyUnicode_KIND(op)                             \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state.kind)
+#define _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(op)                       \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
+#define _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(op)                         \
+    (((PyUnicodeObject*)(op))->data.any)
+
+#undef PyUnicode_READY
+#define PyUnicode_READY(op)                             \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     (PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ?                          \
+      0 :                                               \
+      _PyUnicode_Ready(op)))
+
+#define _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(op)                       \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)),           \
+     (_PyUnicode_UTF8(op) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
+#define _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(op)                       \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
+
+/* true if the Unicode object has an allocated UTF-8 memory block
+   (not shared with other data) */
+#define _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(op)                  \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)                   \
+      && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                            \
+      && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
+
+/* true if the Unicode object has an allocated wstr memory block
+   (not shared with other data) */
+#define _PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(op)                  \
+    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
+     (_PyUnicode_WSTR(op) &&                            \
+      (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ||                       \
+       _PyUnicode_WSTR(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op))))
+
+/* Generic helper macro to convert characters of different types.
+   from_type and to_type have to be valid type names, begin and end
+   are pointers to the source characters which should be of type
+   "from_type *".  to is a pointer of type "to_type *" and points to the
+   buffer where the result characters are written to. */
+#define _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(from_type, to_type, begin, end, to) \
+    do {                                                \
+        to_type *_to = (to_type *) to;                  \
+        const from_type *_iter = (begin);               \
+        const from_type *_end = (end);                  \
+        Py_ssize_t n = (_end) - (_iter);                \
+        const from_type *_unrolled_end =                \
+            _iter + (n & ~ (Py_ssize_t) 3);             \
+        while (_iter < (_unrolled_end)) {               \
+            _to[0] = (to_type) _iter[0];                \
+            _to[1] = (to_type) _iter[1];                \
+            _to[2] = (to_type) _iter[2];                \
+            _to[3] = (to_type) _iter[3];                \
+            _iter += 4; _to += 4;                       \
+        }                                               \
+        while (_iter < (_end))                          \
+            *_to++ = (to_type) *_iter++;                \
+    } while (0)
+
+/* The Unicode string has been modified: reset the hash */
+#define _PyUnicode_DIRTY(op) do { _PyUnicode_HASH(op) = -1; } while (0)
+
+/* This dictionary holds all interned unicode strings.  Note that references
+   to strings in this dictionary are *not* counted in the string's ob_refcnt.
+   When the interned string reaches a refcnt of 0 the string deallocation
+   function will delete the reference from this dictionary.
+
+   Another way to look at this is that to say that the actual reference
+   count of a string is:  s->ob_refcnt + (s->state ? 2 : 0)
+*/
+static PyObject *interned;
+
+/* The empty Unicode object is shared to improve performance. */
+static PyObject *unicode_empty;
+
+/* List of static strings. */
+static _Py_Identifier *static_strings;
+
+/* Single character Unicode strings in the Latin-1 range are being
+   shared as well. */
+static PyObject *unicode_latin1[256];
+
+/* Fast detection of the most frequent whitespace characters */
+const unsigned char _Py_ascii_whitespace[] = {
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+/*     case 0x0009: * CHARACTER TABULATION */
+/*     case 0x000A: * LINE FEED */
+/*     case 0x000B: * LINE TABULATION */
+/*     case 0x000C: * FORM FEED */
+/*     case 0x000D: * CARRIAGE RETURN */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+/*     case 0x001C: * FILE SEPARATOR */
+/*     case 0x001D: * GROUP SEPARATOR */
+/*     case 0x001E: * RECORD SEPARATOR */
+/*     case 0x001F: * UNIT SEPARATOR */
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+/*     case 0x0020: * SPACE */
+    1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+};
+
+/* forward */
+static PyUnicodeObject *_PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length);
+static PyObject* get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch);
+static void copy_characters(
+    PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
+    PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
+    Py_ssize_t how_many);
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_fromascii(const unsigned char *s, Py_ssize_t size);
+static PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char *s, Py_ssize_t size);
+static PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *s, Py_ssize_t size);
+static PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *s, Py_ssize_t size);
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
+       PyObject **errorHandler,const char *encoding, const char *reason,
+       PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
+       Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos, Py_ssize_t *newpos);
+
+static void
+raise_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                       const char *encoding,
+                       PyObject *unicode,
+                       Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                       const char *reason);
+
+/* Same for linebreaks */
+static unsigned char ascii_linebreak[] = {
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+/*         0x000A, * LINE FEED */
+/*         0x000B, * LINE TABULATION */
+/*         0x000C, * FORM FEED */
+/*         0x000D, * CARRIAGE RETURN */
+    0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+/*         0x001C, * FILE SEPARATOR */
+/*         0x001D, * GROUP SEPARATOR */
+/*         0x001E, * RECORD SEPARATOR */
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+};
+
+/* The max unicode value is always 0x10FFFF while using the PEP-393 API.
+   This function is kept for backward compatibility with the old API. */
+Py_UNICODE
+PyUnicode_GetMax(void)
+{
+#ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
+    return 0x10FFFF;
+#else
+    /* This is actually an illegal character, so it should
+       not be passed to unichr. */
+    return 0xFFFF;
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+int
+_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(PyObject *op, int check_content)
+{
+    PyASCIIObject *ascii;
+    unsigned int kind;
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(op));
+
+    ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
+    kind = ascii->state.kind;
+
+    if (ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1) {
+        assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+        assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
+        void *data;
+
+        if (ascii->state.compact == 1) {
+            data = compact + 1;
+            assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+                   || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
+                   || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
+            assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
+            assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
+            assert (compact->utf8 != data);
+        }
+        else {
+            PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
+
+            data = unicode->data.any;
+            if (kind == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
+                assert(ascii->length == 0);
+                assert(ascii->hash == -1);
+                assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
+                assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
+                assert(ascii->state.ready == 0);
+                assert(ascii->state.interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
+                assert(ascii->wstr != NULL);
+                assert(data == NULL);
+                assert(compact->utf8 == NULL);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+                       || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
+                       || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
+                assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
+                assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
+                assert(data != NULL);
+                if (ascii->state.ascii) {
+                    assert (compact->utf8 == data);
+                    assert (compact->utf8_length == ascii->length);
+                }
+                else
+                    assert (compact->utf8 != data);
+            }
+        }
+        if (kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
+            if (
+                kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
+               )
+            {
+                assert(ascii->wstr == data);
+                assert(compact->wstr_length == ascii->length);
+            } else
+                assert(ascii->wstr != data);
+        }
+
+        if (compact->utf8 == NULL)
+            assert(compact->utf8_length == 0);
+        if (ascii->wstr == NULL)
+            assert(compact->wstr_length == 0);
+    }
+    /* check that the best kind is used */
+    if (check_content && kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
+    {
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+        Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+        void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(ascii);
+        for (i=0; i < ascii->length; i++)
+        {
+            Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+            if (ch > maxchar)
+                maxchar = ch;
+        }
+        if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+            if (ascii->state.ascii == 0) {
+                assert(maxchar >= 128);
+                assert(maxchar <= 255);
+            }
+            else
+                assert(maxchar < 128);
+        }
+        else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+            assert(maxchar >= 0x100);
+            assert(maxchar <= 0xFFFF);
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(maxchar >= 0x10000);
+            assert(maxchar <= MAX_UNICODE);
+        }
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_result_wchar(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+#ifndef Py_DEBUG
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);
+
+    len = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+    if (len == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    if (len == 1) {
+        wchar_t ch = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0];
+        if (ch < 256) {
+            PyObject *latin1_char = get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);
+            Py_DECREF(unicode);
+            return latin1_char;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_Ready(unicode) < 0) {
+        Py_XDECREF(unicode);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    /* don't make the result ready in debug mode to ensure that the caller
+       makes the string ready before using it */
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+#endif
+    return unicode;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_result_ready(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    if (length == 0) {
+        if (unicode != unicode_empty) {
+            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+            Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        }
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    if (length == 1) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
+        if (ch < 256) {
+            PyObject *latin1_char = unicode_latin1[ch];
+            if (latin1_char != NULL) {
+                if (unicode != latin1_char) {
+                    Py_INCREF(latin1_char);
+                    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+                }
+                return latin1_char;
+            }
+            else {
+                assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+                Py_INCREF(unicode);
+                unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
+                return unicode;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+    return unicode;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_result(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
+        return unicode_result_ready(unicode);
+    else
+        return unicode_result_wchar(unicode);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+static OSVERSIONINFOEX winver;
+#endif
+
+/* --- Bloom Filters ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* stuff to implement simple "bloom filters" for Unicode characters.
+   to keep things simple, we use a single bitmask, using the least 5
+   bits from each unicode characters as the bit index. */
+
+/* the linebreak mask is set up by Unicode_Init below */
+
+#if LONG_BIT >= 128
+#define BLOOM_WIDTH 128
+#elif LONG_BIT >= 64
+#define BLOOM_WIDTH 64
+#elif LONG_BIT >= 32
+#define BLOOM_WIDTH 32
+#else
+#error "LONG_BIT is smaller than 32"
+#endif
+
+#define BLOOM_MASK unsigned long
+
+static BLOOM_MASK bloom_linebreak;
+
+#define BLOOM_ADD(mask, ch) ((mask |= (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))
+#define BLOOM(mask, ch)     ((mask &  (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))
+
+#define BLOOM_LINEBREAK(ch)                                             \
+    ((ch) < 128U ? ascii_linebreak[(ch)] :                              \
+     (BLOOM(bloom_linebreak, (ch)) && Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(ch)))
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(BLOOM_MASK)
+make_bloom_mask(int kind, void* ptr, Py_ssize_t len)
+{
+    /* calculate simple bloom-style bitmask for a given unicode string */
+
+    BLOOM_MASK mask;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    mask = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+        BLOOM_ADD(mask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, ptr, i));
+
+    return mask;
+}
+
+#define BLOOM_MEMBER(mask, chr, str) \
+    (BLOOM(mask, chr) \
+     && (PyUnicode_FindChar(str, chr, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str), 1) >= 0))
+
+/* Compilation of templated routines */
+
+#include "stringlib/asciilib.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+#include "stringlib/split.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
+#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs1lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+#include "stringlib/split.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
+#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs2lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+#include "stringlib/split.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
+#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs4lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+#include "stringlib/split.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
+#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/unicodedefs.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+/* --- Unicode Object ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static PyObject *
+fixup(PyObject *self, Py_UCS4 (*fixfct)(PyObject *s));
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t) findchar(void *s, int kind,
+                                     Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 ch,
+                                     int direction)
+{
+    int mode = (direction == 1) ? FAST_SEARCH : FAST_RSEARCH;
+
+    switch (kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        {
+            Py_UCS1 ch1 = (Py_UCS1) ch;
+            if (ch1 == ch)
+                return ucs1lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS1 *) s, size, &ch1, 1, 0, mode);
+            else
+                return -1;
+        }
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        {
+            Py_UCS2 ch2 = (Py_UCS2) ch;
+            if (ch2 == ch)
+                return ucs2lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS2 *) s, size, &ch2, 1, 0, mode);
+            else
+                return -1;
+        }
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return ucs4lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS4 *) s, size, &ch, 1, 0, mode);
+    default:
+        assert(0);
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+resize_compact(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t char_size;
+    Py_ssize_t struct_size;
+    Py_ssize_t new_size;
+    int share_wstr;
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
+    char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode))
+        struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
+    else
+        struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
+    share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);
+
+    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+    _Py_ForgetReference(unicode);
+
+    if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1)) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    new_size = (struct_size + (length + 1) * char_size);
+
+    unicode = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC((char *)unicode, new_size);
+    if (unicode == NULL) {
+        PyObject_Del(unicode);
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    _Py_NewReference(unicode);
+    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+    if (share_wstr) {
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+        if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode))
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+    }
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+                    length, 0);
+    return unicode;
+}
+
+static int
+resize_inplace(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    wchar_t *wstr;
+    assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);
+
+    _PyUnicode_DIRTY(unicode);
+
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode)) {
+        Py_ssize_t char_size;
+        Py_ssize_t new_size;
+        int share_wstr, share_utf8;
+        void *data;
+
+        data = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
+        assert(data != NULL);
+        char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+        share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);
+        share_utf8 = _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(unicode);
+        if (!share_utf8 && _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
+        {
+            PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (length > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / char_size - 1)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        new_size = (length + 1) * char_size;
+
+        data = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC(data, new_size);
+        if (data == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = data;
+        if (share_wstr) {
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = data;
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+        }
+        if (share_utf8) {
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = data;
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), data, length, 0);
+        if (share_wstr || _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
+            assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
+
+    /* check for integer overflow */
+    if (length > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    wstr =  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
+    wstr = PyObject_REALLOC(wstr, sizeof(wchar_t) * (length + 1));
+    if (!wstr) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = wstr;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+resize_copy(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t copy_length;
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
+        PyObject *copy;
+        assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
+
+        copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
+        if (copy == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+
+        copy_length = Py_MIN(length, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
+        copy_characters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, copy_length);
+        return copy;
+    }
+    else {
+        PyObject *w;
+        assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
+        assert(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) == NULL);
+        w = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(length);
+        if (w == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        copy_length = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+        copy_length = Py_MIN(copy_length, length);
+        Py_UNICODE_COPY(_PyUnicode_WSTR(w), _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode),
+                        copy_length);
+        return w;
+    }
+}
+
+/* We allocate one more byte to make sure the string is
+   Ux0000 terminated; some code (e.g. new_identifier)
+   relies on that.
+
+   XXX This allocator could further be enhanced by assuring that the
+   free list never reduces its size below 1.
+
+*/
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+static int unicode_old_new_calls = 0;
+#endif
+
+static PyUnicodeObject *
+_PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    register PyUnicodeObject *unicode;
+    size_t new_size;
+
+    /* Optimization for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return (PyUnicodeObject*)unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
+    if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UNICODE)) - 1)) {
+        return (PyUnicodeObject *)PyErr_NoMemory();
+    }
+    if (length < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                        "Negative size passed to _PyUnicode_New");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    ++unicode_old_new_calls;
+#endif
+
+    unicode = PyObject_New(PyUnicodeObject, &PyUnicode_Type);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    new_size = sizeof(Py_UNICODE) * ((size_t)length + 1);
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (Py_UNICODE*) PyObject_MALLOC(new_size);
+    if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize the first element to guard against cases where
+     * the caller fails before initializing str -- unicode_resize()
+     * reads str[0], and the Keep-Alive optimization can keep memory
+     * allocated for str alive across a call to unicode_dealloc(unicode).
+     * We don't want unicode_resize to read uninitialized memory in
+     * that case.
+     */
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0] = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = NULL;
+    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
+    _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject *)unicode, 0));
+    return unicode;
+
+  onError:
+    /* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
+    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+    _Py_ForgetReference((PyObject *)unicode);
+    PyObject_Del(unicode);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static const char*
+unicode_kind_name(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    /* don't check consistency: unicode_kind_name() is called from
+       _PyUnicode_Dump() */
+    if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode))
+    {
+        if (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
+            return "wstr";
+        switch(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode))
+        {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
+                return "legacy ascii";
+            else
+                return "legacy latin1";
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            return "legacy UCS2";
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            return "legacy UCS4";
+        default:
+            return "<legacy invalid kind>";
+        }
+    }
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
+    switch(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode))
+    {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
+            return "ascii";
+        else
+            return "latin1";
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        return "UCS2";
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return "UCS4";
+    default:
+        return "<invalid compact kind>";
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+static int unicode_new_new_calls = 0;
+
+/* Functions wrapping macros for use in debugger */
+char *_PyUnicode_utf8(void *unicode){
+    return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
+}
+
+void *_PyUnicode_compact_data(void *unicode) {
+    return _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode);
+}
+void *_PyUnicode_data(void *unicode){
+    printf("obj %p\n", unicode);
+    printf("compact %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
+    printf("compact ascii %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
+    printf("ascii op %p\n", ((void*)((PyASCIIObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
+    printf("compact op %p\n", ((void*)((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
+    printf("compact data %p\n", _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode));
+    return PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+}
+
+void
+_PyUnicode_Dump(PyObject *op)
+{
+    PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
+    PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
+    PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (ascii->state.compact)
+    {
+        if (ascii->state.ascii)
+            data = (ascii + 1);
+        else
+            data = (compact + 1);
+    }
+    else
+        data = unicode->data.any;
+    printf("%s: len=%zu, ",unicode_kind_name(op), ascii->length);
+
+    if (ascii->wstr == data)
+        printf("shared ");
+    printf("wstr=%p", ascii->wstr);
+
+    if (!(ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1)) {
+        printf(" (%zu), ", compact->wstr_length);
+        if (!ascii->state.compact && compact->utf8 == unicode->data.any)
+            printf("shared ");
+        printf("utf8=%p (%zu)", compact->utf8, compact->utf8_length);
+    }
+    printf(", data=%p\n", data);
+}
+#endif
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 maxchar)
+{
+    PyObject *obj;
+    PyCompactUnicodeObject *unicode;
+    void *data;
+    int kind_state;
+    int is_sharing, is_ascii;
+    Py_ssize_t char_size;
+    Py_ssize_t struct_size;
+
+    /* Optimization for empty strings */
+    if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    ++unicode_new_new_calls;
+#endif
+
+    is_ascii = 0;
+    is_sharing = 0;
+    struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
+    if (maxchar < 128) {
+        kind_state = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
+        char_size = 1;
+        is_ascii = 1;
+        struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
+    }
+    else if (maxchar < 256) {
+        kind_state = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
+        char_size = 1;
+    }
+    else if (maxchar < 65536) {
+        kind_state = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
+        char_size = 2;
+        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+            is_sharing = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        kind_state = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
+        char_size = 4;
+        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
+            is_sharing = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
+    if (size < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                        "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_New");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (size > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1))
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    /* Duplicated allocation code from _PyObject_New() instead of a call to
+     * PyObject_New() so we are able to allocate space for the object and
+     * it's data buffer.
+     */
+    obj = (PyObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(struct_size + (size + 1) * char_size);
+    if (obj == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    obj = PyObject_INIT(obj, &PyUnicode_Type);
+    if (obj == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    unicode = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)obj;
+    if (is_ascii)
+        data = ((PyASCIIObject*)obj) + 1;
+    else
+        data = unicode + 1;
+    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = kind_state;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 1;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = is_ascii;
+    if (is_ascii) {
+        ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+    }
+    else if (kind_state == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+        ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+        unicode->utf8 = NULL;
+        unicode->utf8_length = 0;
+        }
+    else {
+        unicode->utf8 = NULL;
+        unicode->utf8_length = 0;
+        if (kind_state == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
+            ((Py_UCS2*)data)[size] = 0;
+        else /* kind_state == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND */
+            ((Py_UCS4*)data)[size] = 0;
+        if (is_sharing) {
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *)data;
+        }
+        else {
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject*)unicode, 0));
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static int
+_PyUnicode_Dirty(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
+    if (Py_REFCNT(unicode) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                        "Cannot modify a string having more than 1 reference");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    _PyUnicode_DIRTY(unicode);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_copy_characters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
+                 PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
+                 Py_ssize_t how_many, int check_maxchar)
+{
+    unsigned int from_kind, to_kind;
+    void *from_data, *to_data;
+    int fast;
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(from));
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(to));
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(from));
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(to));
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from) >= how_many);
+    assert(to_start + how_many <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));
+    assert(0 <= how_many);
+
+    if (how_many == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    from_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(from);
+    from_data = PyUnicode_DATA(from);
+    to_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(to);
+    to_data = PyUnicode_DATA(to);
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    if (!check_maxchar
+        && (from_kind > to_kind
+            || (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(from) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(to))))
+    {
+        const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+        for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
+            ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
+            assert(ch <= to_maxchar);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    fast = (from_kind == to_kind);
+    if (check_maxchar
+        && (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(from) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(to)))
+    {
+        /* deny latin1 => ascii */
+        fast = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (fast) {
+        Py_MEMCPY((char*)to_data + to_kind * to_start,
+                  (char*)from_data + from_kind * from_start,
+                  to_kind * how_many);
+    }
+    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+             && to_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
+    {
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
+            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
+            );
+    }
+    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+             && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
+    {
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
+            PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
+            );
+    }
+    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
+             && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
+    {
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+            Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
+            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
+            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
+            PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
+            );
+    }
+    else {
+        /* check if max_char(from substring) <= max_char(to) */
+        if (from_kind > to_kind
+                /* latin1 => ascii */
+            || (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(from) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(to)))
+        {
+            /* slow path to check for character overflow */
+            const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
+            Py_UCS4 ch;
+            Py_ssize_t i;
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+            for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
+                ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
+                assert(ch <= to_maxchar);
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(to_kind, to_data, to_start + i, ch);
+            }
+#else
+            if (!check_maxchar) {
+                for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
+                    ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(to_kind, to_data, to_start + i, ch);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
+                    ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
+                    if (ch > to_maxchar)
+                        return 1;
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(to_kind, to_data, to_start + i, ch);
+                }
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(0 && "inconsistent state");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_characters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
+                       PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
+                       Py_ssize_t how_many)
+{
+    (void)_copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 0);
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
+                         PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
+                         Py_ssize_t how_many)
+{
+    int err;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(from) || !PyUnicode_Check(to)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(from))
+        return -1;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(to))
+        return -1;
+
+    how_many = Py_MIN(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from), how_many);
+    if (to_start + how_many > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                     "Cannot write %zi characters at %zi "
+                     "in a string of %zi characters",
+                     how_many, to_start, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (how_many == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_Dirty(to))
+        return -1;
+
+    err = _copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 1);
+    if (err) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                     "Cannot copy %s characters "
+                     "into a string of %s characters",
+                     unicode_kind_name(from),
+                     unicode_kind_name(to));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return how_many;
+}
+
+/* Find the maximum code point and count the number of surrogate pairs so a
+   correct string length can be computed before converting a string to UCS4.
+   This function counts single surrogates as a character and not as a pair.
+
+   Return 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
+static int
+find_maxchar_surrogates(const wchar_t *begin, const wchar_t *end,
+                        Py_UCS4 *maxchar, Py_ssize_t *num_surrogates)
+{
+    const wchar_t *iter;
+    Py_UCS4 ch;
+
+    assert(num_surrogates != NULL && maxchar != NULL);
+    *num_surrogates = 0;
+    *maxchar = 0;
+
+    for (iter = begin; iter < end; ) {
+        {
+            ch = *iter;
+            iter++;
+        }
+        if (ch > *maxchar) {
+            *maxchar = ch;
+            if (*maxchar > MAX_UNICODE) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                             "character U+%x is not in range [U+0000; U+10ffff]",
+                             ch);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+_PyUnicode_Ready(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    wchar_t *end;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
+
+    /* _PyUnicode_Ready() is only intended for old-style API usage where
+       strings were created using _PyObject_New() and where no canonical
+       representation (the str field) has been set yet aka strings
+       which are not yet ready. */
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
+    assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) == NULL);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL);
+    /* Actually, it should neither be interned nor be anything else: */
+    assert(_PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
+
+    end = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+    if (find_maxchar_surrogates(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
+                                &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
+        return -1;
+
+    if (maxchar < 256) {
+        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
+        if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, unsigned char,
+                                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
+                                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
+        PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
+        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
+        if (maxchar < 128) {
+            _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 1;
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+        }
+        else {
+            _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
+            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+        }
+        PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+    }
+    /* In this case we might have to convert down from 4-byte native
+       wchar_t to 2-byte unicode. */
+    else if (maxchar < 65536) {
+        assert(num_surrogates == 0 &&
+               "FindMaxCharAndNumSurrogatePairs() messed up");
+
+        /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
+        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(
+            2 * (_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
+        if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, Py_UCS2,
+                                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
+                                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
+        PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
+        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+        PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+    }
+    /* maxchar exeeds 16 bit, wee need 4 bytes for unicode characters */
+    else {
+        assert(num_surrogates == 0);
+
+        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
+        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
+        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
+        PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
+    }
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+unicode_dealloc(register PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode)) {
+    case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
+        break;
+
+    case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
+        /* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */
+        Py_REFCNT(unicode) = 3;
+        if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, unicode) != 0)
+            Py_FatalError(
+                "deletion of interned string failed");
+        break;
+
+    case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
+        Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died.");
+
+    default:
+        Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
+    }
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(unicode))
+        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
+    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
+        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
+
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
+        Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode))
+            PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode));
+        Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+static int
+unicode_is_singleton(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)unicode;
+    if (unicode == unicode_empty)
+        return 1;
+    if (ascii->state.kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND && ascii->length == 1)
+    {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
+        if (ch < 256 && unicode_latin1[ch] == unicode)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+unicode_resizable(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    if (Py_REFCNT(unicode) != 1)
+        return 0;
+    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode))
+        return 0;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    /* singleton refcount is greater than 1 */
+    assert(!unicode_is_singleton(unicode));
+#endif
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+unicode_resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    Py_ssize_t old_length;
+
+    assert(p_unicode != NULL);
+    unicode = *p_unicode;
+
+    assert(unicode != NULL);
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(unicode));
+    assert(0 <= length);
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
+        old_length = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+    else
+        old_length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    if (old_length == length)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (length == 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
+        *p_unicode = unicode_empty;
+        Py_INCREF(*p_unicode);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (!unicode_resizable(unicode)) {
+        PyObject *copy = resize_copy(unicode, length);
+        if (copy == NULL)
+            return -1;
+        Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
+        *p_unicode = copy;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
+        *p_unicode = resize_compact(unicode, length);
+        if (*p_unicode == NULL)
+            return -1;
+        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(*p_unicode, 0));
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return resize_inplace(unicode, length);
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_Resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    if (p_unicode == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    unicode = *p_unicode;
+    if (unicode == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || length < 0)
+    {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return unicode_resize(p_unicode, length);
+}
+
+static int
+unicode_widen(PyObject **p_unicode, unsigned int maxchar)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(*p_unicode));
+    if (maxchar <= PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(*p_unicode))
+        return 0;
+    result = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode),
+                           maxchar);
+    if (result == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(result, 0, *p_unicode, 0,
+                             PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode));
+    Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
+    *p_unicode = result;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+unicode_putchar(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t *pos,
+                Py_UCS4 ch)
+{
+    if (unicode_widen(p_unicode, ch) < 0)
+        return -1;
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(*p_unicode),
+                    PyUnicode_DATA(*p_unicode),
+                    (*pos)++, ch);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode = unicode_latin1[ch];
+    if (!unicode) {
+        unicode = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
+        if (!unicode)
+            return NULL;
+        PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[0] = ch;
+        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+        unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(unicode);
+    return unicode;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
+
+    if (u == NULL)
+        return (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(size);
+
+    /* If the Unicode data is known at construction time, we can apply
+       some optimizations which share commonly used objects. */
+
+    /* Optimization for empty strings */
+    if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    /* Single character Unicode objects in the Latin-1 range are
+       shared when using this constructor */
+    if (size == 1 && *u < 256)
+        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)*u);
+
+    /* If not empty and not single character, copy the Unicode data
+       into the new object */
+    if (find_maxchar_surrogates(u, u + size,
+                                &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    unicode = PyUnicode_New(size - num_surrogates, maxchar);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode)) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, unsigned char,
+                                u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+#if Py_UNICODE_SIZE == 2
+        Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 2);
+#else
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, Py_UCS2,
+                                u, u + size, PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
+#endif
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
+        /* This is the only case which has to process surrogates, thus
+           a simple copy loop is not enough and we need a function. */
+        unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(u, u + size, unicode);
+#else
+        assert(num_surrogates == 0);
+        Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 4);
+#endif
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0 && "Impossible state");
+    }
+
+    return unicode_result(unicode);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (size < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                        "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If the Unicode data is known at construction time, we can apply
+       some optimizations which share commonly used objects.
+       Also, this means the input must be UTF-8, so fall back to the
+       UTF-8 decoder at the end. */
+    if (u != NULL) {
+
+        /* Optimization for empty strings */
+        if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
+            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+            return unicode_empty;
+        }
+
+        /* Single characters are shared when using this constructor.
+           Restrict to ASCII, since the input must be UTF-8. */
+        if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)*u < 128)
+            return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)*u);
+
+        return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(u, size, NULL);
+    }
+
+    return (PyObject *)_PyUnicode_New(size);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)
+{
+    size_t size = strlen(u);
+    if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "input too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(u, size);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_FromId(_Py_Identifier *id)
+{
+    if (!id->object) {
+        id->object = PyUnicode_FromString(id->string);
+        if (!id->object)
+            return NULL;
+        PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&id->object);
+        assert(!id->next);
+        id->next = static_strings;
+        static_strings = id;
+    }
+    return id->object;
+}
+
+void
+_PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings()
+{
+    _Py_Identifier *i;
+    for (i = static_strings; i; i = i->next) {
+        Py_DECREF(i->object);
+        i->object = NULL;
+        i->next = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Internal function, don't check maximum character */
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_fromascii(const unsigned char* s, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    const unsigned char *end = s + size;
+    for (p=s; p < end; p++) {
+        assert(*p < 128);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (size == 1)
+        return get_latin1_char(s[0]);
+    res = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (!res)
+        return NULL;
+    memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res), s, size);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+kind_maxchar_limit(unsigned int kind)
+{
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        return 0x80;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        return 0x100;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return 0x10000;
+    default:
+        assert(0 && "invalid kind");
+        return MAX_UNICODE;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char* u, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    unsigned char max_char;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+    assert(size > 0);
+    if (size == 1)
+        return get_latin1_char(u[0]);
+
+    max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
+    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
+    if (!res)
+        return NULL;
+    memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res), u, size);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
+    return res;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    Py_UCS2 max_char;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+    assert(size > 0);
+    if (size == 1 && u[0] < 256)
+        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)u[0]);
+
+    max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
+    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
+    if (!res)
+        return NULL;
+    if (max_char >= 256)
+        memcpy(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS2)*size);
+    else {
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+            Py_UCS2, Py_UCS1, u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
+    }
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
+    return res;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    Py_UCS4 max_char;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+    assert(size > 0);
+    if (size == 1 && u[0] < 256)
+        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)u[0]);
+
+    max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
+    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
+    if (!res)
+        return NULL;
+    if (max_char < 256)
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1, u, u + size,
+                                 PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
+    else if (max_char < 0x10000)
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2, u, u + size,
+                                 PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res));
+    else
+        memcpy(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS4)*size);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(int kind, const void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (size < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "size must be positive");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS1(buffer, size);
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS2(buffer, size);
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(buffer, size);
+    default:
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Ensure that a string uses the most efficient storage, if it is not the
+   case: create a new string with of the right kind. Write NULL into *p_unicode
+   on error. */
+static void
+unicode_adjust_maxchar(PyObject **p_unicode)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode, *copy;
+    Py_UCS4 max_char;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    unsigned int kind;
+
+    assert(p_unicode != NULL);
+    unicode = *p_unicode;
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
+        return;
+
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+        const Py_UCS1 *u = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+        max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
+        if (max_char >= 128)
+            return;
+    }
+    else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+        const Py_UCS2 *u = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+        max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
+        if (max_char >= 256)
+            return;
+    }
+    else {
+        const Py_UCS4 *u = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
+        max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
+        if (max_char >= 0x10000)
+            return;
+    }
+    copy = PyUnicode_New(len, max_char);
+    copy_characters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, len);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    *p_unicode = copy;
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_Copy(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+    PyObject *copy;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode))
+        return NULL;
+
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
+    if (!copy)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(copy) == PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));
+
+    Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_DATA(copy), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+              length * PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(copy, 1));
+    return copy;
+}
+
+
+/* Widen Unicode objects to larger buffers. Don't write terminating null
+   character. Return NULL on error. */
+
+void*
+_PyUnicode_AsKind(PyObject *s, unsigned int kind)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    void *result;
+    unsigned int skind;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(s))
+        return NULL;
+
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
+    skind = PyUnicode_KIND(s);
+    if (skind >= kind) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid widening attempt");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS2));
+        if (!result)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
+            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
+            result);
+        return result;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
+        if (!result)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        if (skind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+            _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+                Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
+                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s),
+                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
+                result);
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+            _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
+                Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
+                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
+                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
+                result);
+        }
+        return result;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4*
+as_ucs4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
+        int copy_null)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len, targetlen;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(string) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
+    targetlen = len;
+    if (copy_null)
+        targetlen++;
+    if (!target) {
+        if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UCS4) < targetlen) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        target = PyMem_Malloc(targetlen * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
+        if (!target) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (targetsize < targetlen) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                         "string is longer than the buffer");
+            if (copy_null && 0 < targetsize)
+                target[0] = 0;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+        Py_UCS1 *start = (Py_UCS1 *) data;
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
+    }
+    else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+        Py_UCS2 *start = (Py_UCS2 *) data;
+        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
+        Py_MEMCPY(target, data, len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
+    }
+    if (copy_null)
+        target[len] = 0;
+    return target;
+}
+
+Py_UCS4*
+PyUnicode_AsUCS4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
+                 int copy_null)
+{
+    if (target == NULL || targetsize < 0) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return as_ucs4(string, target, targetsize, copy_null);
+}
+
+Py_UCS4*
+PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy(PyObject *string)
+{
+    return as_ucs4(string, NULL, 0, 1);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromWideChar(register const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (w == NULL) {
+        if (size == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (size == -1) {
+        size = wcslen(w);
+    }
+
+    return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(w, size);
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */
+
+static void
+makefmt(char *fmt, int longflag, int longlongflag, int size_tflag,
+        int zeropad, int width, int precision, char c)
+{
+    *fmt++ = '%';
+    if (width) {
+        if (zeropad)
+            *fmt++ = '0';
+        fmt += sprintf(fmt, "%d", width);
+    }
+    if (precision)
+        fmt += sprintf(fmt, ".%d", precision);
+    if (longflag)
+        *fmt++ = 'l';
+    else if (longlongflag) {
+        /* longlongflag should only ever be nonzero on machines with
+           HAVE_LONG_LONG defined */
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        char *f = PY_FORMAT_LONG_LONG;
+        while (*f)
+            *fmt++ = *f++;
+#else
+        /* we shouldn't ever get here */
+        assert(0);
+        *fmt++ = 'l';
+#endif
+    }
+    else if (size_tflag) {
+        char *f = PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T;
+        while (*f)
+            *fmt++ = *f++;
+    }
+    *fmt++ = c;
+    *fmt = '\0';
+}
+
+/* helper for PyUnicode_FromFormatV() */
+
+static const char*
+parse_format_flags(const char *f,
+                   int *p_width, int *p_precision,
+                   int *p_longflag, int *p_longlongflag, int *p_size_tflag)
+{
+    int width, precision, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag;
+
+    /* parse the width.precision part, e.g. "%2.5s" => width=2, precision=5 */
+    f++;
+    width = 0;
+    while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f))
+        width = (width*10) + *f++ - '0';
+    precision = 0;
+    if (*f == '.') {
+        f++;
+        while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f))
+            precision = (precision*10) + *f++ - '0';
+        if (*f == '%') {
+            /* "%.3%s" => f points to "3" */
+            f--;
+        }
+    }
+    if (*f == '\0') {
+        /* bogus format "%.1" => go backward, f points to "1" */
+        f--;
+    }
+    if (p_width != NULL)
+        *p_width = width;
+    if (p_precision != NULL)
+        *p_precision = precision;
+
+    /* Handle %ld, %lu, %lld and %llu. */
+    longflag = 0;
+    longlongflag = 0;
+    size_tflag = 0;
+
+    if (*f == 'l') {
+        if (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i') {
+            longflag = 1;
+            ++f;
+        }
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        else if (f[1] == 'l' &&
+                 (f[2] == 'd' || f[2] == 'u' || f[2] == 'i')) {
+            longlongflag = 1;
+            f += 2;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    /* handle the size_t flag. */
+    else if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i')) {
+        size_tflag = 1;
+        ++f;
+    }
+    if (p_longflag != NULL)
+        *p_longflag = longflag;
+    if (p_longlongflag != NULL)
+        *p_longlongflag = longlongflag;
+    if (p_size_tflag != NULL)
+        *p_size_tflag = size_tflag;
+    return f;
+}
+
+/* maximum number of characters required for output of %ld.  21 characters
+   allows for 64-bit integers (in decimal) and an optional sign. */
+#define MAX_LONG_CHARS 21
+/* maximum number of characters required for output of %lld.
+   We need at most ceil(log10(256)*SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) digits,
+   plus 1 for the sign.  53/22 is an upper bound for log10(256). */
+#define MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS (2 + (SIZEOF_LONG_LONG*53-1) / 22)
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
+{
+    va_list count;
+    Py_ssize_t callcount = 0;
+    PyObject **callresults = NULL;
+    PyObject **callresult = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t n = 0;
+    int width = 0;
+    int precision = 0;
+    int zeropad;
+    const char* f;
+    PyObject *string;
+    /* used by sprintf */
+    char fmt[61]; /* should be enough for %0width.precisionlld */
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 127; /* result is ASCII by default */
+    Py_UCS4 argmaxchar;
+    Py_ssize_t numbersize = 0;
+    char *numberresults = NULL;
+    char *numberresult = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    Py_VA_COPY(count, vargs);
+    /* step 1: count the number of %S/%R/%A/%s format specifications
+     * (we call PyObject_Str()/PyObject_Repr()/PyObject_ASCII()/
+     * PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8() for these objects once during step 3 and put the
+     * result in an array)
+     * also estimate a upper bound for all the number formats in the string,
+     * numbers will be formatted in step 3 and be kept in a '\0'-separated
+     * buffer before putting everything together. */
+    for (f = format; *f; f++) {
+        if (*f == '%') {
+            int longlongflag;
+            /* skip width or width.precision (eg. "1.2" of "%1.2f") */
+            f = parse_format_flags(f, &width, NULL, NULL, &longlongflag, NULL);
+            if (*f == 's' || *f=='S' || *f=='R' || *f=='A' || *f=='V')
+                ++callcount;
+
+            else if (*f == 'd' || *f=='u' || *f=='i' || *f=='x' || *f=='p') {
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                if (longlongflag) {
+                    if (width < MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS)
+                        width = MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS;
+                }
+                else
+#endif
+                    /* MAX_LONG_CHARS is enough to hold a 64-bit integer,
+                       including sign.  Decimal takes the most space.  This
+                       isn't enough for octal.  If a width is specified we
+                       need more (which we allocate later). */
+                    if (width < MAX_LONG_CHARS)
+                        width = MAX_LONG_CHARS;
+
+                /* account for the size + '\0' to separate numbers
+                   inside of the numberresults buffer */
+                numbersize += (width + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        else if ((unsigned char)*f > 127) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                "PyUnicode_FromFormatV() expects an ASCII-encoded format "
+                "string, got a non-ASCII byte: 0x%02x",
+                (unsigned char)*f);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    /* step 2: allocate memory for the results of
+     * PyObject_Str()/PyObject_Repr()/PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8() calls */
+    if (callcount) {
+        callresults = PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(PyObject *) * callcount);
+        if (!callresults) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        callresult = callresults;
+    }
+    /* step 2.5: allocate memory for the results of formating numbers */
+    if (numbersize) {
+        numberresults = PyObject_Malloc(numbersize);
+        if (!numberresults) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        numberresult = numberresults;
+    }
+
+    /* step 3: format numbers and figure out how large a buffer we need */
+    for (f = format; *f; f++) {
+        if (*f == '%') {
+            const char* p;
+            int longflag;
+            int longlongflag;
+            int size_tflag;
+            int numprinted;
+
+            p = f;
+            zeropad = (f[1] == '0');
+            f = parse_format_flags(f, &width, &precision,
+                                   &longflag, &longlongflag, &size_tflag);
+            switch (*f) {
+            case 'c':
+            {
+                Py_UCS4 ordinal = va_arg(count, int);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, ordinal);
+                n++;
+                break;
+            }
+            case '%':
+                n++;
+                break;
+            case 'i':
+            case 'd':
+                makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, zeropad,
+                        width, precision, *f);
+                if (longflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, long));
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                else if (longlongflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, PY_LONG_LONG));
+#endif
+                else if (size_tflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, Py_ssize_t));
+                else
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, int));
+                n += numprinted;
+                /* advance by +1 to skip over the '\0' */
+                numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
+                assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
+                assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
+                assert(numprinted >= 0);
+                assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
+                break;
+            case 'u':
+                makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, zeropad,
+                        width, precision, 'u');
+                if (longflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, unsigned long));
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                else if (longlongflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG));
+#endif
+                else if (size_tflag)
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, size_t));
+                else
+                    numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
+                                         va_arg(count, unsigned int));
+                n += numprinted;
+                numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
+                assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
+                assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
+                assert(numprinted >= 0);
+                assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
+                break;
+            case 'x':
+                makefmt(fmt, 0, 0, 0, zeropad, width, precision, 'x');
+                numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt, va_arg(count, int));
+                n += numprinted;
+                numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
+                assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
+                assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
+                assert(numprinted >= 0);
+                assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
+                break;
+            case 'p':
+                numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, "%p", va_arg(count, void*));
+                /* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
+                if (numberresult[1] == 'X')
+                    numberresult[1] = 'x';
+                else if (numberresult[1] != 'x') {
+                    memmove(numberresult + 2, numberresult,
+                            strlen(numberresult) + 1);
+                    numberresult[0] = '0';
+                    numberresult[1] = 'x';
+                    numprinted += 2;
+                }
+                n += numprinted;
+                numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
+                assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
+                assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
+                assert(numprinted >= 0);
+                assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
+                break;
+            case 's':
+            {
+                /* UTF-8 */
+                const char *s = va_arg(count, const char*);
+                PyObject *str = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, strlen(s), "replace");
+                if (!str)
+                    goto fail;
+                /* since PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8 returns already flexible
+                   unicode objects, there is no need to call ready on them */
+                argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+                /* Remember the str and switch to the next slot */
+                *callresult++ = str;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'U':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
+                assert(obj && _PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
+                    goto fail;
+                argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(obj);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'V':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
+                const char *str = va_arg(count, const char *);
+                PyObject *str_obj;
+                assert(obj || str);
+                assert(!obj || _PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));
+                if (obj) {
+                    if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
+                        goto fail;
+                    argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(obj);
+                    maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                    n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
+                    *callresult++ = NULL;
+                }
+                else {
+                    str_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(str, strlen(str), "replace");
+                    if (!str_obj)
+                        goto fail;
+                    if (PyUnicode_READY(str_obj)) {
+                        Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+                        goto fail;
+                    }
+                    argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str_obj);
+                    maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                    n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
+                    *callresult++ = str_obj;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'S':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
+                PyObject *str;
+                assert(obj);
+                str = PyObject_Str(obj);
+                if (!str || PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
+                    goto fail;
+                argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+                /* Remember the str and switch to the next slot */
+                *callresult++ = str;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'R':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
+                PyObject *repr;
+                assert(obj);
+                repr = PyObject_Repr(obj);
+                if (!repr || PyUnicode_READY(repr) == -1)
+                    goto fail;
+                argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(repr);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repr);
+                /* Remember the repr and switch to the next slot */
+                *callresult++ = repr;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'A':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
+                PyObject *ascii;
+                assert(obj);
+                ascii = PyObject_ASCII(obj);
+                if (!ascii || PyUnicode_READY(ascii) == -1)
+                    goto fail;
+                argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(ascii);
+                maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, argmaxchar);
+                n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(ascii);
+                /* Remember the repr and switch to the next slot */
+                *callresult++ = ascii;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                /* if we stumble upon an unknown
+                   formatting code, copy the rest of
+                   the format string to the output
+                   string. (we cannot just skip the
+                   code, since there's no way to know
+                   what's in the argument list) */
+                n += strlen(p);
+                goto expand;
+            }
+        } else
+            n++;
+    }
+  expand:
+    /* step 4: fill the buffer */
+    /* Since we've analyzed how much space we need,
+       we don't have to resize the string.
+       There can be no errors beyond this point. */
+    string = PyUnicode_New(n, maxchar);
+    if (!string)
+        goto fail;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
+    callresult = callresults;
+    numberresult = numberresults;
+
+    for (i = 0, f = format; *f; f++) {
+        if (*f == '%') {
+            const char* p;
+
+            p = f;
+            f = parse_format_flags(f, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            /* checking for == because the last argument could be a empty
+               string, which causes i to point to end, the assert at the end of
+               the loop */
+            assert(i <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
+
+            switch (*f) {
+            case 'c':
+            {
+                const int ordinal = va_arg(vargs, int);
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, ordinal);
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'i':
+            case 'd':
+            case 'u':
+            case 'x':
+            case 'p':
+                /* unused, since we already have the result */
+                if (*f == 'p')
+                    (void) va_arg(vargs, void *);
+                else
+                    (void) va_arg(vargs, int);
+                /* extract the result from numberresults and append. */
+                for (; *numberresult; ++i, ++numberresult)
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, *numberresult);
+                /* skip over the separating '\0' */
+                assert(*numberresult == '\0');
+                numberresult++;
+                assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
+                break;
+            case 's':
+            {
+                /* unused, since we already have the result */
+                Py_ssize_t size;
+                (void) va_arg(vargs, char *);
+                size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
+                assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
+                copy_characters(string, i, *callresult, 0, size);
+                i += size;
+                /* We're done with the unicode()/repr() => forget it */
+                Py_DECREF(*callresult);
+                /* switch to next unicode()/repr() result */
+                ++callresult;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'U':
+            {
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
+                Py_ssize_t size;
+                assert(PyUnicode_KIND(obj) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
+                size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
+                copy_characters(string, i, obj, 0, size);
+                i += size;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'V':
+            {
+                Py_ssize_t size;
+                PyObject *obj = va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
+                va_arg(vargs, const char *);
+                if (obj) {
+                    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
+                    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(obj) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
+                    copy_characters(string, i, obj, 0, size);
+                    i += size;
+                } else {
+                    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
+                    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <=
+                           PyUnicode_KIND(string));
+                    copy_characters(string, i, *callresult, 0, size);
+                    i += size;
+                    Py_DECREF(*callresult);
+                }
+                ++callresult;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'S':
+            case 'R':
+            case 'A':
+            {
+                Py_ssize_t size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
+                /* unused, since we already have the result */
+                (void) va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
+                assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
+                copy_characters(string, i, *callresult, 0,  size);
+                i += size;
+                /* We're done with the unicode()/repr() => forget it */
+                Py_DECREF(*callresult);
+                /* switch to next unicode()/repr() result */
+                ++callresult;
+                break;
+            }
+            case '%':
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, '%');
+                break;
+            default:
+                for (; *p; ++p, ++i)
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, *p);
+                assert(i == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
+                goto end;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, *f);
+        }
+    }
+    assert(i == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
+
+  end:
+    if (callresults)
+        PyObject_Free(callresults);
+    if (numberresults)
+        PyObject_Free(numberresults);
+    return unicode_result(string);
+  fail:
+    if (callresults) {
+        PyObject **callresult2 = callresults;
+        while (callresult2 < callresult) {
+            Py_XDECREF(*callresult2);
+            ++callresult2;
+        }
+        PyObject_Free(callresults);
+    }
+    if (numberresults)
+        PyObject_Free(numberresults);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    PyObject* ret;
+    va_list vargs;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+    va_start(vargs, format);
+#else
+    va_start(vargs);
+#endif
+    ret = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
+
+/* Helper function for PyUnicode_AsWideChar() and PyUnicode_AsWideCharString():
+   convert a Unicode object to a wide character string.
+
+   - If w is NULL: return the number of wide characters (including the null
+     character) required to convert the unicode object. Ignore size argument.
+
+   - Otherwise: return the number of wide characters (excluding the null
+     character) written into w. Write at most size wide characters (including
+     the null character). */
+static Py_ssize_t
+unicode_aswidechar(PyObject *unicode,
+                   wchar_t *w,
+                   Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t res;
+    const wchar_t *wstr;
+
+    wstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, &res);
+    if (wstr == NULL)
+        return -1;
+
+    if (w != NULL) {
+        if (size > res)
+            size = res + 1;
+        else
+            res = size;
+        Py_MEMCPY(w, wstr, size * sizeof(wchar_t));
+        return res;
+    }
+    else
+        return res + 1;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyObject *unicode,
+                     wchar_t *w,
+                     Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (unicode == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return unicode_aswidechar(unicode, w, size);
+}
+
+wchar_t*
+PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(PyObject *unicode,
+                           Py_ssize_t *size)
+{
+    wchar_t* buffer;
+    Py_ssize_t buflen;
+
+    if (unicode == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, NULL, 0);
+    if (buflen == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) < buflen) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    buffer = PyMem_MALLOC(buflen * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (buffer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, buffer, buflen);
+    if (buflen == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (size != NULL)
+        *size = buflen;
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(int ordinal)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+    if (ordinal < 0 || ordinal > MAX_UNICODE) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                        "chr() arg not in range(0x110000)");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ordinal < 256)
+        return get_latin1_char(ordinal);
+
+    v = PyUnicode_New(1, ordinal);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(v), PyUnicode_DATA(v), 0, ordinal);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
+    return v;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromObject(register PyObject *obj)
+{
+    /* XXX Perhaps we should make this API an alias of
+       PyObject_Str() instead ?! */
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)) {
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(obj))
+            return NULL;
+        Py_INCREF(obj);
+        return obj;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
+        /* For a Unicode subtype that's not a Unicode object,
+           return a true Unicode object with the same data. */
+        return PyUnicode_Copy(obj);
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "Can't convert '%.100s' object to str implicitly",
+                 Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(register PyObject *obj,
+                            const char *encoding,
+                            const char *errors)
+{
+    Py_buffer buffer;
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Decoding bytes objects is the most common case and should be fast */
+    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
+        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) == 0) {
+            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+            v = unicode_empty;
+        }
+        else {
+            v = PyUnicode_Decode(
+                    PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj),
+                    encoding, errors);
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "decoding str is not supported");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Retrieve a bytes buffer view through the PEP 3118 buffer interface */
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &buffer, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "coercing to str: need bytes, bytearray "
+                     "or buffer-like object, %.80s found",
+                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (buffer.len == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        v = unicode_empty;
+    }
+    else
+        v = PyUnicode_Decode((char*) buffer.buf, buffer.len, encoding, errors);
+
+    PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
+    return v;
+}
+
+/* Convert encoding to lower case and replace '_' with '-' in order to
+   catch e.g. UTF_8. Return 0 on error (encoding is longer than lower_len-1),
+   1 on success. */
+static int
+normalize_encoding(const char *encoding,
+                   char *lower,
+                   size_t lower_len)
+{
+    const char *e;
+    char *l;
+    char *l_end;
+
+    if (encoding == NULL) {
+        strcpy(lower, "utf-8");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    e = encoding;
+    l = lower;
+    l_end = &lower[lower_len - 1];
+    while (*e) {
+        if (l == l_end)
+            return 0;
+        if (Py_ISUPPER(*e)) {
+            *l++ = Py_TOLOWER(*e++);
+        }
+        else if (*e == '_') {
+            *l++ = '-';
+            e++;
+        }
+        else {
+            *l++ = *e++;
+        }
+    }
+    *l = '\0';
+    return 1;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s,
+                 Py_ssize_t size,
+                 const char *encoding,
+                 const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *buffer = NULL, *unicode;
+    Py_buffer info;
+    char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */
+
+    /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
+    if (normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
+        if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
+            (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, size, errors);
+        else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
+                 (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
+                 (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s, size, errors);
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, errors);
+#endif
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(s, size, errors);
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-16") == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, 0);
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-32") == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(s, size, errors, 0);
+    }
+
+    /* Decode via the codec registry */
+    buffer = NULL;
+    if (PyBuffer_FillInfo(&info, NULL, (void *)s, size, 1, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    buffer = PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&info);
+    if (buffer == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    unicode = PyCodec_Decode(buffer, encoding, errors);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(buffer);
+    return unicode_result(unicode);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(buffer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
+                          const char *encoding,
+                          const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+
+    /* Decode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
+                           const char *encoding,
+                           const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+
+    /* Decode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                 Py_ssize_t size,
+                 const char *encoding,
+                 const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v, *unicode;
+
+    unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    v = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return v;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
+                          const char *encoding,
+                          const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+
+    /* Encode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    return v;
+
+  onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+    return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, NULL);
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+    return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "surrogateescape");
+#else
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
+    /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
+       cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
+       the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
+       version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
+       the Python codec is loaded.
+
+       Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
+       cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
+       subinterpreters. */
+    if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
+        return PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode,
+                                         Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
+                                         "surrogateescape");
+    }
+    else {
+        /* locale encoding with surrogateescape */
+        wchar_t *wchar;
+        char *bytes;
+        PyObject *bytes_obj;
+        size_t error_pos;
+
+        wchar = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(unicode, NULL);
+        if (wchar == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        bytes = _Py_wchar2char(wchar, &error_pos);
+        if (bytes == NULL) {
+            if (error_pos != (size_t)-1) {
+                char *errmsg = strerror(errno);
+                PyObject *exc = NULL;
+                if (errmsg == NULL)
+                    errmsg = "Py_wchar2char() failed";
+                raise_encode_exception(&exc,
+                    "filesystemencoding", unicode,
+                    error_pos, error_pos+1,
+                    errmsg);
+                Py_XDECREF(exc);
+            }
+            else
+                PyErr_NoMemory();
+            PyMem_Free(wchar);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        PyMem_Free(wchar);
+
+        bytes_obj = PyBytes_FromString(bytes);
+        PyMem_Free(bytes);
+        return bytes_obj;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode,
+                          const char *encoding,
+                          const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+    char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
+    if (normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
+        if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
+            (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
+        {
+            if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0)
+                return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, NULL);
+            else
+                return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, errors);
+        }
+        else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
+                 (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
+                 (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
+            return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(unicode, errors);
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
+            return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, errors);
+#endif
+        else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
+            return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(unicode, errors);
+    }
+
+    /* Encode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* The normal path */
+    if (PyBytes_Check(v))
+        return v;
+
+    /* If the codec returns a buffer, raise a warning and convert to bytes */
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
+        int error;
+        PyObject *b;
+
+        error = PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1,
+            "encoder %s returned bytearray instead of bytes",
+            encoding);
+        if (error) {
+            Py_DECREF(v);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        b = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyByteArray_AS_STRING(v), Py_SIZE(v));
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "encoder did not return a bytes object (type=%.400s)",
+                 Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+    Py_DECREF(v);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
+                           const char *encoding,
+                           const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+
+    /* Encode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "encoder did not return an str object (type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    return v;
+
+  onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(const char *s) {
+    Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(s);
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(s, size);
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, NULL);
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, size, "surrogateescape");
+#else
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
+    /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
+       cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
+       the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
+       version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
+       the Python codec is loaded.
+
+       Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
+       cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
+       subinterpreters. */
+    if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(s, size,
+                                Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
+                                "surrogateescape");
+    }
+    else {
+        /* locale encoding with surrogateescape */
+        wchar_t *wchar;
+        PyObject *unicode;
+        size_t len;
+
+        if (s[size] != '\0' || size != strlen(s)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        wchar = _Py_char2wchar(s, &len);
+        if (wchar == NULL)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+        unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wchar, len);
+        PyMem_Free(wchar);
+        return unicode;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+
+int
+PyUnicode_FSConverter(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
+{
+    PyObject *output = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    void *data;
+    if (arg == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
+        output = arg;
+        Py_INCREF(output);
+    }
+    else {
+        arg = PyUnicode_FromObject(arg);
+        if (!arg)
+            return 0;
+        output = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(arg);
+        Py_DECREF(arg);
+        if (!output)
+            return 0;
+        if (!PyBytes_Check(output)) {
+            Py_DECREF(output);
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "encoder failed to return bytes");
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(output);
+    data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(output);
+    if (size != strlen(data)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
+        Py_DECREF(output);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    *(PyObject**)addr = output;
+    return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+
+int
+PyUnicode_FSDecoder(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
+{
+    PyObject *output = NULL;
+    if (arg == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(arg))
+            return 0;
+        output = arg;
+        Py_INCREF(output);
+    }
+    else {
+        arg = PyBytes_FromObject(arg);
+        if (!arg)
+            return 0;
+        output = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg),
+                                                  PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg));
+        Py_DECREF(arg);
+        if (!output)
+            return 0;
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(output)) {
+            Py_DECREF(output);
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "decoder failed to return unicode");
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(output) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(output);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (findchar(PyUnicode_DATA(output), PyUnicode_KIND(output),
+                 PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(output), 0, 1) >= 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
+        Py_DECREF(output);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    *(PyObject**)addr = output;
+    return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+
+char*
+PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *psize)
+{
+    PyObject *bytes;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
+        assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
+        bytes = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "strict");
+        if (bytes == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes) + 1);
+        if (_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(bytes);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
+        Py_MEMCPY(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode),
+                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes),
+                  _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
+        Py_DECREF(bytes);
+    }
+
+    if (psize)
+        *psize = PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode);
+    return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
+}
+
+char*
+PyUnicode_AsUTF8(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+static int unicode_as_unicode_calls = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+Py_UNICODE *
+PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size)
+{
+    const unsigned char *one_byte;
+#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
+    const Py_UCS2 *two_bytes;
+#else
+    const Py_UCS4 *four_bytes;
+    const Py_UCS4 *ucs4_end;
+    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
+#endif
+    wchar_t *w;
+    wchar_t *wchar_end;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
+        /* Non-ASCII compact unicode object */
+        assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) != 0);
+        assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+        ++unicode_as_unicode_calls;
+#endif
+
+        if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) {
+#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
+            four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+            ucs4_end = four_bytes + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
+            num_surrogates = 0;
+
+            for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes) {
+                if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF)
+                    ++num_surrogates;
+            }
+
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(
+                    sizeof(wchar_t) * (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1 + num_surrogates));
+            if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
+                PyErr_NoMemory();
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + num_surrogates;
+
+            w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
+            wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+            four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+            for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes, ++w) {
+                if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF) {
+                    assert(*four_bytes <= MAX_UNICODE);
+                    /* encode surrogate pair in this case */
+                    *w++ = Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
+                    *w   = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
+                }
+                else
+                    *w = *four_bytes;
+
+                if (w > wchar_end) {
+                    assert(0 && "Miscalculated string end");
+                }
+            }
+            *w = 0;
+#else
+            /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
+            Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr and str "
+                          "should share memory already.");
+            return NULL;
+#endif
+        }
+        else {
+            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(wchar_t) *
+                                                  (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
+            if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
+                PyErr_NoMemory();
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode))
+                _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
+            w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
+            wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+            if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+                one_byte = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+                for (; w < wchar_end; ++one_byte, ++w)
+                    *w = *one_byte;
+                /* null-terminate the wstr */
+                *w = 0;
+            }
+            else if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
+                two_bytes = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
+                for (; w < wchar_end; ++two_bytes, ++w)
+                    *w = *two_bytes;
+                /* null-terminate the wstr */
+                *w = 0;
+#else
+                /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 */
+                PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
+                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
+                Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr "
+                              "and str should share memory already.");
+                return NULL;
+#endif
+            }
+            else {
+                assert(0 && "This should never happen.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (size != NULL)
+        *size = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
+    return _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE *
+PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    return PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(unicode);
+
+  onError:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_GetLength(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+}
+
+Py_UCS4
+PyUnicode_ReadChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
+    }
+    if (index < 0 || index >= _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
+        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
+    }
+    return PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, index);
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_WriteChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index, Py_UCS4 ch)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || !PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (index < 0 || index >= _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (_PyUnicode_Dirty(unicode))
+        return -1;
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+                    index, ch);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding(void)
+{
+    return "utf-8";
+}
+
+/* create or adjust a UnicodeDecodeError */
+static void
+make_decode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                      const char *encoding,
+                      const char *input, Py_ssize_t length,
+                      Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                      const char *reason)
+{
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
+        *exceptionObject = PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(
+            encoding, input, length, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
+            goto onError;
+    }
+    return;
+
+onError:
+    Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
+    *exceptionObject = NULL;
+}
+
+/* error handling callback helper:
+   build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
+   if no exception occurred, copy the replacement to the output
+   and adjust various state variables.
+   return 0 on success, -1 on error
+*/
+
+static int
+unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors, PyObject **errorHandler,
+                                 const char *encoding, const char *reason,
+                                 const char **input, const char **inend, Py_ssize_t *startinpos,
+                                 Py_ssize_t *endinpos, PyObject **exceptionObject, const char **inptr,
+                                 PyObject **output, Py_ssize_t *outpos)
+{
+    static char *argparse = "O!n;decoding error handler must return (str, int) tuple";
+
+    PyObject *restuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *repunicode = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t outsize;
+    Py_ssize_t insize;
+    Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
+    Py_ssize_t newpos;
+    PyObject *inputobj = NULL;
+    int res = -1;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_KIND(*output) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
+        outsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*output);
+    else
+        outsize = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(*output);
+
+    if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
+        *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
+        if (*errorHandler == NULL)
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    make_decode_exception(exceptionObject,
+        encoding,
+        *input, *inend - *input,
+        *startinpos, *endinpos,
+        reason);
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+    restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(*errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
+    if (restuple == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[4]);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse, &PyUnicode_Type, &repunicode, &newpos))
+        goto onError;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+
+    /* Copy back the bytes variables, which might have been modified by the
+       callback */
+    inputobj = PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(*exceptionObject);
+    if (!inputobj)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(inputobj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "exception attribute object must be bytes");
+    }
+    *input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(inputobj);
+    insize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(inputobj);
+    *inend = *input + insize;
+    /* we can DECREF safely, as the exception has another reference,
+       so the object won't go away. */
+    Py_DECREF(inputobj);
+
+    if (newpos<0)
+        newpos = insize+newpos;
+    if (newpos<0 || newpos>insize) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", newpos);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_KIND(*output) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
+        /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
+           have+the replacement+the rest of the string (starting
+           at the new input position), so we won't have to check space
+           when there are no errors in the rest of the string) */
+        Py_ssize_t replen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
+        requiredsize = *outpos + replen + insize-newpos;
+        if (requiredsize > outsize) {
+            if (requiredsize<2*outsize)
+                requiredsize = 2*outsize;
+            if (unicode_resize(output, requiredsize) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+        }
+        if (unicode_widen(output, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(repunicode)) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+        copy_characters(*output, *outpos, repunicode, 0, replen);
+        *outpos += replen;
+    }
+    else {
+        wchar_t *repwstr;
+        Py_ssize_t repwlen;
+        repwstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(repunicode, &repwlen);
+        if (repwstr == NULL)
+            goto onError;
+        /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
+           have+the replacement+the rest of the string (starting
+           at the new input position), so we won't have to check space
+           when there are no errors in the rest of the string) */
+        requiredsize = *outpos + repwlen + insize-newpos;
+        if (requiredsize > outsize) {
+            if (requiredsize < 2*outsize)
+                requiredsize = 2*outsize;
+            if (unicode_resize(output, requiredsize) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+        }
+        wcsncpy(_PyUnicode_WSTR(*output) + *outpos, repwstr, repwlen);
+        *outpos += repwlen;
+    }
+    *endinpos = newpos;
+    *inptr = *input + newpos;
+
+    /* we made it! */
+    res = 0;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(restuple);
+    return res;
+}
+
+/* --- UTF-7 Codec -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* See RFC2152 for details.  We encode conservatively and decode liberally. */
+
+/* Three simple macros defining base-64. */
+
+/* Is c a base-64 character? */
+
+#define IS_BASE64(c) \
+    (((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||     \
+     ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||     \
+     ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ||     \
+     (c) == '+' || (c) == '/')
+
+/* given that c is a base-64 character, what is its base-64 value? */
+
+#define FROM_BASE64(c)                                                  \
+    (((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ? (c) - 'A' :                           \
+     ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ? (c) - 'a' + 26 :                      \
+     ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ? (c) - '0' + 52 :                      \
+     (c) == '+' ? 62 : 63)
+
+/* What is the base-64 character of the bottom 6 bits of n? */
+
+#define TO_BASE64(n)  \
+    ("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"[(n) & 0x3f])
+
+/* DECODE_DIRECT: this byte encountered in a UTF-7 string should be
+ * decoded as itself.  We are permissive on decoding; the only ASCII
+ * byte not decoding to itself is the + which begins a base64
+ * string. */
+
+#define DECODE_DIRECT(c)                                \
+    ((c) <= 127 && (c) != '+')
+
+/* The UTF-7 encoder treats ASCII characters differently according to
+ * whether they are Set D, Set O, Whitespace, or special (i.e. none of
+ * the above).  See RFC2152.  This array identifies these different
+ * sets:
+ * 0 : "Set D"
+ *     alphanumeric and '(),-./:?
+ * 1 : "Set O"
+ *     !"#$%&*;<=>@[]^_`{|}
+ * 2 : "whitespace"
+ *     ht nl cr sp
+ * 3 : special (must be base64 encoded)
+ *     everything else (i.e. +\~ and non-printing codes 0-8 11-12 14-31 127)
+ */
+
+static
+char utf7_category[128] = {
+/* nul soh stx etx eot enq ack bel bs  ht  nl  vt  np  cr  so  si  */
+    3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  2,  2,  3,  3,  2,  3,  3,
+/* dle dc1 dc2 dc3 dc4 nak syn etb can em  sub esc fs  gs  rs  us  */
+    3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,
+/* sp   !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /  */
+    2,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  0,  0,  0,  1,  3,  0,  0,  0,  0,
+/*  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?  */
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  1,  1,  0,
+/*  @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O  */
+    1,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,
+/*  P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _  */
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,
+/*  `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o  */
+    1,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,
+/*  p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~  del */
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  1,  3,  3,
+};
+
+/* ENCODE_DIRECT: this character should be encoded as itself.  The
+ * answer depends on whether we are encoding set O as itself, and also
+ * on whether we are encoding whitespace as itself.  RFC2152 makes it
+ * clear that the answers to these questions vary between
+ * applications, so this code needs to be flexible.  */
+
+#define ENCODE_DIRECT(c, directO, directWS)             \
+    ((c) < 128 && (c) > 0 &&                            \
+     ((utf7_category[(c)] == 0) ||                      \
+      (directWS && (utf7_category[(c)] == 2)) ||        \
+      (directO && (utf7_category[(c)] == 1))))
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7(const char *s,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
+}
+
+/* The decoder.  The only state we preserve is our read position,
+ * i.e. how many characters we have consumed.  So if we end in the
+ * middle of a shift sequence we have to back off the read position
+ * and the output to the beginning of the sequence, otherwise we lose
+ * all the shift state (seen bits, number of bits seen, high
+ * surrogate). */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(const char *s,
+                             Py_ssize_t size,
+                             const char *errors,
+                             Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    const char *e;
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    const char *errmsg = "";
+    int inShift = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t shiftOutStart;
+    unsigned int base64bits = 0;
+    unsigned long base64buffer = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 surrogate = 0;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    /* Start off assuming it's all ASCII. Widen later as necessary. */
+    unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+    if (size == 0) {
+        if (consumed)
+            *consumed = 0;
+        return unicode;
+    }
+
+    shiftOutStart = outpos = 0;
+    e = s + size;
+
+    while (s < e) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+      restart:
+        ch = (unsigned char) *s;
+
+        if (inShift) { /* in a base-64 section */
+            if (IS_BASE64(ch)) { /* consume a base-64 character */
+                base64buffer = (base64buffer << 6) | FROM_BASE64(ch);
+                base64bits += 6;
+                s++;
+                if (base64bits >= 16) {
+                    /* we have enough bits for a UTF-16 value */
+                    Py_UCS4 outCh = (Py_UCS4)(base64buffer >> (base64bits-16));
+                    base64bits -= 16;
+                    base64buffer &= (1 << base64bits) - 1; /* clear high bits */
+                    if (surrogate) {
+                        /* expecting a second surrogate */
+                        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(outCh)) {
+                            Py_UCS4 ch2 = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(surrogate, outCh);
+                            if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch2) < 0)
+                                goto onError;
+                            surrogate = 0;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, surrogate) < 0)
+                                goto onError;
+                            surrogate = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(outCh)) {
+                        /* first surrogate */
+                        surrogate = outCh;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, outCh) < 0)
+                            goto onError;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else { /* now leaving a base-64 section */
+                inShift = 0;
+                s++;
+                if (surrogate) {
+                    if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, surrogate) < 0)
+                        goto onError;
+                    surrogate = 0;
+                }
+                if (base64bits > 0) { /* left-over bits */
+                    if (base64bits >= 6) {
+                        /* We've seen at least one base-64 character */
+                        errmsg = "partial character in shift sequence";
+                        goto utf7Error;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* Some bits remain; they should be zero */
+                        if (base64buffer != 0) {
+                            errmsg = "non-zero padding bits in shift sequence";
+                            goto utf7Error;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ch != '-') {
+                    /* '-' is absorbed; other terminating
+                       characters are preserved */
+                    if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
+                        goto onError;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( ch == '+' ) {
+            startinpos = s-starts;
+            s++; /* consume '+' */
+            if (s < e && *s == '-') { /* '+-' encodes '+' */
+                s++;
+                if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, '+') < 0)
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+            else { /* begin base64-encoded section */
+                inShift = 1;
+                shiftOutStart = outpos;
+                base64bits = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (DECODE_DIRECT(ch)) { /* character decodes as itself */
+            if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            s++;
+        }
+        else {
+            startinpos = s-starts;
+            s++;
+            errmsg = "unexpected special character";
+            goto utf7Error;
+        }
+        continue;
+utf7Error:
+        endinpos = s-starts;
+        if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                errors, &errorHandler,
+                "utf7", errmsg,
+                &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                &unicode, &outpos))
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    /* end of string */
+
+    if (inShift && !consumed) { /* in shift sequence, no more to follow */
+        /* if we're in an inconsistent state, that's an error */
+        if (surrogate ||
+                (base64bits >= 6) ||
+                (base64bits > 0 && base64buffer != 0)) {
+            endinpos = size;
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    "utf7", "unterminated shift sequence",
+                    &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                    &unicode, &outpos))
+                goto onError;
+            if (s < e)
+                goto restart;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* return state */
+    if (consumed) {
+        if (inShift) {
+            outpos = shiftOutStart; /* back off output */
+            *consumed = startinpos;
+        }
+        else {
+            *consumed = s-starts;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(unicode);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(PyObject *str,
+                      int base64SetO,
+                      int base64WhiteSpace,
+                      const char *errors)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    PyObject *v;
+    Py_ssize_t allocated;
+    int inShift = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    unsigned int base64bits = 0;
+    unsigned long base64buffer = 0;
+    char * out;
+    char * start;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+
+    /* It might be possible to tighten this worst case */
+    allocated = 8 * len;
+    if (allocated / 8 != len)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    start = out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
+    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        if (inShift) {
+            if (ENCODE_DIRECT(ch, !base64SetO, !base64WhiteSpace)) {
+                /* shifting out */
+                if (base64bits) { /* output remaining bits */
+                    *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer << (6-base64bits));
+                    base64buffer = 0;
+                    base64bits = 0;
+                }
+                inShift = 0;
+                /* Characters not in the BASE64 set implicitly unshift the sequence
+                   so no '-' is required, except if the character is itself a '-' */
+                if (IS_BASE64(ch) || ch == '-') {
+                    *out++ = '-';
+                }
+                *out++ = (char) ch;
+            }
+            else {
+                goto encode_char;
+            }
+        }
+        else { /* not in a shift sequence */
+            if (ch == '+') {
+                *out++ = '+';
+                        *out++ = '-';
+            }
+            else if (ENCODE_DIRECT(ch, !base64SetO, !base64WhiteSpace)) {
+                *out++ = (char) ch;
+            }
+            else {
+                *out++ = '+';
+                inShift = 1;
+                goto encode_char;
+            }
+        }
+        continue;
+encode_char:
+        if (ch >= 0x10000) {
+            assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
+
+            /* code first surrogate */
+            base64bits += 16;
+            base64buffer = (base64buffer << 16) | 0xd800 | ((ch-0x10000) >> 10);
+            while (base64bits >= 6) {
+                *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer >> (base64bits-6));
+                base64bits -= 6;
+            }
+            /* prepare second surrogate */
+            ch = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(ch);
+        }
+        base64bits += 16;
+        base64buffer = (base64buffer << 16) | ch;
+        while (base64bits >= 6) {
+            *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer >> (base64bits-6));
+            base64bits -= 6;
+        }
+    }
+    if (base64bits)
+        *out++= TO_BASE64(base64buffer << (6-base64bits) );
+    if (inShift)
+        *out++ = '-';
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&v, out - start) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return v;
+}
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     int base64SetO,
+                     int base64WhiteSpace,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(tmp, base64SetO,
+                                   base64WhiteSpace, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+#undef IS_BASE64
+#undef FROM_BASE64
+#undef TO_BASE64
+#undef DECODE_DIRECT
+#undef ENCODE_DIRECT
+
+/* --- UTF-8 Codec -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static
+char utf8_code_length[256] = {
+    /* Map UTF-8 encoded prefix byte to sequence length.  Zero means
+       illegal prefix.  See RFC 3629 for details */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 00-0F */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 70-7F */
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 80-8F */
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* B0-BF */
+    0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* C0-C1 + C2-CF */
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* D0-DF */
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, /* E0-EF */
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0  /* F0-F4 + F5-FF */
+};
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(const char *s,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
+}
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs1lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/codecs.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs2lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/codecs.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/ucs4lib.h"
+#include "stringlib/codecs.h"
+#include "stringlib/undef.h"
+
+/* Mask to check or force alignment of a pointer to C 'long' boundaries */
+#define LONG_PTR_MASK (size_t) (SIZEOF_LONG - 1)
+
+/* Mask to quickly check whether a C 'long' contains a
+   non-ASCII, UTF8-encoded char. */
+#if (SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
+# define ASCII_CHAR_MASK 0x8080808080808080L
+#elif (SIZEOF_LONG == 4)
+# define ASCII_CHAR_MASK 0x80808080L
+#else
+# error C 'long' size should be either 4 or 8!
+#endif
+
+/* Scans a UTF-8 string and returns the maximum character to be expected
+   and the size of the decoded unicode string.
+
+   This function doesn't check for errors, these checks are performed in
+   PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful.
+   */
+static Py_UCS4
+utf8_max_char_size_and_char_count(const char *s, Py_ssize_t string_size,
+                                  Py_ssize_t *unicode_size)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t char_count = 0;
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)s;
+    const unsigned char *end = p + string_size;
+    const unsigned char *aligned_end = (const unsigned char *) ((size_t) end & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
+
+    assert(unicode_size != NULL);
+
+    /* By having a cascade of independent loops which fallback onto each
+       other, we minimize the amount of work done in the average loop
+       iteration, and we also maximize the CPU's ability to predict
+       branches correctly (because a given condition will have always the
+       same boolean outcome except perhaps in the last iteration of the
+       corresponding loop).
+       In the general case this brings us rather close to decoding
+       performance pre-PEP 393, despite the two-pass decoding.
+
+       Note that the pure ASCII loop is not duplicated once a non-ASCII
+       character has been encountered. It is actually a pessimization (by
+       a significant factor) to use this loop on text with many non-ASCII
+       characters, and it is important to avoid bad performance on valid
+       utf-8 data (invalid utf-8 being a different can of worms).
+    */
+
+    /* ASCII */
+    for (; p < end; ++p) {
+        /* Only check value if it's not a ASCII char... */
+        if (*p < 0x80) {
+            /* Fast path, see below in PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful for
+               an explanation. */
+            if (!((size_t) p & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
+                /* Help register allocation */
+                register const unsigned char *_p = p;
+                while (_p < aligned_end) {
+                    unsigned long value = *(unsigned long *) _p;
+                    if (value & ASCII_CHAR_MASK)
+                        break;
+                    _p += SIZEOF_LONG;
+                    char_count += SIZEOF_LONG;
+                }
+                p = _p;
+                if (p == end)
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (*p < 0x80)
+            ++char_count;
+        else
+            goto _ucs1loop;
+    }
+    *unicode_size = char_count;
+    return 127;
+
+_ucs1loop:
+    for (; p < end; ++p) {
+        if (*p < 0xc4)
+            char_count += ((*p & 0xc0) != 0x80);
+        else
+            goto _ucs2loop;
+    }
+    *unicode_size = char_count;
+    return 255;
+
+_ucs2loop:
+    for (; p < end; ++p) {
+        if (*p < 0xf0)
+            char_count += ((*p & 0xc0) != 0x80);
+        else
+            goto _ucs4loop;
+    }
+    *unicode_size = char_count;
+    return 65535;
+
+_ucs4loop:
+    for (; p < end; ++p) {
+        char_count += ((*p & 0xc0) != 0x80);
+    }
+    *unicode_size = char_count;
+    return 65537;
+}
+
+/* Called when we encountered some error that wasn't detected in the original
+   scan, e.g. an encoded surrogate character. The original maxchar computation
+   may have been incorrect, so redo it. */
+static int
+refit_partial_string(PyObject **unicode, int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t n)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+    Py_ssize_t k;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar;
+    for (k = 0, maxchar = 0; k < n; k++)
+        maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, k));
+    tmp = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*unicode), maxchar);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(tmp, 0, *unicode, 0, n);
+    Py_DECREF(*unicode);
+    *unicode = tmp;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Similar to PyUnicode_WRITE but may attempt to widen and resize the string
+   in case of errors. Implicit parameters: unicode, kind, data, has_errors,
+   onError. Potential resizing overallocates, so the result needs to shrink
+   at the end.
+*/
+#define WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(index, value)                                  \
+    do {                                                                \
+        if (has_errors) {                                               \
+            Py_ssize_t pos = index;                                     \
+            if (pos > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode) &&                  \
+                unicode_resize(&unicode, pos + pos/8) < 0)              \
+                goto onError;                                           \
+            if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &pos, value) < 0)             \
+                goto onError;                                           \
+        }                                                               \
+        else                                                            \
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, index, value);                  \
+    } while (0)
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s,
+                             Py_ssize_t size,
+                             const char *errors,
+                             Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    int n;
+    int k;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    const char *e, *aligned_end;
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    const char *errmsg = "";
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t unicode_size;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    int has_errors = 0;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        if (consumed)
+            *consumed = 0;
+        return (PyObject *)PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
+    }
+    maxchar = utf8_max_char_size_and_char_count(s, size, &unicode_size);
+    /* When the string is ASCII only, just use memcpy and return.
+       unicode_size may be != size if there is an incomplete UTF-8
+       sequence at the end of the ASCII block.  */
+    if (maxchar < 128 && size == unicode_size) {
+        if (consumed)
+            *consumed = size;
+
+        if (size == 1)
+            return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]);
+
+        unicode = PyUnicode_New(unicode_size, maxchar);
+        if (!unicode)
+            return NULL;
+        Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), s, unicode_size);
+        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+        return unicode;
+    }
+
+    /* In case of errors, maxchar and size computation might be incorrect;
+       code below refits and resizes as necessary. */
+    unicode = PyUnicode_New(unicode_size, maxchar);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+
+    /* Unpack UTF-8 encoded data */
+    i = 0;
+    e = s + size;
+    switch (kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        has_errors = ucs1lib_utf8_try_decode(s, e, (Py_UCS1 *) data, &s, &i);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        has_errors = ucs2lib_utf8_try_decode(s, e, (Py_UCS2 *) data, &s, &i);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        has_errors = ucs4lib_utf8_try_decode(s, e, (Py_UCS4 *) data, &s, &i);
+        break;
+    }
+    if (!has_errors) {
+        /* Ensure the unicode size calculation was correct */
+        assert(i == unicode_size);
+        assert(s == e);
+        if (consumed)
+            *consumed = s-starts;
+        return unicode;
+    }
+    /* Fall through to the generic decoding loop for the rest of
+       the string */
+    if (refit_partial_string(&unicode, kind, data, i) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+
+    aligned_end = (const char *) ((size_t) e & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
+
+    while (s < e) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = (unsigned char)*s;
+
+        if (ch < 0x80) {
+            /* Fast path for runs of ASCII characters. Given that common UTF-8
+               input will consist of an overwhelming majority of ASCII
+               characters, we try to optimize for this case by checking
+               as many characters as a C 'long' can contain.
+               First, check if we can do an aligned read, as most CPUs have
+               a penalty for unaligned reads.
+            */
+            if (!((size_t) s & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
+                /* Help register allocation */
+                register const char *_s = s;
+                register Py_ssize_t _i = i;
+                while (_s < aligned_end) {
+                    /* Read a whole long at a time (either 4 or 8 bytes),
+                       and do a fast unrolled copy if it only contains ASCII
+                       characters. */
+                    unsigned long value = *(unsigned long *) _s;
+                    if (value & ASCII_CHAR_MASK)
+                        break;
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+0, _s[0]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+1, _s[1]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+2, _s[2]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+3, _s[3]);
+#if (SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+4, _s[4]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+5, _s[5]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+6, _s[6]);
+                    WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(_i+7, _s[7]);
+#endif
+                    _s += SIZEOF_LONG;
+                    _i += SIZEOF_LONG;
+                }
+                s = _s;
+                i = _i;
+                if (s == e)
+                    break;
+                ch = (unsigned char)*s;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (ch < 0x80) {
+            WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(i++, ch);
+            s++;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        n = utf8_code_length[ch];
+
+        if (s + n > e) {
+            if (consumed)
+                break;
+            else {
+                errmsg = "unexpected end of data";
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos+1;
+                for (k=1; (k < size-startinpos) && ((s[k]&0xC0) == 0x80); k++)
+                    endinpos++;
+                goto utf8Error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        switch (n) {
+
+        case 0:
+            errmsg = "invalid start byte";
+            startinpos = s-starts;
+            endinpos = startinpos+1;
+            goto utf8Error;
+
+        case 1:
+            errmsg = "internal error";
+            startinpos = s-starts;
+            endinpos = startinpos+1;
+            goto utf8Error;
+
+        case 2:
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80) {
+                errmsg = "invalid continuation byte";
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos + 1;
+                goto utf8Error;
+            }
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x1f) << 6) + (s[1] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0x007F) && (ch <= 0x07FF));
+            WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(i++, ch);
+            break;
+
+        case 3:
+            /* Decoding UTF-8 sequences in range \xed\xa0\x80-\xed\xbf\xbf
+               will result in surrogates in range d800-dfff. Surrogates are
+               not valid UTF-8 so they are rejected.
+               See http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch03.pdf
+               (table 3-7) and http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629.txt */
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xE0 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] < 0xA0) ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xED &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] > 0x9F)) {
+                errmsg = "invalid continuation byte";
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos + 1;
+
+                /* if s[1] first two bits are 1 and 0, then the invalid
+                   continuation byte is s[2], so increment endinpos by 1,
+                   if not, s[1] is invalid and endinpos doesn't need to
+                   be incremented. */
+                if ((s[1] & 0xC0) == 0x80)
+                    endinpos++;
+                goto utf8Error;
+            }
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x0f) << 12) + ((s[1] & 0x3f) << 6) + (s[2] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0x07FF) && (ch <= 0xFFFF));
+            WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(i++, ch);
+            break;
+
+        case 4:
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xF0 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] < 0x90) ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xF4 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] > 0x8F)) {
+                errmsg = "invalid continuation byte";
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos + 1;
+                if ((s[1] & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                    endinpos++;
+                    if ((s[2] & 0xC0) == 0x80)
+                        endinpos++;
+                }
+                goto utf8Error;
+            }
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x7) << 18) + ((s[1] & 0x3f) << 12) +
+                 ((s[2] & 0x3f) << 6) + (s[3] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0xFFFF) && (ch <= MAX_UNICODE));
+
+            WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL(i++, ch);
+            break;
+        }
+        s += n;
+        continue;
+
+      utf8Error:
+        if (!has_errors) {
+            if (refit_partial_string(&unicode, kind, data, i) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            has_errors = 1;
+        }
+        if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                errors, &errorHandler,
+                "utf8", errmsg,
+                &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                &unicode, &i))
+            goto onError;
+        /* Update data because unicode_decode_call_errorhandler might have
+           re-created or resized the unicode object. */
+        data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+        aligned_end = (const char *) ((size_t) e & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
+    }
+    /* Ensure the unicode_size calculation above was correct: */
+    assert(has_errors || i == unicode_size);
+
+    if (consumed)
+        *consumed = s-starts;
+
+    /* Adjust length and ready string when it contained errors and
+       is of the old resizable kind. */
+    if (has_errors) {
+        if (PyUnicode_Resize(&unicode, i) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
+    return unicode;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#undef WRITE_MAYBE_FAIL
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+
+/* Simplified UTF-8 decoder using surrogateescape error handler,
+   used to decode the command line arguments on Mac OS X. */
+
+wchar_t*
+_Py_DecodeUTF8_surrogateescape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    int n;
+    const char *e;
+    wchar_t *unicode, *p;
+
+    /* Note: size will always be longer than the resulting Unicode
+       character count */
+    if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) < (size + 1)) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    unicode = PyMem_Malloc((size + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* Unpack UTF-8 encoded data */
+    p = unicode;
+    e = s + size;
+    while (s < e) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = (unsigned char)*s;
+
+        if (ch < 0x80) {
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)ch;
+            s++;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        n = utf8_code_length[ch];
+        if (s + n > e) {
+            goto surrogateescape;
+        }
+
+        switch (n) {
+        case 0:
+        case 1:
+            goto surrogateescape;
+
+        case 2:
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+                goto surrogateescape;
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x1f) << 6) + (s[1] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0x007F) && (ch <= 0x07FF));
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)ch;
+            break;
+
+        case 3:
+            /* Decoding UTF-8 sequences in range \xed\xa0\x80-\xed\xbf\xbf
+               will result in surrogates in range d800-dfff. Surrogates are
+               not valid UTF-8 so they are rejected.
+               See http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch03.pdf
+               (table 3-7) and http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629.txt */
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xE0 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] < 0xA0) ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xED &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] > 0x9F)) {
+
+                goto surrogateescape;
+            }
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x0f) << 12) + ((s[1] & 0x3f) << 6) + (s[2] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0x07FF) && (ch <= 0xFFFF));
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)ch;
+            break;
+
+        case 4:
+            if ((s[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                (s[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xF0 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] < 0x90) ||
+                ((unsigned char)s[0] == 0xF4 &&
+                 (unsigned char)s[1] > 0x8F)) {
+                goto surrogateescape;
+            }
+            ch = ((s[0] & 0x7) << 18) + ((s[1] & 0x3f) << 12) +
+                 ((s[2] & 0x3f) << 6) + (s[3] & 0x3f);
+            assert ((ch > 0xFFFF) && (ch <= MAX_UNICODE));
+
+#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)ch;
+#else
+            /*  compute and append the two surrogates: */
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch);
+            *p++ = (wchar_t)Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(ch);
+#endif
+            break;
+        }
+        s += n;
+        continue;
+
+      surrogateescape:
+        *p++ = 0xDC00 + ch;
+        s++;
+    }
+    *p = L'\0';
+    return unicode;
+}
+
+#endif /* __APPLE__ */
+
+/* Primary internal function which creates utf8 encoded bytes objects.
+
+   Allocation strategy:  if the string is short, convert into a stack buffer
+   and allocate exactly as much space needed at the end.  Else allocate the
+   maximum possible needed (4 result bytes per Unicode character), and return
+   the excess memory at the end.
+*/
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
+{
+#define MAX_SHORT_UNICHARS 300  /* largest size we'll do on the stack */
+
+    Py_ssize_t i;                /* index into s of next input byte */
+    PyObject *result;            /* result string object */
+    char *p;                     /* next free byte in output buffer */
+    Py_ssize_t nallocated;      /* number of result bytes allocated */
+    Py_ssize_t nneeded;            /* number of result bytes needed */
+    char stackbuf[MAX_SHORT_UNICHARS * 4];
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    PyObject *rep = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode))
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode),
+                                         PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode));
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+    assert(size >= 0);
+
+    if (size <= MAX_SHORT_UNICHARS) {
+        /* Write into the stack buffer; nallocated can't overflow.
+         * At the end, we'll allocate exactly as much heap space as it
+         * turns out we need.
+         */
+        nallocated = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(sizeof(stackbuf), size_t, int);
+        result = NULL;   /* will allocate after we're done */
+        p = stackbuf;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Overallocate on the heap, and give the excess back at the end. */
+        nallocated = size * 4;
+        if (nallocated / 4 != size)  /* overflow! */
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, nallocated);
+        if (result == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < size;) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i++);
+
+        if (ch < 0x80)
+            /* Encode ASCII */
+            *p++ = (char) ch;
+
+        else if (ch < 0x0800) {
+            /* Encode Latin-1 */
+            *p++ = (char)(0xc0 | (ch >> 6));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | (ch & 0x3f));
+        } else if (Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(ch)) {
+            Py_ssize_t newpos;
+            Py_ssize_t repsize, k, startpos;
+            startpos = i-1;
+            rep = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(
+                  errors, &errorHandler, "utf-8", "surrogates not allowed",
+                  unicode, &exc, startpos, startpos+1, &newpos);
+            if (!rep)
+                goto error;
+
+            if (PyBytes_Check(rep))
+                repsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rep);
+            else
+                repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(rep);
+
+            if (repsize > 4) {
+                Py_ssize_t offset;
+
+                if (result == NULL)
+                    offset = p - stackbuf;
+                else
+                    offset = p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+
+                if (nallocated > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - repsize + 4) {
+                    /* integer overflow */
+                    PyErr_NoMemory();
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                nallocated += repsize - 4;
+                if (result != NULL) {
+                    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&result, nallocated) < 0)
+                        goto error;
+                } else {
+                    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, nallocated);
+                    if (result == NULL)
+                        goto error;
+                    Py_MEMCPY(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), stackbuf, offset);
+                }
+                p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result) + offset;
+            }
+
+            if (PyBytes_Check(rep)) {
+                char *prep = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rep);
+                for(k = repsize; k > 0; k--)
+                    *p++ = *prep++;
+            } else /* rep is unicode */ {
+                enum PyUnicode_Kind repkind;
+                void *repdata;
+
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(rep) < 0)
+                    goto error;
+                repkind = PyUnicode_KIND(rep);
+                repdata = PyUnicode_DATA(rep);
+
+                for(k=0; k<repsize; k++) {
+                    Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(repkind, repdata, k);
+                    if (0x80 <= c) {
+                        raise_encode_exception(&exc, "utf-8",
+                                               unicode,
+                                               i-1, i,
+                                               "surrogates not allowed");
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    *p++ = (char)c;
+                }
+            }
+            Py_CLEAR(rep);
+        } else if (ch < 0x10000) {
+            *p++ = (char)(0xe0 | (ch >> 12));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3f));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | (ch & 0x3f));
+        } else /* ch >= 0x10000 */ {
+            assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
+            /* Encode UCS4 Unicode ordinals */
+            *p++ = (char)(0xf0 | (ch >> 18));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x3f));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3f));
+            *p++ = (char)(0x80 | (ch & 0x3f));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        /* This was stack allocated. */
+        nneeded = p - stackbuf;
+        assert(nneeded <= nallocated);
+        result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(stackbuf, nneeded);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Cut back to size actually needed. */
+        nneeded = p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+        assert(nneeded <= nallocated);
+        _PyBytes_Resize(&result, nneeded);
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return result;
+ error:
+    Py_XDECREF(rep);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+
+#undef MAX_SHORT_UNICHARS
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeUTF8(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v, *unicode;
+
+    unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    v = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return v;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+/* --- UTF-32 Codec ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(const char *s,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors,
+                      int *byteorder)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(s, size, errors, byteorder, NULL);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(const char *s,
+                              Py_ssize_t size,
+                              const char *errors,
+                              int *byteorder,
+                              Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    const unsigned char *q, *e;
+    int bo = 0;       /* assume native ordering by default */
+    const char *errmsg = "";
+    /* Offsets from q for retrieving bytes in the right order. */
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    int iorder[] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+#else
+    int iorder[] = {3, 2, 1, 0};
+#endif
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    q = (unsigned char *)s;
+    e = q + size;
+
+    if (byteorder)
+        bo = *byteorder;
+
+    /* Check for BOM marks (U+FEFF) in the input and adjust current
+       byte order setting accordingly. In native mode, the leading BOM
+       mark is skipped, in all other modes, it is copied to the output
+       stream as-is (giving a ZWNBSP character). */
+    if (bo == 0) {
+        if (size >= 4) {
+            const Py_UCS4 bom = (q[iorder[3]] << 24) | (q[iorder[2]] << 16) |
+                (q[iorder[1]] << 8) | q[iorder[0]];
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+            if (bom == 0x0000FEFF) {
+                q += 4;
+                bo = -1;
+            }
+            else if (bom == 0xFFFE0000) {
+                q += 4;
+                bo = 1;
+            }
+#else
+            if (bom == 0x0000FEFF) {
+                q += 4;
+                bo = 1;
+            }
+            else if (bom == 0xFFFE0000) {
+                q += 4;
+                bo = -1;
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (bo == -1) {
+        /* force LE */
+        iorder[0] = 0;
+        iorder[1] = 1;
+        iorder[2] = 2;
+        iorder[3] = 3;
+    }
+    else if (bo == 1) {
+        /* force BE */
+        iorder[0] = 3;
+        iorder[1] = 2;
+        iorder[2] = 1;
+        iorder[3] = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* This might be one to much, because of a BOM */
+    unicode = PyUnicode_New((size+3)/4, 127);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return unicode;
+    outpos = 0;
+
+    while (q < e) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+        /* remaining bytes at the end? (size should be divisible by 4) */
+        if (e-q<4) {
+            if (consumed)
+                break;
+            errmsg = "truncated data";
+            startinpos = ((const char *)q)-starts;
+            endinpos = ((const char *)e)-starts;
+            goto utf32Error;
+            /* The remaining input chars are ignored if the callback
+               chooses to skip the input */
+        }
+        ch = (q[iorder[3]] << 24) | (q[iorder[2]] << 16) |
+            (q[iorder[1]] << 8) | q[iorder[0]];
+
+        if (ch >= 0x110000)
+        {
+            errmsg = "codepoint not in range(0x110000)";
+            startinpos = ((const char *)q)-starts;
+            endinpos = startinpos+4;
+            goto utf32Error;
+        }
+        if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+        q += 4;
+        continue;
+      utf32Error:
+        if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                errors, &errorHandler,
+                "utf32", errmsg,
+                &starts, (const char **)&e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, (const char **)&q,
+                &unicode, &outpos))
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (byteorder)
+        *byteorder = bo;
+
+    if (consumed)
+        *consumed = (const char *)q-starts;
+
+    /* Adjust length */
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(unicode);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(PyObject *str,
+                       const char *errors,
+                       int byteorder)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    PyObject *v;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    Py_ssize_t nsize, bytesize, i;
+    /* Offsets from p for storing byte pairs in the right order. */
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    int iorder[] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+#else
+    int iorder[] = {3, 2, 1, 0};
+#endif
+
+#define STORECHAR(CH)                           \
+    do {                                        \
+        p[iorder[3]] = ((CH) >> 24) & 0xff;     \
+        p[iorder[2]] = ((CH) >> 16) & 0xff;     \
+        p[iorder[1]] = ((CH) >> 8) & 0xff;      \
+        p[iorder[0]] = (CH) & 0xff;             \
+        p += 4;                                 \
+    } while(0)
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(str)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+
+    nsize = len + (byteorder == 0);
+    bytesize = nsize * 4;
+    if (bytesize / 4 != nsize)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bytesize);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    p = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
+    if (byteorder == 0)
+        STORECHAR(0xFEFF);
+    if (len == 0)
+        goto done;
+
+    if (byteorder == -1) {
+        /* force LE */
+        iorder[0] = 0;
+        iorder[1] = 1;
+        iorder[2] = 2;
+        iorder[3] = 3;
+    }
+    else if (byteorder == 1) {
+        /* force BE */
+        iorder[0] = 3;
+        iorder[1] = 2;
+        iorder[2] = 1;
+        iorder[3] = 0;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+        STORECHAR(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
+
+  done:
+    return v;
+#undef STORECHAR
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors,
+                      int byteorder)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(tmp, errors, byteorder);
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsUTF32String(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(unicode, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+/* --- UTF-16 Codec ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors,
+                      int *byteorder)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(s, size, errors, byteorder, NULL);
+}
+
+/* Two masks for fast checking of whether a C 'long' may contain
+   UTF16-encoded surrogate characters. This is an efficient heuristic,
+   assuming that non-surrogate characters with a code point >= 0x8000 are
+   rare in most input.
+   FAST_CHAR_MASK is used when the input is in native byte ordering,
+   SWAPPED_FAST_CHAR_MASK when the input is in byteswapped ordering.
+*/
+#if (SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
+# define FAST_CHAR_MASK         0x8000800080008000L
+# define SWAPPED_FAST_CHAR_MASK 0x0080008000800080L
+#elif (SIZEOF_LONG == 4)
+# define FAST_CHAR_MASK         0x80008000L
+# define SWAPPED_FAST_CHAR_MASK 0x00800080L
+#else
+# error C 'long' size should be either 4 or 8!
+#endif
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(const char *s,
+                              Py_ssize_t size,
+                              const char *errors,
+                              int *byteorder,
+                              Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    const unsigned char *q, *e, *aligned_end;
+    int bo = 0;       /* assume native ordering by default */
+    int native_ordering = 0;
+    const char *errmsg = "";
+    /* Offsets from q for retrieving byte pairs in the right order. */
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    int ihi = 1, ilo = 0;
+#else
+    int ihi = 0, ilo = 1;
+#endif
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    /* Note: size will always be longer than the resulting Unicode
+       character count */
+    unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return unicode;
+    outpos = 0;
+
+    q = (unsigned char *)s;
+    e = q + size - 1;
+
+    if (byteorder)
+        bo = *byteorder;
+
+    /* Check for BOM marks (U+FEFF) in the input and adjust current
+       byte order setting accordingly. In native mode, the leading BOM
+       mark is skipped, in all other modes, it is copied to the output
+       stream as-is (giving a ZWNBSP character). */
+    if (bo == 0) {
+        if (size >= 2) {
+            const Py_UCS4 bom = (q[ihi] << 8) | q[ilo];
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+            if (bom == 0xFEFF) {
+                q += 2;
+                bo = -1;
+            }
+            else if (bom == 0xFFFE) {
+                q += 2;
+                bo = 1;
+            }
+#else
+            if (bom == 0xFEFF) {
+                q += 2;
+                bo = 1;
+            }
+            else if (bom == 0xFFFE) {
+                q += 2;
+                bo = -1;
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (bo == -1) {
+        /* force LE */
+        ihi = 1;
+        ilo = 0;
+    }
+    else if (bo == 1) {
+        /* force BE */
+        ihi = 0;
+        ilo = 1;
+    }
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    native_ordering = ilo < ihi;
+#else
+    native_ordering = ilo > ihi;
+#endif
+
+    aligned_end = (const unsigned char *) ((size_t) e & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
+    while (q < e) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+        /* First check for possible aligned read of a C 'long'. Unaligned
+           reads are more expensive, better to defer to another iteration. */
+        if (!((size_t) q & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
+            /* Fast path for runs of non-surrogate chars. */
+            register const unsigned char *_q = q;
+            int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+            void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+            while (_q < aligned_end) {
+                unsigned long block = * (unsigned long *) _q;
+                unsigned short *pblock = (unsigned short*)&block;
+                Py_UCS4 maxch;
+                if (native_ordering) {
+                    /* Can use buffer directly */
+                    if (block & FAST_CHAR_MASK)
+                        break;
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* Need to byte-swap */
+                    unsigned char *_p = (unsigned char*)pblock;
+                    if (block & SWAPPED_FAST_CHAR_MASK)
+                        break;
+                    _p[0] = _q[1];
+                    _p[1] = _q[0];
+                    _p[2] = _q[3];
+                    _p[3] = _q[2];
+#if (SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
+                    _p[4] = _q[5];
+                    _p[5] = _q[4];
+                    _p[6] = _q[7];
+                    _p[7] = _q[6];
+#endif
+                }
+                maxch = Py_MAX(pblock[0], pblock[1]);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+                maxch = Py_MAX(maxch, Py_MAX(pblock[2], pblock[3]));
+#endif
+                if (maxch > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode)) {
+                    if (unicode_widen(&unicode, maxch) < 0)
+                        goto onError;
+                    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+                    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+                }
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, pblock[0]);
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, pblock[1]);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, pblock[2]);
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, pblock[3]);
+#endif
+                _q += SIZEOF_LONG;
+            }
+            q = _q;
+            if (q >= e)
+                break;
+        }
+        ch = (q[ihi] << 8) | q[ilo];
+
+        q += 2;
+
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(ch)) {
+            if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* UTF-16 code pair: */
+        if (q > e) {
+            errmsg = "unexpected end of data";
+            startinpos = (((const char *)q) - 2) - starts;
+            endinpos = ((const char *)e) + 1 - starts;
+            goto utf16Error;
+        }
+        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch)) {
+            Py_UCS4 ch2 = (q[ihi] << 8) | q[ilo];
+            q += 2;
+            if (Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(ch2)) {
+                if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos,
+                                    Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(ch, ch2)) < 0)
+                    goto onError;
+                continue;
+            }
+            else {
+                errmsg = "illegal UTF-16 surrogate";
+                startinpos = (((const char *)q)-4)-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos+2;
+                goto utf16Error;
+            }
+
+        }
+        errmsg = "illegal encoding";
+        startinpos = (((const char *)q)-2)-starts;
+        endinpos = startinpos+2;
+        /* Fall through to report the error */
+
+      utf16Error:
+        if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                errors,
+                &errorHandler,
+                "utf16", errmsg,
+                &starts,
+                (const char **)&e,
+                &startinpos,
+                &endinpos,
+                &exc,
+                (const char **)&q,
+                &unicode,
+                &outpos))
+            goto onError;
+    }
+    /* remaining byte at the end? (size should be even) */
+    if (e == q) {
+        if (!consumed) {
+            errmsg = "truncated data";
+            startinpos = ((const char *)q) - starts;
+            endinpos = ((const char *)e) + 1 - starts;
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors,
+                    &errorHandler,
+                    "utf16", errmsg,
+                    &starts,
+                    (const char **)&e,
+                    &startinpos,
+                    &endinpos,
+                    &exc,
+                    (const char **)&q,
+                    &unicode,
+                    &outpos))
+                goto onError;
+            /* The remaining input chars are ignored if the callback
+               chooses to skip the input */
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (byteorder)
+        *byteorder = bo;
+
+    if (consumed)
+        *consumed = (const char *)q-starts;
+
+    /* Adjust length */
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(unicode);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#undef FAST_CHAR_MASK
+#undef SWAPPED_FAST_CHAR_MASK
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(PyObject *str,
+                       const char *errors,
+                       int byteorder)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    PyObject *v;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    Py_ssize_t nsize, bytesize;
+    Py_ssize_t i, pairs;
+    /* Offsets from p for storing byte pairs in the right order. */
+#ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    int ihi = 1, ilo = 0;
+#else
+    int ihi = 0, ilo = 1;
+#endif
+
+#define STORECHAR(CH)                           \
+    do {                                        \
+        p[ihi] = ((CH) >> 8) & 0xff;            \
+        p[ilo] = (CH) & 0xff;                   \
+        p += 2;                                 \
+    } while(0)
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(str)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+
+    pairs = 0;
+    if (kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) >= 0x10000)
+                pairs++;
+    /* 2 * (len + pairs + (byteorder == 0)) */
+    if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - pairs - (byteorder == 0))
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    nsize = len + pairs + (byteorder == 0);
+    bytesize = nsize * 2;
+    if (bytesize / 2 != nsize)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bytesize);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    p = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
+    if (byteorder == 0)
+        STORECHAR(0xFEFF);
+    if (len == 0)
+        goto done;
+
+    if (byteorder == -1) {
+        /* force LE */
+        ihi = 1;
+        ilo = 0;
+    }
+    else if (byteorder == 1) {
+        /* force BE */
+        ihi = 0;
+        ilo = 1;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        Py_UCS4 ch2 = 0;
+        if (ch >= 0x10000) {
+            ch2 = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(ch);
+            ch  = Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch);
+        }
+        STORECHAR(ch);
+        if (ch2)
+            STORECHAR(ch2);
+    }
+
+  done:
+    return v;
+#undef STORECHAR
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors,
+                      int byteorder)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(tmp, errors, byteorder);
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(unicode, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+/* --- Unicode Escape Codec ----------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Helper function for PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape, determines
+   if all the escapes in the string make it still a valid ASCII string.
+   Returns -1 if any escapes were found which cause the string to
+   pop out of ASCII range.  Otherwise returns the length of the
+   required buffer to hold the string.
+   */
+static Py_ssize_t
+length_of_escaped_ascii_string(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)s;
+    const unsigned char *end = p + size;
+    Py_ssize_t length = 0;
+
+    if (size < 0)
+        return -1;
+
+    for (; p < end; ++p) {
+        if (*p > 127) {
+            /* Non-ASCII */
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else if (*p != '\\') {
+            /* Normal character */
+            ++length;
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Backslash-escape, check next char */
+            ++p;
+            /* Escape sequence reaches till end of string or
+               non-ASCII follow-up. */
+            if (p >= end || *p > 127)
+                return -1;
+            switch (*p) {
+            case '\n':
+                /* backslash + \n result in zero characters */
+                break;
+            case '\\': case '\'': case '\"':
+            case 'b': case 'f': case 't':
+            case 'n': case 'r': case 'v': case 'a':
+                ++length;
+                break;
+            case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+            case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+            case 'x': case 'u': case 'U': case 'N':
+                /* these do not guarantee ASCII characters */
+                return -1;
+            default:
+                /* count the backslash + the other character */
+                length += 2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return length;
+}
+
+static _PyUnicode_Name_CAPI *ucnhash_CAPI = NULL;
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(const char *s,
+                              Py_ssize_t size,
+                              const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    int j;
+    PyObject *v;
+    const char *end;
+    char* message;
+    Py_UCS4 chr = 0xffffffff; /* in case 'getcode' messes up */
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    len = length_of_escaped_ascii_string(s, size);
+
+    /* After length_of_escaped_ascii_string() there are two alternatives,
+       either the string is pure ASCII with named escapes like \n, etc.
+       and we determined it's exact size (common case)
+       or it contains \x, \u, ... escape sequences.  then we create a
+       legacy wchar string and resize it at the end of this function. */
+    if (len >= 0) {
+        v = PyUnicode_New(len, 127);
+        if (!v)
+            goto onError;
+        assert(PyUnicode_KIND(v) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Escaped strings will always be longer than the resulting
+           Unicode string, so we start with size here and then reduce the
+           length after conversion to the true value.
+           (but if the error callback returns a long replacement string
+           we'll have to allocate more space) */
+        v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+        if (!v)
+            goto onError;
+        len = size;
+    }
+
+    if (size == 0)
+        return v;
+    i = 0;
+    end = s + size;
+
+    while (s < end) {
+        unsigned char c;
+        Py_UCS4 x;
+        int digits;
+
+        /* The only case in which i == ascii_length is a backslash
+           followed by a newline. */
+        assert(i <= len);
+
+        /* Non-escape characters are interpreted as Unicode ordinals */
+        if (*s != '\\') {
+            if (unicode_putchar(&v, &i, (unsigned char) *s++) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        startinpos = s-starts;
+        /* \ - Escapes */
+        s++;
+        c = *s++;
+        if (s > end)
+            c = '\0'; /* Invalid after \ */
+
+        /* The only case in which i == ascii_length is a backslash
+           followed by a newline. */
+        assert(i < len || (i == len && c == '\n'));
+
+        switch (c) {
+
+            /* \x escapes */
+#define WRITECHAR(ch)                                   \
+            do {                                        \
+                if (unicode_putchar(&v, &i, ch) < 0)    \
+                    goto onError;                       \
+            }while(0)
+
+        case '\n': break;
+        case '\\': WRITECHAR('\\'); break;
+        case '\'': WRITECHAR('\''); break;
+        case '\"': WRITECHAR('\"'); break;
+        case 'b': WRITECHAR('\b'); break;
+        /* FF */
+        case 'f': WRITECHAR('\014'); break;
+        case 't': WRITECHAR('\t'); break;
+        case 'n': WRITECHAR('\n'); break;
+        case 'r': WRITECHAR('\r'); break;
+        /* VT */
+        case 'v': WRITECHAR('\013'); break;
+        /* BEL, not classic C */
+        case 'a': WRITECHAR('\007'); break;
+
+            /* \OOO (octal) escapes */
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+        case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+            x = s[-1] - '0';
+            if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
+                x = (x<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+                if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
+                    x = (x<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+            }
+            WRITECHAR(x);
+            break;
+
+            /* hex escapes */
+            /* \xXX */
+        case 'x':
+            digits = 2;
+            message = "truncated \\xXX escape";
+            goto hexescape;
+
+            /* \uXXXX */
+        case 'u':
+            digits = 4;
+            message = "truncated \\uXXXX escape";
+            goto hexescape;
+
+            /* \UXXXXXXXX */
+        case 'U':
+            digits = 8;
+            message = "truncated \\UXXXXXXXX escape";
+        hexescape:
+            chr = 0;
+            if (s+digits>end) {
+                endinpos = size;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "unicodeescape", "end of string in escape sequence",
+                        &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &i))
+                    goto onError;
+                goto nextByte;
+            }
+            for (j = 0; j < digits; ++j) {
+                c = (unsigned char) s[j];
+                if (!Py_ISXDIGIT(c)) {
+                    endinpos = (s+j+1)-starts;
+                    if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                            errors, &errorHandler,
+                            "unicodeescape", message,
+                            &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                            &v, &i))
+                        goto onError;
+                    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v);
+                    goto nextByte;
+                }
+                chr = (chr<<4) & ~0xF;
+                if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                    chr += c - '0';
+                else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+                    chr += 10 + c - 'a';
+                else
+                    chr += 10 + c - 'A';
+            }
+            s += j;
+            if (chr == 0xffffffff && PyErr_Occurred())
+                /* _decoding_error will have already written into the
+                   target buffer. */
+                break;
+        store:
+            /* when we get here, chr is a 32-bit unicode character */
+            if (chr <= MAX_UNICODE) {
+                WRITECHAR(chr);
+            } else {
+                endinpos = s-starts;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "unicodeescape", "illegal Unicode character",
+                        &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &i))
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+            break;
+
+            /* \N{name} */
+        case 'N':
+            message = "malformed \\N character escape";
+            if (ucnhash_CAPI == NULL) {
+                /* load the unicode data module */
+                ucnhash_CAPI = (_PyUnicode_Name_CAPI *)PyCapsule_Import(
+                                                PyUnicodeData_CAPSULE_NAME, 1);
+                if (ucnhash_CAPI == NULL)
+                    goto ucnhashError;
+            }
+            if (*s == '{') {
+                const char *start = s+1;
+                /* look for the closing brace */
+                while (*s != '}' && s < end)
+                    s++;
+                if (s > start && s < end && *s == '}') {
+                    /* found a name.  look it up in the unicode database */
+                    message = "unknown Unicode character name";
+                    s++;
+                    if (ucnhash_CAPI->getcode(NULL, start, (int)(s-start-1),
+                                              &chr, 0))
+                        goto store;
+                }
+            }
+            endinpos = s-starts;
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    "unicodeescape", message,
+                    &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                    &v, &i))
+                goto onError;
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            if (s > end) {
+                message = "\\ at end of string";
+                s--;
+                endinpos = s-starts;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "unicodeescape", message,
+                        &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &i))
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+            else {
+                WRITECHAR('\\');
+                WRITECHAR(s[-1]);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+      nextByte:
+        ;
+    }
+#undef WRITECHAR
+
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, i) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  ucnhashError:
+    PyErr_SetString(
+        PyExc_UnicodeError,
+        "\\N escapes not supported (can't load unicodedata module)"
+        );
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Return a Unicode-Escape string version of the Unicode object.
+
+   If quotes is true, the string is enclosed in u"" or u'' quotes as
+   appropriate.
+
+*/
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, len;
+    PyObject *repr;
+    char *p;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t expandsize = 0;
+
+    /* Initial allocation is based on the longest-possible unichr
+       escape.
+
+       In wide (UTF-32) builds '\U00xxxxxx' is 10 chars per source
+       unichr, so in this case it's the longest unichr escape. In
+       narrow (UTF-16) builds this is five chars per source unichr
+       since there are two unichrs in the surrogate pair, so in narrow
+       (UTF-16) builds it's not the longest unichr escape.
+
+       In wide or narrow builds '\uxxxx' is 6 chars per source unichr,
+       so in the narrow (UTF-16) build case it's the longest unichr
+       escape.
+    */
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 4; break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 6; break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 10; break;
+    }
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+
+    if (len > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 2 - 1) / expandsize)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    repr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
+                                     2
+                                     + expandsize*len
+                                     + 1);
+    if (repr == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        /* Escape backslashes */
+        if (ch == '\\') {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = (char) ch;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Map 21-bit characters to '\U00xxxxxx' */
+        else if (ch >= 0x10000) {
+            assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'U';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x0000000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x0000000F];
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
+        if (ch >= 256) {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'u';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0x000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0x000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F];
+        }
+
+        /* Map special whitespace to '\t', \n', '\r' */
+        else if (ch == '\t') {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 't';
+        }
+        else if (ch == '\n') {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'n';
+        }
+        else if (ch == '\r') {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'r';
+        }
+
+        /* Map non-printable US ASCII to '\xhh' */
+        else if (ch < ' ' || ch >= 0x7F) {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'x';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F];
+        }
+
+        /* Copy everything else as-is */
+        else
+            *p++ = (char) ch;
+    }
+
+    assert(p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr) > 0);
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&repr, p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr)) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return repr;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                              Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(tmp);
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* --- Raw Unicode Escape Codec ------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(const char *s,
+                                 Py_ssize_t size,
+                                 const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    PyObject *v;
+    const char *end;
+    const char *bs;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    /* Escaped strings will always be longer than the resulting
+       Unicode string, so we start with size here and then reduce the
+       length after conversion to the true value. (But decoding error
+       handler might have to resize the string) */
+    v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return v;
+    outpos = 0;
+    end = s + size;
+    while (s < end) {
+        unsigned char c;
+        Py_UCS4 x;
+        int i;
+        int count;
+
+        /* Non-escape characters are interpreted as Unicode ordinals */
+        if (*s != '\\') {
+            if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, (unsigned char)*s++) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            continue;
+        }
+        startinpos = s-starts;
+
+        /* \u-escapes are only interpreted iff the number of leading
+           backslashes if odd */
+        bs = s;
+        for (;s < end;) {
+            if (*s != '\\')
+                break;
+            if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, (unsigned char)*s++) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+        }
+        if (((s - bs) & 1) == 0 ||
+            s >= end ||
+            (*s != 'u' && *s != 'U')) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        outpos--;
+        count = *s=='u' ? 4 : 8;
+        s++;
+
+        /* \uXXXX with 4 hex digits, \Uxxxxxxxx with 8 */
+        for (x = 0, i = 0; i < count; ++i, ++s) {
+            c = (unsigned char)*s;
+            if (!Py_ISXDIGIT(c)) {
+                endinpos = s-starts;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "rawunicodeescape", "truncated \\uXXXX",
+                        &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &outpos))
+                    goto onError;
+                goto nextByte;
+            }
+            x = (x<<4) & ~0xF;
+            if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                x += c - '0';
+            else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+                x += 10 + c - 'a';
+            else
+                x += 10 + c - 'A';
+        }
+        if (x <= MAX_UNICODE) {
+            if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, x) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+        } else {
+            endinpos = s-starts;
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    "rawunicodeescape", "\\Uxxxxxxxx out of range",
+                    &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                    &v, &outpos))
+                goto onError;
+        }
+      nextByte:
+        ;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    PyObject *repr;
+    char *p;
+    char *q;
+    Py_ssize_t expandsize, pos;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    /* 4 byte characters can take up 10 bytes, 2 byte characters can take up 6
+       bytes, and 1 byte characters 4. */
+    expandsize = kind * 2 + 2;
+
+    if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / expandsize)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    repr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, expandsize * len);
+    if (repr == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (len == 0)
+        return repr;
+
+    p = q = PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr);
+    for (pos = 0; pos < len; pos++) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, pos);
+        /* Map 32-bit characters to '\Uxxxxxxxx' */
+        if (ch >= 0x10000) {
+            assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'U';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 15];
+        }
+        /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
+        else if (ch >= 256) {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'u';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 15];
+        }
+        /* Copy everything else as-is */
+        else
+            *p++ = (char) ch;
+    }
+
+    assert(p > q);
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&repr, p - q) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return repr;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeRawUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s,
+                                 Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(tmp);
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* --- Unicode Internal Codec ------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeInternal(const char *s,
+                                 Py_ssize_t size,
+                                 const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    PyObject *v;
+    const char *end;
+    const char *reason;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
+                     "unicode_internal codec has been deprecated",
+                     1))
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* XXX overflow detection missing */
+    v = PyUnicode_New((size+Py_UNICODE_SIZE-1)/ Py_UNICODE_SIZE, 127);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) == 0)
+        return v;
+    outpos = 0;
+    end = s + size;
+
+    while (s < end) {
+        Py_UNICODE uch;
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+        /* We copy the raw representation one byte at a time because the
+           pointer may be unaligned (see test_codeccallbacks). */
+        ((char *) &uch)[0] = s[0];
+        ((char *) &uch)[1] = s[1];
+#ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
+        ((char *) &uch)[2] = s[2];
+        ((char *) &uch)[3] = s[3];
+#endif
+        ch = uch;
+
+        /* We have to sanity check the raw data, otherwise doom looms for
+           some malformed UCS-4 data. */
+        if (
+#ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
+            ch > 0x10ffff ||
+#endif
+            end-s < Py_UNICODE_SIZE
+            )
+        {
+            startinpos = s - starts;
+            if (end-s < Py_UNICODE_SIZE) {
+                endinpos = end-starts;
+                reason = "truncated input";
+            }
+            else {
+                endinpos = s - starts + Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
+                reason = "illegal code point (> 0x10FFFF)";
+            }
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    "unicode_internal", reason,
+                    &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                    &v, &outpos))
+                goto onError;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        s += Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
+#ifndef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
+        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch) && s < end)
+        {
+            Py_UNICODE uch2;
+            ((char *) &uch2)[0] = s[0];
+            ((char *) &uch2)[1] = s[1];
+            if (Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(uch2))
+            {
+                ch = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(uch, uch2);
+                s += Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, ch) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* --- Latin-1 Codec ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(const char *s,
+                       Py_ssize_t size,
+                       const char *errors)
+{
+    /* Latin-1 is equivalent to the first 256 ordinals in Unicode. */
+    return _PyUnicode_FromUCS1((unsigned char*)s, size);
+}
+
+/* create or adjust a UnicodeEncodeError */
+static void
+make_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                      const char *encoding,
+                      PyObject *unicode,
+                      Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                      const char *reason)
+{
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
+        *exceptionObject = PyObject_CallFunction(
+            PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError, "sOnns",
+            encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
+            goto onError;
+        return;
+      onError:
+        Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
+        *exceptionObject = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/* raises a UnicodeEncodeError */
+static void
+raise_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                       const char *encoding,
+                       PyObject *unicode,
+                       Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                       const char *reason)
+{
+    make_encode_exception(exceptionObject,
+                          encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    if (*exceptionObject != NULL)
+        PyCodec_StrictErrors(*exceptionObject);
+}
+
+/* error handling callback helper:
+   build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
+   put the result into newpos and return the replacement string, which
+   has to be freed by the caller */
+static PyObject *
+unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
+                                 PyObject **errorHandler,
+                                 const char *encoding, const char *reason,
+                                 PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                                 Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                                 Py_ssize_t *newpos)
+{
+    static char *argparse = "On;encoding error handler must return (str/bytes, int) tuple";
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    PyObject *restuple;
+    PyObject *resunicode;
+
+    if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
+        *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
+        if (*errorHandler == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+    make_encode_exception(exceptionObject,
+                          encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(
+        *errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
+    if (restuple == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[3]);
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse,
+                          &resunicode, newpos)) {
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(resunicode) && !PyBytes_Check(resunicode)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[3]);
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (*newpos<0)
+        *newpos = len + *newpos;
+    if (*newpos<0 || *newpos>len) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", *newpos);
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(resunicode);
+    Py_DECREF(restuple);
+    return resunicode;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_encode_ucs1(PyObject *unicode,
+                    const char *errors,
+                    unsigned int limit)
+{
+    /* input state */
+    Py_ssize_t pos=0, size;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    /* output object */
+    PyObject *res;
+    /* pointer into the output */
+    char *str;
+    /* current output position */
+    Py_ssize_t ressize;
+    const char *encoding = (limit == 256) ? "latin-1" : "ascii";
+    const char *reason = (limit == 256) ? "ordinal not in range(256)" : "ordinal not in range(128)";
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
+     * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace, 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
+    int known_errorHandler = -1;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+    /* allocate enough for a simple encoding without
+       replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
+    if (size == 0)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+    res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
+    ressize = size;
+
+    while (pos < size) {
+        Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, pos);
+
+        /* can we encode this? */
+        if (c<limit) {
+            /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
+            *str++ = (char)c;
+            ++pos;
+        }
+        else {
+            Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
+            PyObject *repunicode;
+            Py_ssize_t repsize, newpos, respos, i;
+            /* startpos for collecting unencodable chars */
+            Py_ssize_t collstart = pos;
+            Py_ssize_t collend = pos;
+            /* find all unecodable characters */
+            while ((collend < size) && (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, collend)>=limit))
+                ++collend;
+            /* cache callback name lookup (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
+            if (known_errorHandler==-1) {
+                if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
+                    known_errorHandler = 1;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 2;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 3;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 4;
+                else
+                    known_errorHandler = 0;
+            }
+            switch (known_errorHandler) {
+            case 1: /* strict */
+                raise_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode, collstart, collend, reason);
+                goto onError;
+            case 2: /* replace */
+                while (collstart++<collend)
+                    *str++ = '?'; /* fall through */
+            case 3: /* ignore */
+                pos = collend;
+                break;
+            case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
+                respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
+                /* determine replacement size */
+                for (i = collstart, repsize = 0; i < collend; ++i) {
+                    Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+                    if (ch < 10)
+                        repsize += 2+1+1;
+                    else if (ch < 100)
+                        repsize += 2+2+1;
+                    else if (ch < 1000)
+                        repsize += 2+3+1;
+                    else if (ch < 10000)
+                        repsize += 2+4+1;
+                    else if (ch < 100000)
+                        repsize += 2+5+1;
+                    else if (ch < 1000000)
+                        repsize += 2+6+1;
+                    else {
+                        assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
+                        repsize += 2+7+1;
+                    }
+                }
+                requiredsize = respos+repsize+(size-collend);
+                if (requiredsize > ressize) {
+                    if (requiredsize<2*ressize)
+                        requiredsize = 2*ressize;
+                    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, requiredsize))
+                        goto onError;
+                    str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
+                    ressize = requiredsize;
+                }
+                /* generate replacement */
+                for (i = collstart; i < collend; ++i) {
+                    str += sprintf(str, "&#%d;", PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
+                }
+                pos = collend;
+                break;
+            default:
+                repunicode = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(errors, &errorHandler,
+                                                              encoding, reason, unicode, &exc,
+                                                              collstart, collend, &newpos);
+                if (repunicode == NULL || (PyUnicode_Check(repunicode) &&
+                                           PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) < 0))
+                    goto onError;
+                if (PyBytes_Check(repunicode)) {
+                    /* Directly copy bytes result to output. */
+                    repsize = PyBytes_Size(repunicode);
+                    if (repsize > 1) {
+                        /* Make room for all additional bytes. */
+                        respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
+                        if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, ressize+repsize-1)) {
+                            Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                            goto onError;
+                        }
+                        str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
+                        ressize += repsize-1;
+                    }
+                    memcpy(str, PyBytes_AsString(repunicode), repsize);
+                    str += repsize;
+                    pos = newpos;
+                    Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                    break;
+                }
+                /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
+                   have+the replacement+the rest of the string, so
+                   we won't have to check space for encodable characters) */
+                respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
+                repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
+                requiredsize = respos+repsize+(size-collend);
+                if (requiredsize > ressize) {
+                    if (requiredsize<2*ressize)
+                        requiredsize = 2*ressize;
+                    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, requiredsize)) {
+                        Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                        goto onError;
+                    }
+                    str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
+                    ressize = requiredsize;
+                }
+                /* check if there is anything unencodable in the replacement
+                   and copy it to the output */
+                for (i = 0; repsize-->0; ++i, ++str) {
+                    c = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(repunicode, i);
+                    if (c >= limit) {
+                        raise_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode,
+                                               pos, pos+1, reason);
+                        Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                        goto onError;
+                    }
+                    *str = (char)c;
+                }
+                pos = newpos;
+                Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* Resize if we allocated to much */
+    size = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
+    if (size < ressize) { /* If this falls res will be NULL */
+        assert(size >= 0);
+        if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, size) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return res;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Deprecated */
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeLatin1(const Py_UNICODE *p,
+                       Py_ssize_t size,
+                       const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    /* Fast path: if it is a one-byte string, construct
+       bytes object directly. */
+    if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+                                         PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
+    /* Non-Latin-1 characters present. Defer to above function to
+       raise the exception. */
+    return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+/* --- 7-bit ASCII Codec -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(const char *s,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    PyObject *v;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    const char *e;
+    int has_error;
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)s;
+    const unsigned char *end = p + size;
+    const unsigned char *aligned_end = (const unsigned char *) ((size_t) end & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    /* ASCII is equivalent to the first 128 ordinals in Unicode. */
+    if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)s[0] < 128)
+        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]);
+
+    has_error = 0;
+    while (p < end && !has_error) {
+        /* Fast path, see below in PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful for
+           an explanation. */
+        if (!((size_t) p & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
+            /* Help register allocation */
+            register const unsigned char *_p = p;
+            while (_p < aligned_end) {
+                unsigned long value = *(unsigned long *) _p;
+                if (value & ASCII_CHAR_MASK) {
+                    has_error = 1;
+                    break;
+                }
+                _p += SIZEOF_LONG;
+            }
+            if (_p == end)
+                break;
+            if (has_error)
+                break;
+            p = _p;
+        }
+        if (*p & 0x80) {
+            has_error = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        else {
+            ++p;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!has_error)
+        return unicode_fromascii((const unsigned char *)s, size);
+
+    v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return v;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(v);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(v);
+    outpos = 0;
+    e = s + size;
+    while (s < e) {
+        register unsigned char c = (unsigned char)*s;
+        if (c < 128) {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, c);
+            ++s;
+        }
+        else {
+            startinpos = s-starts;
+            endinpos = startinpos + 1;
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    "ascii", "ordinal not in range(128)",
+                    &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                    &v, &outpos))
+                goto onError;
+            kind = PyUnicode_KIND(v);
+            data = PyUnicode_DATA(v);
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
+    return v;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Deprecated */
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeASCII(const Py_UNICODE *p,
+                      Py_ssize_t size,
+                      const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 128);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    /* Fast path: if it is an ASCII-only string, construct bytes object
+       directly. Else defer to above function to raise the exception. */
+    if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) < 128)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+                                         PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
+    return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 128);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+
+/* --- MBCS codecs for Windows -------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+#define NEED_RETRY
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS
+#  define WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS 0x0080
+#endif
+
+static char*
+code_page_name(UINT code_page, PyObject **obj)
+{
+    *obj = NULL;
+    if (code_page == CP_ACP)
+        return "mbcs";
+    if (code_page == CP_UTF7)
+        return "CP_UTF7";
+    if (code_page == CP_UTF8)
+        return "CP_UTF8";
+
+    *obj = PyBytes_FromFormat("cp%u", code_page);
+    if (*obj == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    return PyBytes_AS_STRING(*obj);
+}
+
+static int
+is_dbcs_lead_byte(UINT code_page, const char *s, int offset)
+{
+    const char *curr = s + offset;
+    const char *prev;
+
+    if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *curr))
+        return 0;
+
+    prev = CharPrevExA(code_page, s, curr, 0);
+    if (prev == curr)
+        return 1;
+    /* FIXME: This code is limited to "true" double-byte encodings,
+       as it assumes an incomplete character consists of a single
+       byte. */
+    if (curr - prev == 2)
+        return 1;
+    if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *prev))
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static DWORD
+decode_code_page_flags(UINT code_page)
+{
+    if (code_page == CP_UTF7) {
+        /* The CP_UTF7 decoder only supports flags=0 */
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else
+        return MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode a byte string from a Windows code page into unicode object in strict
+ * mode.
+ *
+ * Returns consumed size if succeed, returns -2 on decode error, or raise a
+ * WindowsError and returns -1 on other error.
+ */
+static int
+decode_code_page_strict(UINT code_page,
+                        PyObject **v,
+                        const char *in,
+                        int insize)
+{
+    const DWORD flags = decode_code_page_flags(code_page);
+    wchar_t *out;
+    DWORD outsize;
+
+    /* First get the size of the result */
+    assert(insize > 0);
+    outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags, in, insize, NULL, 0);
+    if (outsize <= 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    if (*v == NULL) {
+        /* Create unicode object */
+        *v = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(outsize);
+        if (*v == NULL)
+            return -1;
+        out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Extend unicode object */
+        Py_ssize_t n = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(*v);
+        if (PyUnicode_Resize(v, n + outsize) < 0)
+            return -1;
+        out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + n;
+    }
+
+    /* Do the conversion */
+    outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags, in, insize, out, outsize);
+    if (outsize <= 0)
+        goto error;
+    return insize;
+
+error:
+    if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION)
+        return -2;
+    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode a byte string from a code page into unicode object with an error
+ * handler.
+ *
+ * Returns consumed size if succeed, or raise a WindowsError or
+ * UnicodeDecodeError exception and returns -1 on error.
+ */
+static int
+decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page,
+                        PyObject **v,
+                        const char *in, const int size,
+                        const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *startin = in;
+    const char *endin = in + size;
+    const DWORD flags = decode_code_page_flags(code_page);
+    /* Ideally, we should get reason from FormatMessage. This is the Windows
+       2000 English version of the message. */
+    const char *reason = "No mapping for the Unicode character exists "
+                         "in the target code page.";
+    /* each step cannot decode more than 1 character, but a character can be
+       represented as a surrogate pair */
+    wchar_t buffer[2], *startout, *out;
+    int insize, outsize;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    PyObject *encoding_obj = NULL;
+    char *encoding;
+    DWORD err;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    assert(size > 0);
+
+    encoding = code_page_name(code_page, &encoding_obj);
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        return -1;
+
+    if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
+        /* The last error was ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION, then we raise a
+           UnicodeDecodeError. */
+        make_decode_exception(&exc, encoding, in, size, 0, 0, reason);
+        if (exc != NULL) {
+            PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
+            Py_CLEAR(exc);
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (*v == NULL) {
+        /* Create unicode object */
+        if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / (Py_ssize_t)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        *v = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(size * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer));
+        if (*v == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        startout = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Extend unicode object */
+        Py_ssize_t n = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(*v);
+        if (size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - n) / (Py_ssize_t)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (PyUnicode_Resize(v, n + size * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) < 0)
+            goto error;
+        startout = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + n;
+    }
+
+    /* Decode the byte string character per character */
+    out = startout;
+    while (in < endin)
+    {
+        /* Decode a character */
+        insize = 1;
+        do
+        {
+            outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags,
+                                          in, insize,
+                                          buffer, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer));
+            if (outsize > 0)
+                break;
+            err = GetLastError();
+            if (err != ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION
+                && err != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
+            {
+                PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            insize++;
+        }
+        /* 4=maximum length of a UTF-8 sequence */
+        while (insize <= 4 && (in + insize) <= endin);
+
+        if (outsize <= 0) {
+            Py_ssize_t startinpos, endinpos, outpos;
+
+            startinpos = in - startin;
+            endinpos = startinpos + 1;
+            outpos = out - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
+            if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                    errors, &errorHandler,
+                    encoding, reason,
+                    &startin, &endin, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &in,
+                    v, &outpos))
+            {
+                goto error;
+            }
+            out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + outpos;
+        }
+        else {
+            in += insize;
+            memcpy(out, buffer, outsize * sizeof(wchar_t));
+            out += outsize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* write a NUL character at the end */
+    *out = 0;
+
+    /* Extend unicode object */
+    outsize = out - startout;
+    assert(outsize <= PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(*v));
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(v, outsize) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    ret = size;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+decode_code_page_stateful(int code_page,
+                          const char *s, Py_ssize_t size,
+                          const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    PyObject *v = NULL;
+    int chunk_size, final, converted, done;
+
+    if (code_page < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid code page number");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (consumed)
+        *consumed = 0;
+
+    do
+    {
+#ifdef NEED_RETRY
+        if (size > INT_MAX) {
+            chunk_size = INT_MAX;
+            final = 0;
+            done = 0;
+        }
+        else
+#endif
+        {
+            chunk_size = (int)size;
+            final = (consumed == NULL);
+            done = 1;
+        }
+
+        /* Skip trailing lead-byte unless 'final' is set */
+        if (!final && is_dbcs_lead_byte(code_page, s, chunk_size - 1))
+            --chunk_size;
+
+        if (chunk_size == 0 && done) {
+            if (v != NULL)
+                break;
+            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+            return unicode_empty;
+        }
+
+
+        converted = decode_code_page_strict(code_page, &v,
+                                            s, chunk_size);
+        if (converted == -2)
+            converted = decode_code_page_errors(code_page, &v,
+                                                s, chunk_size,
+                                                errors);
+        assert(converted != 0);
+
+        if (converted < 0) {
+            Py_XDECREF(v);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (consumed)
+            *consumed += converted;
+
+        s += converted;
+        size -= converted;
+    } while (!done);
+
+    return unicode_result(v);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeCodePageStateful(int code_page,
+                                 const char *s,
+                                 Py_ssize_t size,
+                                 const char *errors,
+                                 Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    return decode_code_page_stateful(code_page, s, size, errors, consumed);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(const char *s,
+                             Py_ssize_t size,
+                             const char *errors,
+                             Py_ssize_t *consumed)
+{
+    return decode_code_page_stateful(CP_ACP, s, size, errors, consumed);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(const char *s,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
+}
+
+static DWORD
+encode_code_page_flags(UINT code_page, const char *errors)
+{
+    if (code_page == CP_UTF8) {
+        if (winver.dwMajorVersion >= 6)
+            /* CP_UTF8 supports WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS on Windows Vista
+               and later */
+            return WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS;
+        else
+            /* CP_UTF8 only supports flags=0 on Windows older than Vista */
+            return 0;
+    }
+    else if (code_page == CP_UTF7) {
+        /* CP_UTF7 only supports flags=0 */
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (errors != NULL && strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0)
+            return 0;
+        else
+            return WC_NO_BEST_FIT_CHARS;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Encode a Unicode string to a Windows code page into a byte string in strict
+ * mode.
+ *
+ * Returns consumed characters if succeed, returns -2 on encode error, or raise
+ * a WindowsError and returns -1 on other error.
+ */
+static int
+encode_code_page_strict(UINT code_page, PyObject **outbytes,
+                        PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t offset, int len,
+                        const char* errors)
+{
+    BOOL usedDefaultChar = FALSE;
+    BOOL *pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
+    int outsize;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    wchar_t *p;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    const DWORD flags = encode_code_page_flags(code_page, NULL);
+    char *out;
+    /* Create a substring so that we can get the UTF-16 representation
+       of just the slice under consideration. */
+    PyObject *substring;
+
+    assert(len > 0);
+
+    if (code_page != CP_UTF8 && code_page != CP_UTF7)
+        pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
+    else
+        pusedDefaultChar = NULL;
+
+    substring = PyUnicode_Substring(unicode, offset, offset+len);
+    if (substring == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    p = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(substring, &size);
+    if (p == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(substring);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* First get the size of the result */
+    outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
+                                  p, size,
+                                  NULL, 0,
+                                  NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
+    if (outsize <= 0)
+        goto error;
+    /* If we used a default char, then we failed! */
+    if (pusedDefaultChar && *pusedDefaultChar) {
+        Py_DECREF(substring);
+        return -2;
+    }
+
+    if (*outbytes == NULL) {
+        /* Create string object */
+        *outbytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, outsize);
+        if (*outbytes == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(substring);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Extend string object */
+        const Py_ssize_t n = PyBytes_Size(*outbytes);
+        if (outsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - n) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            Py_DECREF(substring);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, n + outsize) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(substring);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + n;
+    }
+
+    /* Do the conversion */
+    outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
+                                  p, size,
+                                  out, outsize,
+                                  NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
+    Py_CLEAR(substring);
+    if (outsize <= 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (pusedDefaultChar && *pusedDefaultChar)
+        return -2;
+    return 0;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(substring);
+    if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION)
+        return -2;
+    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Encode a Unicode string to a Windows code page into a byte string using a
+ * error handler.
+ *
+ * Returns consumed characters if succeed, or raise a WindowsError and returns
+ * -1 on other error.
+ */
+static int
+encode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, PyObject **outbytes,
+                        PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t unicode_offset,
+                        Py_ssize_t insize, const char* errors)
+{
+    const DWORD flags = encode_code_page_flags(code_page, errors);
+    Py_ssize_t pos = unicode_offset;
+    Py_ssize_t endin = unicode_offset + insize;
+    /* Ideally, we should get reason from FormatMessage. This is the Windows
+       2000 English version of the message. */
+    const char *reason = "invalid character";
+    /* 4=maximum length of a UTF-8 sequence */
+    char buffer[4];
+    BOOL usedDefaultChar = FALSE, *pusedDefaultChar;
+    Py_ssize_t outsize;
+    char *out;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    PyObject *encoding_obj = NULL;
+    char *encoding;
+    Py_ssize_t newpos, newoutsize;
+    PyObject *rep;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    assert(insize > 0);
+
+    encoding = code_page_name(code_page, &encoding_obj);
+    if (encoding == NULL)
+        return -1;
+
+    if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
+        /* The last error was ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION,
+           then we raise a UnicodeEncodeError. */
+        make_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode, 0, 0, reason);
+        if (exc != NULL) {
+            PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
+            Py_DECREF(exc);
+        }
+        Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (code_page != CP_UTF8 && code_page != CP_UTF7)
+        pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
+    else
+        pusedDefaultChar = NULL;
+
+    if (Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / insize) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    outsize = insize * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer);
+
+    if (*outbytes == NULL) {
+        /* Create string object */
+        *outbytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, outsize);
+        if (*outbytes == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Extend string object */
+        Py_ssize_t n = PyBytes_Size(*outbytes);
+        if (n > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - outsize) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, n + outsize) < 0)
+            goto error;
+        out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + n;
+    }
+
+    /* Encode the string character per character */
+    while (pos < endin)
+    {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, pos);
+        wchar_t chars[2];
+        int charsize;
+        if (ch < 0x10000) {
+            chars[0] = (wchar_t)ch;
+            charsize = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            ch -= 0x10000;
+            chars[0] = 0xd800 + (ch >> 10);
+            chars[1] = 0xdc00 + (ch & 0x3ff);
+            charsize = 2;
+        }
+
+        outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
+                                      chars, charsize,
+                                      buffer, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer),
+                                      NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
+        if (outsize > 0) {
+            if (pusedDefaultChar == NULL || !(*pusedDefaultChar))
+            {
+                pos++;
+                memcpy(out, buffer, outsize);
+                out += outsize;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION) {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        rep = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(
+                  errors, &errorHandler, encoding, reason,
+                  unicode, &exc,
+                  pos, pos + 1, &newpos);
+        if (rep == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        pos = newpos;
+
+        if (PyBytes_Check(rep)) {
+            outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rep);
+            if (outsize != 1) {
+                Py_ssize_t offset = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
+                newoutsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes) + (outsize - 1);
+                if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, newoutsize) < 0) {
+                    Py_DECREF(rep);
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + offset;
+            }
+            memcpy(out, PyBytes_AS_STRING(rep), outsize);
+            out += outsize;
+        }
+        else {
+            Py_ssize_t i;
+            enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
+            void *data;
+
+            if (PyUnicode_READY(rep) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(rep);
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            outsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(rep);
+            if (outsize != 1) {
+                Py_ssize_t offset = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
+                newoutsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes) + (outsize - 1);
+                if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, newoutsize) < 0) {
+                    Py_DECREF(rep);
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + offset;
+            }
+            kind = PyUnicode_KIND(rep);
+            data = PyUnicode_DATA(rep);
+            for (i=0; i < outsize; i++) {
+                Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+                if (ch > 127) {
+                    raise_encode_exception(&exc,
+                        encoding, unicode,
+                        pos, pos + 1,
+                        "unable to encode error handler result to ASCII");
+                    Py_DECREF(rep);
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                *out = (unsigned char)ch;
+                out++;
+            }
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(rep);
+    }
+    /* write a NUL byte */
+    *out = 0;
+    outsize = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
+    assert(outsize <= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes));
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, outsize) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    ret = 0;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+encode_code_page(int code_page,
+                 PyObject *unicode,
+                 const char *errors)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    PyObject *outbytes = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t offset;
+    int chunk_len, ret, done;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+    if (code_page < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid code page number");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+
+    offset = 0;
+    do
+    {
+#ifdef NEED_RETRY
+        /* UTF-16 encoding may double the size, so use only INT_MAX/2
+           chunks. */
+        if (len > INT_MAX/2) {
+            chunk_len = INT_MAX/2;
+            done = 0;
+        }
+        else
+#endif
+        {
+            chunk_len = (int)len;
+            done = 1;
+        }
+
+        ret = encode_code_page_strict(code_page, &outbytes,
+                                      unicode, offset, chunk_len,
+                                      errors);
+        if (ret == -2)
+            ret = encode_code_page_errors(code_page, &outbytes,
+                                          unicode, offset,
+                                          chunk_len, errors);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            Py_XDECREF(outbytes);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        offset += chunk_len;
+        len -= chunk_len;
+    } while (!done);
+
+    return outbytes;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS(const Py_UNICODE *p,
+                     Py_ssize_t size,
+                     const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode, *res;
+    unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    res = encode_code_page(CP_ACP, unicode, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(int code_page,
+                         PyObject *unicode,
+                         const char *errors)
+{
+    return encode_code_page(code_page, unicode, errors);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsMBCSString(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, NULL);
+}
+
+#undef NEED_RETRY
+
+#endif /* HAVE_MBCS */
+
+/* --- Character Mapping Codec -------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap(const char *s,
+                        Py_ssize_t size,
+                        PyObject *mapping,
+                        const char *errors)
+{
+    const char *starts = s;
+    Py_ssize_t startinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t endinpos;
+    Py_ssize_t outpos;
+    const char *e;
+    PyObject *v;
+    Py_ssize_t extrachars = 0;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+
+    /* Default to Latin-1 */
+    if (mapping == NULL)
+        return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s, size, errors);
+
+    v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return v;
+    outpos = 0;
+    e = s + size;
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(mapping)) {
+        Py_ssize_t maplen;
+        enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
+        void *data;
+        Py_UCS4 x;
+
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(mapping) < 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        maplen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(mapping);
+        data = PyUnicode_DATA(mapping);
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(mapping);
+        while (s < e) {
+            unsigned char ch = *s;
+
+            if (ch < maplen)
+                x = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, ch);
+            else
+                x = 0xfffe; /* invalid value */
+
+            if (x == 0xfffe)
+            {
+                /* undefined mapping */
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos+1;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "charmap", "character maps to <undefined>",
+                        &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &outpos)) {
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, x) < 0)
+                goto onError;
+            ++s;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (s < e) {
+            unsigned char ch = *s;
+            PyObject *w, *x;
+
+            /* Get mapping (char ordinal -> integer, Unicode char or None) */
+            w = PyLong_FromLong((long)ch);
+            if (w == NULL)
+                goto onError;
+            x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
+            Py_DECREF(w);
+            if (x == NULL) {
+                if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
+                    /* No mapping found means: mapping is undefined. */
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                    x = Py_None;
+                    Py_INCREF(x);
+                } else
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+
+            /* Apply mapping */
+            if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
+                long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
+                if (value < 0 || value > 65535) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "character mapping must be in range(65536)");
+                    Py_DECREF(x);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, value) < 0)
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+            else if (x == Py_None) {
+                /* undefined mapping */
+                startinpos = s-starts;
+                endinpos = startinpos+1;
+                if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
+                        errors, &errorHandler,
+                        "charmap", "character maps to <undefined>",
+                        &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
+                        &v, &outpos)) {
+                    Py_DECREF(x);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                Py_DECREF(x);
+                continue;
+            }
+            else if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+                Py_ssize_t targetsize;
+
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(x) < 0)
+                    goto onError;
+                targetsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x);
+
+                if (targetsize == 1) {
+                    /* 1-1 mapping */
+                    if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos,
+                                        PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(x, 0)) < 0)
+                        goto onError;
+                }
+                else if (targetsize > 1) {
+                    /* 1-n mapping */
+                    if (targetsize > extrachars) {
+                        /* resize first */
+                        Py_ssize_t needed = (targetsize - extrachars) + \
+                            (targetsize << 2);
+                        extrachars += needed;
+                        /* XXX overflow detection missing */
+                        if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v,
+                                             PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + needed) < 0) {
+                            Py_DECREF(x);
+                            goto onError;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (unicode_widen(&v, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(x)) < 0)
+                        goto onError;
+                    PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(v, outpos, x, 0, targetsize);
+                    outpos += targetsize;
+                    extrachars -= targetsize;
+                }
+                /* 1-0 mapping: skip the character */
+            }
+            else {
+                /* wrong return value */
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                "character mapping must return integer, None or str");
+                Py_DECREF(x);
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(x);
+            ++s;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
+        goto onError;
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return unicode_result(v);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Charmap encoding: the lookup table */
+
+struct encoding_map {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    unsigned char level1[32];
+    int count2, count3;
+    unsigned char level23[1];
+};
+
+static PyObject*
+encoding_map_size(PyObject *obj, PyObject* args)
+{
+    struct encoding_map *map = (struct encoding_map*)obj;
+    return PyLong_FromLong(sizeof(*map) - 1 + 16*map->count2 +
+                           128*map->count3);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef encoding_map_methods[] = {
+    {"size", encoding_map_size, METH_NOARGS,
+     PyDoc_STR("Return the size (in bytes) of this object") },
+    { 0 }
+};
+
+static void
+encoding_map_dealloc(PyObject* o)
+{
+    PyObject_FREE(o);
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject EncodingMapType = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    "EncodingMap",          /*tp_name*/
+    sizeof(struct encoding_map),   /*tp_basicsize*/
+    0,                      /*tp_itemsize*/
+    /* methods */
+    encoding_map_dealloc,   /*tp_dealloc*/
+    0,                      /*tp_print*/
+    0,                      /*tp_getattr*/
+    0,                      /*tp_setattr*/
+    0,                      /*tp_reserved*/
+    0,                      /*tp_repr*/
+    0,                      /*tp_as_number*/
+    0,                      /*tp_as_sequence*/
+    0,                      /*tp_as_mapping*/
+    0,                      /*tp_hash*/
+    0,                      /*tp_call*/
+    0,                      /*tp_str*/
+    0,                      /*tp_getattro*/
+    0,                      /*tp_setattro*/
+    0,                      /*tp_as_buffer*/
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,     /*tp_flags*/
+    0,                      /*tp_doc*/
+    0,                      /*tp_traverse*/
+    0,                      /*tp_clear*/
+    0,                      /*tp_richcompare*/
+    0,                      /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+    0,                      /*tp_iter*/
+    0,                      /*tp_iternext*/
+    encoding_map_methods,   /*tp_methods*/
+    0,                      /*tp_members*/
+    0,                      /*tp_getset*/
+    0,                      /*tp_base*/
+    0,                      /*tp_dict*/
+    0,                      /*tp_descr_get*/
+    0,                      /*tp_descr_set*/
+    0,                      /*tp_dictoffset*/
+    0,                      /*tp_init*/
+    0,                      /*tp_alloc*/
+    0,                      /*tp_new*/
+    0,                      /*tp_free*/
+    0,                      /*tp_is_gc*/
+};
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap(PyObject* string)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    struct encoding_map *mresult;
+    int i;
+    int need_dict = 0;
+    unsigned char level1[32];
+    unsigned char level2[512];
+    unsigned char *mlevel1, *mlevel2, *mlevel3;
+    int count2 = 0, count3 = 0;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_UCS4 ch;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(string) || PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 256) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
+    memset(level1, 0xFF, sizeof level1);
+    memset(level2, 0xFF, sizeof level2);
+
+    /* If there isn't a one-to-one mapping of NULL to \0,
+       or if there are non-BMP characters, we need to use
+       a mapping dictionary. */
+    if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0) != 0)
+        need_dict = 1;
+    for (i = 1; i < 256; i++) {
+        int l1, l2;
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        if (ch == 0 || ch > 0xFFFF) {
+            need_dict = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (ch == 0xFFFE)
+            /* unmapped character */
+            continue;
+        l1 = ch >> 11;
+        l2 = ch >> 7;
+        if (level1[l1] == 0xFF)
+            level1[l1] = count2++;
+        if (level2[l2] == 0xFF)
+            level2[l2] = count3++;
+    }
+
+    if (count2 >= 0xFF || count3 >= 0xFF)
+        need_dict = 1;
+
+    if (need_dict) {
+        PyObject *result = PyDict_New();
+        PyObject *key, *value;
+        if (!result)
+            return NULL;
+        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+            key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
+            value = PyLong_FromLong(i);
+            if (!key || !value)
+                goto failed1;
+            if (PyDict_SetItem(result, key, value) == -1)
+                goto failed1;
+            Py_DECREF(key);
+            Py_DECREF(value);
+        }
+        return result;
+      failed1:
+        Py_XDECREF(key);
+        Py_XDECREF(value);
+        Py_DECREF(result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Create a three-level trie */
+    result = PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(struct encoding_map) +
+                             16*count2 + 128*count3 - 1);
+    if (!result)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    PyObject_Init(result, &EncodingMapType);
+    mresult = (struct encoding_map*)result;
+    mresult->count2 = count2;
+    mresult->count3 = count3;
+    mlevel1 = mresult->level1;
+    mlevel2 = mresult->level23;
+    mlevel3 = mresult->level23 + 16*count2;
+    memcpy(mlevel1, level1, 32);
+    memset(mlevel2, 0xFF, 16*count2);
+    memset(mlevel3, 0, 128*count3);
+    count3 = 0;
+    for (i = 1; i < 256; i++) {
+        int o1, o2, o3, i2, i3;
+        if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) == 0xFFFE)
+            /* unmapped character */
+            continue;
+        o1 = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)>>11;
+        o2 = (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)>>7) & 0xF;
+        i2 = 16*mlevel1[o1] + o2;
+        if (mlevel2[i2] == 0xFF)
+            mlevel2[i2] = count3++;
+        o3 = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) & 0x7F;
+        i3 = 128*mlevel2[i2] + o3;
+        mlevel3[i3] = i;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int
+encoding_map_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping)
+{
+    struct encoding_map *map = (struct encoding_map*)mapping;
+    int l1 = c>>11;
+    int l2 = (c>>7) & 0xF;
+    int l3 = c & 0x7F;
+    int i;
+
+    if (c > 0xFFFF)
+        return -1;
+    if (c == 0)
+        return 0;
+    /* level 1*/
+    i = map->level1[l1];
+    if (i == 0xFF) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    /* level 2*/
+    i = map->level23[16*i+l2];
+    if (i == 0xFF) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    /* level 3 */
+    i = map->level23[16*map->count2 + 128*i + l3];
+    if (i == 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+/* Lookup the character ch in the mapping. If the character
+   can't be found, Py_None is returned (or NULL, if another
+   error occurred). */
+static PyObject *
+charmapencode_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping)
+{
+    PyObject *w = PyLong_FromLong((long)c);
+    PyObject *x;
+
+    if (w == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
+    Py_DECREF(w);
+    if (x == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
+            /* No mapping found means: mapping is undefined. */
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            x = Py_None;
+            Py_INCREF(x);
+            return x;
+        } else
+            return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (x == Py_None)
+        return x;
+    else if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
+        long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (value < 0 || value > 255) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "character mapping must be in range(256)");
+            Py_DECREF(x);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return x;
+    }
+    else if (PyBytes_Check(x))
+        return x;
+    else {
+        /* wrong return value */
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "character mapping must return integer, bytes or None, not %.400s",
+                     x->ob_type->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(x);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+charmapencode_resize(PyObject **outobj, Py_ssize_t *outpos, Py_ssize_t requiredsize)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outobj);
+    /* exponentially overallocate to minimize reallocations */
+    if (requiredsize < 2*outsize)
+        requiredsize = 2*outsize;
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(outobj, requiredsize))
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef enum charmapencode_result {
+    enc_SUCCESS, enc_FAILED, enc_EXCEPTION
+} charmapencode_result;
+/* lookup the character, put the result in the output string and adjust
+   various state variables. Resize the output bytes object if not enough
+   space is available. Return a new reference to the object that
+   was put in the output buffer, or Py_None, if the mapping was undefined
+   (in which case no character was written) or NULL, if a
+   reallocation error occurred. The caller must decref the result */
+static charmapencode_result
+charmapencode_output(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping,
+                     PyObject **outobj, Py_ssize_t *outpos)
+{
+    PyObject *rep;
+    char *outstart;
+    Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outobj);
+
+    if (Py_TYPE(mapping) == &EncodingMapType) {
+        int res = encoding_map_lookup(c, mapping);
+        Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+1;
+        if (res == -1)
+            return enc_FAILED;
+        if (outsize<requiredsize)
+            if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize))
+                return enc_EXCEPTION;
+        outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
+        outstart[(*outpos)++] = (char)res;
+        return enc_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    rep = charmapencode_lookup(c, mapping);
+    if (rep==NULL)
+        return enc_EXCEPTION;
+    else if (rep==Py_None) {
+        Py_DECREF(rep);
+        return enc_FAILED;
+    } else {
+        if (PyLong_Check(rep)) {
+            Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+1;
+            if (outsize<requiredsize)
+                if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize)) {
+                    Py_DECREF(rep);
+                    return enc_EXCEPTION;
+                }
+            outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
+            outstart[(*outpos)++] = (char)PyLong_AS_LONG(rep);
+        }
+        else {
+            const char *repchars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rep);
+            Py_ssize_t repsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rep);
+            Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+repsize;
+            if (outsize<requiredsize)
+                if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize)) {
+                    Py_DECREF(rep);
+                    return enc_EXCEPTION;
+                }
+            outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
+            memcpy(outstart + *outpos, repchars, repsize);
+            *outpos += repsize;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(rep);
+    return enc_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* handle an error in PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap
+   Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
+static int
+charmap_encoding_error(
+    PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *inpos, PyObject *mapping,
+    PyObject **exceptionObject,
+    int *known_errorHandler, PyObject **errorHandler, const char *errors,
+    PyObject **res, Py_ssize_t *respos)
+{
+    PyObject *repunicode = NULL; /* initialize to prevent gcc warning */
+    Py_ssize_t size, repsize;
+    Py_ssize_t newpos;
+    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t index;
+    /* startpos for collecting unencodable chars */
+    Py_ssize_t collstartpos = *inpos;
+    Py_ssize_t collendpos = *inpos+1;
+    Py_ssize_t collpos;
+    char *encoding = "charmap";
+    char *reason = "character maps to <undefined>";
+    charmapencode_result x;
+    Py_UCS4 ch;
+    int val;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return -1;
+    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    /* find all unencodable characters */
+    while (collendpos < size) {
+        PyObject *rep;
+        if (Py_TYPE(mapping) == &EncodingMapType) {
+            ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collendpos);
+            val = encoding_map_lookup(ch, mapping);
+            if (val != -1)
+                break;
+            ++collendpos;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collendpos);
+        rep = charmapencode_lookup(ch, mapping);
+        if (rep==NULL)
+            return -1;
+        else if (rep!=Py_None) {
+            Py_DECREF(rep);
+            break;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(rep);
+        ++collendpos;
+    }
+    /* cache callback name lookup
+     * (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
+    if (*known_errorHandler==-1) {
+        if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
+            *known_errorHandler = 1;
+        else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
+            *known_errorHandler = 2;
+        else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
+            *known_errorHandler = 3;
+        else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
+            *known_errorHandler = 4;
+        else
+            *known_errorHandler = 0;
+    }
+    switch (*known_errorHandler) {
+    case 1: /* strict */
+        raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
+        return -1;
+    case 2: /* replace */
+        for (collpos = collstartpos; collpos<collendpos; ++collpos) {
+            x = charmapencode_output('?', mapping, res, respos);
+            if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
+                raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+        /* fall through */
+    case 3: /* ignore */
+        *inpos = collendpos;
+        break;
+    case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
+        /* generate replacement (temporarily (mis)uses p) */
+        for (collpos = collstartpos; collpos < collendpos; ++collpos) {
+            char buffer[2+29+1+1];
+            char *cp;
+            sprintf(buffer, "&#%d;", (int)PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collpos));
+            for (cp = buffer; *cp; ++cp) {
+                x = charmapencode_output(*cp, mapping, res, respos);
+                if (x==enc_EXCEPTION)
+                    return -1;
+                else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
+                    raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *inpos = collendpos;
+        break;
+    default:
+        repunicode = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(errors, errorHandler,
+                                                      encoding, reason, unicode, exceptionObject,
+                                                      collstartpos, collendpos, &newpos);
+        if (repunicode == NULL)
+            return -1;
+        if (PyBytes_Check(repunicode)) {
+            /* Directly copy bytes result to output. */
+            Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_Size(*res);
+            Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
+            repsize = PyBytes_Size(repunicode);
+            requiredsize = *respos + repsize;
+            if (requiredsize > outsize)
+                /* Make room for all additional bytes. */
+                if (charmapencode_resize(res, respos, requiredsize)) {
+                    Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            memcpy(PyBytes_AsString(*res) + *respos,
+                   PyBytes_AsString(repunicode),  repsize);
+            *respos += repsize;
+            *inpos = newpos;
+            Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+            break;
+        }
+        /* generate replacement  */
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
+        data = PyUnicode_DATA(repunicode);
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(repunicode);
+        for (index = 0; index < repsize; index++) {
+            Py_UCS4 repch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, index);
+            x = charmapencode_output(repch, mapping, res, respos);
+            if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) {
+                Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
+                Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+        *inpos = newpos;
+        Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(PyObject *unicode,
+                         PyObject *mapping,
+                         const char *errors)
+{
+    /* output object */
+    PyObject *res = NULL;
+    /* current input position */
+    Py_ssize_t inpos = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    /* current output position */
+    Py_ssize_t respos = 0;
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
+     * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace,
+     * 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
+    int known_errorHandler = -1;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+    /* Default to Latin-1 */
+    if (mapping == NULL)
+        return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
+
+    /* allocate enough for a simple encoding without
+       replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
+    res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (size == 0)
+        return res;
+
+    while (inpos<size) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, inpos);
+        /* try to encode it */
+        charmapencode_result x = charmapencode_output(ch, mapping, &res, &respos);
+        if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) /* error */
+            goto onError;
+        if (x==enc_FAILED) { /* unencodable character */
+            if (charmap_encoding_error(unicode, &inpos, mapping,
+                                       &exc,
+                                       &known_errorHandler, &errorHandler, errors,
+                                       &res, &respos)) {
+                goto onError;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            /* done with this character => adjust input position */
+            ++inpos;
+    }
+
+    /* Resize if we allocated to much */
+    if (respos<PyBytes_GET_SIZE(res))
+        if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, respos) < 0)
+            goto onError;
+
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    return res;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Deprecated */
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *p,
+                        Py_ssize_t size,
+                        PyObject *mapping,
+                        const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = _PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(unicode, mapping, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_AsCharmapString(PyObject *unicode,
+                          PyObject *mapping)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || mapping == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return _PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(unicode, mapping, NULL);
+}
+
+/* create or adjust a UnicodeTranslateError */
+static void
+make_translate_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                         PyObject *unicode,
+                         Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                         const char *reason)
+{
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
+        *exceptionObject = _PyUnicodeTranslateError_Create(
+            unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
+            goto onError;
+        if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
+            goto onError;
+        return;
+      onError:
+        Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
+        *exceptionObject = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/* raises a UnicodeTranslateError */
+static void
+raise_translate_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                          PyObject *unicode,
+                          Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                          const char *reason)
+{
+    make_translate_exception(exceptionObject,
+                             unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    if (*exceptionObject != NULL)
+        PyCodec_StrictErrors(*exceptionObject);
+}
+
+/* error handling callback helper:
+   build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
+   put the result into newpos and return the replacement string, which
+   has to be freed by the caller */
+static PyObject *
+unicode_translate_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
+                                    PyObject **errorHandler,
+                                    const char *reason,
+                                    PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
+                                    Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
+                                    Py_ssize_t *newpos)
+{
+    static char *argparse = "O!n;translating error handler must return (str, int) tuple";
+
+    Py_ssize_t i_newpos;
+    PyObject *restuple;
+    PyObject *resunicode;
+
+    if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
+        *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
+        if (*errorHandler == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+    }
+
+    make_translate_exception(exceptionObject,
+                             unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
+    if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(
+        *errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
+    if (restuple == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[4]);
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse, &PyUnicode_Type,
+                          &resunicode, &i_newpos)) {
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (i_newpos<0)
+        *newpos = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)+i_newpos;
+    else
+        *newpos = i_newpos;
+    if (*newpos<0 || *newpos>PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", *newpos);
+        Py_DECREF(restuple);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(resunicode);
+    Py_DECREF(restuple);
+    return resunicode;
+}
+
+/* Lookup the character ch in the mapping and put the result in result,
+   which must be decrefed by the caller.
+   Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
+static int
+charmaptranslate_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping, PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *w = PyLong_FromLong((long)c);
+    PyObject *x;
+
+    if (w == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
+    Py_DECREF(w);
+    if (x == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
+            /* No mapping found means: use 1:1 mapping. */
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            *result = NULL;
+            return 0;
+        } else
+            return -1;
+    }
+    else if (x == Py_None) {
+        *result = x;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
+        long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
+        long max = PyUnicode_GetMax();
+        if (value < 0 || value > max) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "character mapping must be in range(0x%x)", max+1);
+            Py_DECREF(x);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        *result = x;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+        *result = x;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* wrong return value */
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "character mapping must return integer, None or str");
+        Py_DECREF(x);
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+/* ensure that *outobj is at least requiredsize characters long,
+   if not reallocate and adjust various state variables.
+   Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
+static int
+charmaptranslate_makespace(Py_UCS4 **outobj, Py_ssize_t *psize,
+                               Py_ssize_t requiredsize)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t oldsize = *psize;
+    if (requiredsize > oldsize) {
+        /* exponentially overallocate to minimize reallocations */
+        if (requiredsize < 2 * oldsize)
+            requiredsize = 2 * oldsize;
+        *outobj = PyMem_Realloc(*outobj, requiredsize * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
+        if (*outobj == 0)
+            return -1;
+        *psize = requiredsize;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+/* lookup the character, put the result in the output string and adjust
+   various state variables. Return a new reference to the object that
+   was put in the output buffer in *result, or Py_None, if the mapping was
+   undefined (in which case no character was written).
+   The called must decref result.
+   Return 0 on success, -1 on error. */
+static int
+charmaptranslate_output(PyObject *input, Py_ssize_t ipos,
+                        PyObject *mapping, Py_UCS4 **output,
+                        Py_ssize_t *osize, Py_ssize_t *opos,
+                        PyObject **res)
+{
+    Py_UCS4 curinp = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(input, ipos);
+    if (charmaptranslate_lookup(curinp, mapping, res))
+        return -1;
+    if (*res==NULL) {
+        /* not found => default to 1:1 mapping */
+        (*output)[(*opos)++] = curinp;
+    }
+    else if (*res==Py_None)
+        ;
+    else if (PyLong_Check(*res)) {
+        /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
+        (*output)[(*opos)++] = (Py_UCS4)PyLong_AS_LONG(*res);
+    }
+    else if (PyUnicode_Check(*res)) {
+        Py_ssize_t repsize;
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(*res) == -1)
+            return -1;
+        repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*res);
+        if (repsize==1) {
+            /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
+            (*output)[(*opos)++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(*res, 0);
+        }
+        else if (repsize!=0) {
+            /* more than one character */
+            Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *opos +
+                (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input) - ipos) +
+                repsize - 1;
+            Py_ssize_t i;
+            if (charmaptranslate_makespace(output, osize, requiredsize))
+                return -1;
+            for(i = 0; i < repsize; i++)
+                (*output)[(*opos)++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(*res, i);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(PyObject *input,
+                            PyObject *mapping,
+                            const char *errors)
+{
+    /* input object */
+    char *idata;
+    Py_ssize_t size, i;
+    int kind;
+    /* output buffer */
+    Py_UCS4 *output = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t osize;
+    PyObject *res;
+    /* current output position */
+    Py_ssize_t opos;
+    char *reason = "character maps to <undefined>";
+    PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
+    PyObject *exc = NULL;
+    /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
+     * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace,
+     * 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
+    int known_errorHandler = -1;
+
+    if (mapping == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(input) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    idata = (char*)PyUnicode_DATA(input);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(input);
+    size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input);
+    i = 0;
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        Py_INCREF(input);
+        return input;
+    }
+
+    /* allocate enough for a simple 1:1 translation without
+       replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
+    osize = size;
+    output = PyMem_Malloc(osize * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
+    opos = 0;
+    if (output == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    while (i<size) {
+        /* try to encode it */
+        PyObject *x = NULL;
+        if (charmaptranslate_output(input, i, mapping,
+                                    &output, &osize, &opos, &x)) {
+            Py_XDECREF(x);
+            goto onError;
+        }
+        Py_XDECREF(x);
+        if (x!=Py_None) /* it worked => adjust input pointer */
+            ++i;
+        else { /* untranslatable character */
+            PyObject *repunicode = NULL; /* initialize to prevent gcc warning */
+            Py_ssize_t repsize;
+            Py_ssize_t newpos;
+            Py_ssize_t uni2;
+            /* startpos for collecting untranslatable chars */
+            Py_ssize_t collstart = i;
+            Py_ssize_t collend = i+1;
+            Py_ssize_t coll;
+
+            /* find all untranslatable characters */
+            while (collend < size) {
+                if (charmaptranslate_lookup(PyUnicode_READ(kind,idata, collend), mapping, &x))
+                    goto onError;
+                Py_XDECREF(x);
+                if (x!=Py_None)
+                    break;
+                ++collend;
+            }
+            /* cache callback name lookup
+             * (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
+            if (known_errorHandler==-1) {
+                if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
+                    known_errorHandler = 1;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 2;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 3;
+                else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
+                    known_errorHandler = 4;
+                else
+                    known_errorHandler = 0;
+            }
+            switch (known_errorHandler) {
+            case 1: /* strict */
+                raise_translate_exception(&exc, input, collstart,
+                                          collend, reason);
+                goto onError;
+            case 2: /* replace */
+                /* No need to check for space, this is a 1:1 replacement */
+                for (coll = collstart; coll<collend; coll++)
+                    output[opos++] = '?';
+                /* fall through */
+            case 3: /* ignore */
+                i = collend;
+                break;
+            case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
+                /* generate replacement (temporarily (mis)uses i) */
+                for (i = collstart; i < collend; ++i) {
+                    char buffer[2+29+1+1];
+                    char *cp;
+                    sprintf(buffer, "&#%d;", PyUnicode_READ(kind, idata, i));
+                    if (charmaptranslate_makespace(&output, &osize,
+                                                   opos+strlen(buffer)+(size-collend)))
+                        goto onError;
+                    for (cp = buffer; *cp; ++cp)
+                        output[opos++] = *cp;
+                }
+                i = collend;
+                break;
+            default:
+                repunicode = unicode_translate_call_errorhandler(errors, &errorHandler,
+                                                                 reason, input, &exc,
+                                                                 collstart, collend, &newpos);
+                if (repunicode == NULL)
+                    goto onError;
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) < 0) {
+                    Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                /* generate replacement  */
+                repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
+                if (charmaptranslate_makespace(&output, &osize,
+                                               opos+repsize+(size-collend))) {
+                    Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                for (uni2 = 0; repsize-->0; ++uni2)
+                    output[opos++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(repunicode, uni2);
+                i = newpos;
+                Py_DECREF(repunicode);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    res = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND, output, opos);
+    if (!res)
+        goto onError;
+    PyMem_Free(output);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    return res;
+
+  onError:
+    PyMem_Free(output);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Deprecated. Use PyUnicode_Translate instead. */
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *p,
+                           Py_ssize_t size,
+                           PyObject *mapping,
+                           const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
+    if (!unicode)
+        return NULL;
+    return _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(unicode, mapping, errors);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Translate(PyObject *str,
+                    PyObject *mapping,
+                    const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
+    if (str == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    result = _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(str, mapping, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return result;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(str);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fix_decimal_and_space_to_ascii(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because this function is only
+       called as a callback from fixup() which does it already. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0, ch, fixed;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        fixed = 0;
+        if (ch > 127) {
+            if (Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch))
+                fixed = ' ';
+            else {
+                const int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
+                if (decimal >= 0)
+                    fixed = '0' + decimal;
+            }
+            if (fixed != 0) {
+                if (fixed > maxchar)
+                    maxchar = fixed;
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, fixed);
+            }
+            else if (ch > maxchar)
+                maxchar = ch;
+        }
+        else if (ch > maxchar)
+            maxchar = ch;
+    }
+
+    return maxchar;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_TransformDecimalAndSpaceToASCII(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) <= 127) {
+        /* If the string is already ASCII, just return the same string */
+        Py_INCREF(unicode);
+        return unicode;
+    }
+    return fixup(unicode, fix_decimal_and_space_to_ascii);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII(Py_UNICODE *s,
+                                  Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    PyObject *decimal;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar;
+    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    maxchar = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        Py_UNICODE ch = s[i];
+        if (ch > 127) {
+            int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
+            if (decimal >= 0)
+                ch = '0' + decimal;
+        }
+        maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, ch);
+    }
+
+    /* Copy to a new string */
+    decimal = PyUnicode_New(length, maxchar);
+    if (decimal == NULL)
+        return decimal;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(decimal);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(decimal);
+    /* Iterate over code points */
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        Py_UNICODE ch = s[i];
+        if (ch > 127) {
+            int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
+            if (decimal >= 0)
+                ch = '0' + decimal;
+        }
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, ch);
+    }
+    return unicode_result(decimal);
+}
+/* --- Decimal Encoder ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int
+PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal(Py_UNICODE *s,
+                        Py_ssize_t length,
+                        char *output,
+                        const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (output == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, length);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return -1;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+
+    for (i=0; i < length; ) {
+        PyObject *exc;
+        Py_UCS4 ch;
+        int decimal;
+        Py_ssize_t startpos;
+
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch)) {
+            *output++ = ' ';
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
+        if (decimal >= 0) {
+            *output++ = '0' + decimal;
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (0 < ch && ch < 256) {
+            *output++ = (char)ch;
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        startpos = i;
+        exc = NULL;
+        raise_encode_exception(&exc, "decimal", unicode,
+                               startpos, startpos+1,
+                               "invalid decimal Unicode string");
+        Py_XDECREF(exc);
+        Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    /* 0-terminate the output string */
+    *output++ = '\0';
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* --- Helpers ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+any_find_slice(int direction, PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2,
+               Py_ssize_t start,
+               Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1, *buf2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2, result;
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(s1);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(s2);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(s1);
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(s2);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(s1, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        return -2;
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(s2, kind);
+    if (!buf2) {
+        if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+        return -2;
+    }
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2);
+
+    if (direction > 0) {
+        switch(kind) {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s2))
+                result = asciilib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            else
+                result = ucs1lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            result = ucs2lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            result = ucs4lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0); result = -2;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        switch(kind) {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s2))
+                result = asciilib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            else
+                result = ucs1lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            result = ucs2lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            result = ucs4lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0); result = -2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+_PyUnicode_InsertThousandsGrouping(PyObject *unicode, int kind, void *data,
+                                   Py_ssize_t n_buffer,
+                                   void *digits, Py_ssize_t n_digits,
+                                   Py_ssize_t min_width,
+                                   const char *grouping,
+                                   const char *thousands_sep)
+{
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (unicode != NULL && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
+            return _PyUnicode_ascii_InsertThousandsGrouping(
+                (Py_UCS1*)data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS1*)digits, n_digits,
+                min_width, grouping, thousands_sep);
+        else
+            return _PyUnicode_ucs1_InsertThousandsGrouping(
+                (Py_UCS1*)data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS1*)digits, n_digits,
+                min_width, grouping, thousands_sep);
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        return _PyUnicode_ucs2_InsertThousandsGrouping(
+            (Py_UCS2*)data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS2*)digits, n_digits,
+            min_width, grouping, thousands_sep);
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return _PyUnicode_ucs4_InsertThousandsGrouping(
+            (Py_UCS4*)data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS4*)digits, n_digits,
+            min_width, grouping, thousands_sep);
+    }
+    assert(0);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+
+/* helper macro to fixup start/end slice values */
+#define ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len)         \
+    if (end > len)                              \
+        end = len;                              \
+    else if (end < 0) {                         \
+        end += len;                             \
+        if (end < 0)                            \
+            end = 0;                            \
+    }                                           \
+    if (start < 0) {                            \
+        start += len;                           \
+        if (start < 0)                          \
+            start = 0;                          \
+    }
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_Count(PyObject *str,
+                PyObject *substr,
+                Py_ssize_t start,
+                Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+    PyObject* str_obj;
+    PyObject* sub_obj;
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+
+    str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
+    if (!str_obj || PyUnicode_READY(str_obj) == -1)
+        return -1;
+    sub_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(substr);
+    if (!sub_obj || PyUnicode_READY(sub_obj) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sub_obj);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str_obj, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        goto onError;
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sub_obj);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sub_obj, kind);
+    if (!buf2)
+        goto onError;
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sub_obj);
+
+    ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len1);
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sub_obj))
+            result = asciilib_count(
+                ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+                buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+                );
+        else
+            result = ucs1lib_count(
+                ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+                buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+                );
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        result = ucs2lib_count(
+            ((Py_UCS2*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+            buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+            );
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        result = ucs4lib_count(
+            ((Py_UCS4*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+            buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+            );
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0); result = 0;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    return result;
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind && buf1)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str,
+               PyObject *sub,
+               Py_ssize_t start,
+               Py_ssize_t end,
+               int direction)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+
+    str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
+    if (!str || PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
+        return -2;
+    sub = PyUnicode_FromObject(sub);
+    if (!sub || PyUnicode_READY(sub) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(str);
+        return -2;
+    }
+
+    result = any_find_slice(direction,
+        str, sub, start, end
+        );
+
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    Py_DECREF(sub);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_FindChar(PyObject *str, Py_UCS4 ch,
+                   Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end,
+                   int direction)
+{
+    int kind;
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
+        return -2;
+    if (start < 0 || end < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
+        return -2;
+    }
+    if (end > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str))
+        end = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+    result = findchar(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(str) + kind*start,
+                      kind, end-start, ch, direction);
+    if (result == -1)
+        return -1;
+    else
+        return start + result;
+}
+
+static int
+tailmatch(PyObject *self,
+          PyObject *substring,
+          Py_ssize_t start,
+          Py_ssize_t end,
+          int direction)
+{
+    int kind_self;
+    int kind_sub;
+    void *data_self;
+    void *data_sub;
+    Py_ssize_t offset;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    Py_ssize_t end_sub;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1 ||
+        PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) == 0)
+        return 1;
+
+    ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
+    end -= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
+    if (end < start)
+        return 0;
+
+    kind_self = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data_self = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    kind_sub = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
+    data_sub = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
+    end_sub = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) - 1;
+
+    if (direction > 0)
+        offset = end;
+    else
+        offset = start;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset) ==
+        PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, 0) &&
+        PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset + end_sub) ==
+        PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, end_sub)) {
+        /* If both are of the same kind, memcmp is sufficient */
+        if (kind_self == kind_sub) {
+            return ! memcmp((char *)data_self +
+                                (offset * PyUnicode_KIND(substring)),
+                            data_sub,
+                            PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) *
+                                PyUnicode_KIND(substring));
+        }
+        /* otherwise we have to compare each character by first accesing it */
+        else {
+            /* We do not need to compare 0 and len(substring)-1 because
+               the if statement above ensured already that they are equal
+               when we end up here. */
+            // TODO: honor direction and do a forward or backwards search
+            for (i = 1; i < end_sub; ++i) {
+                if (PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset + i) !=
+                    PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, i))
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str,
+                    PyObject *substr,
+                    Py_ssize_t start,
+                    Py_ssize_t end,
+                    int direction)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+
+    str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
+    if (str == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    substr = PyUnicode_FromObject(substr);
+    if (substr == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(str);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    result = tailmatch(str, substr,
+                       start, end, direction);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    Py_DECREF(substr);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* Apply fixfct filter to the Unicode object self and return a
+   reference to the modified object */
+
+static PyObject *
+fixup(PyObject *self,
+      Py_UCS4 (*fixfct)(PyObject *s))
+{
+    PyObject *u;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar_old, maxchar_new = 0;
+
+    u = PyUnicode_Copy(self);
+    if (u == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    maxchar_old = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u);
+
+    /* fix functions return the new maximum character in a string,
+       if the kind of the resulting unicode object does not change,
+       everything is fine.  Otherwise we need to change the string kind
+       and re-run the fix function. */
+    maxchar_new = fixfct(u);
+    if (maxchar_new == 0)
+        /* do nothing, keep maxchar_new at 0 which means no changes. */;
+    else if (maxchar_new <= 127)
+        maxchar_new = 127;
+    else if (maxchar_new <= 255)
+        maxchar_new = 255;
+    else if (maxchar_new <= 65535)
+        maxchar_new = 65535;
+    else
+        maxchar_new = MAX_UNICODE;
+
+    if (!maxchar_new && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        /* fixfct should return TRUE if it modified the buffer. If
+           FALSE, return a reference to the original buffer instead
+           (to save space, not time) */
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        Py_DECREF(u);
+        return self;
+    }
+    else if (maxchar_new == maxchar_old) {
+        return u;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* In case the maximum character changed, we need to
+           convert the string to the new category. */
+        PyObject *v = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxchar_new);
+        if (v == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(u);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (maxchar_new > maxchar_old) {
+            /* If the maxchar increased so that the kind changed, not all
+               characters are representable anymore and we need to fix the
+               string again. This only happens in very few cases. */
+            copy_characters(v, 0, self, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
+            maxchar_old = fixfct(v);
+            assert(maxchar_old > 0 && maxchar_old <= maxchar_new);
+        }
+        else {
+            copy_characters(v, 0, u, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
+        }
+
+        Py_DECREF(u);
+        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
+        return v;
+    }
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fixupper(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because this function is only
+       called as a callback from fixup() which does it already. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    int touched = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        const Py_UCS4 up = Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(ch);
+        if (up != ch) {
+            if (up > maxchar)
+                maxchar = up;
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, up);
+            touched = 1;
+        }
+        else if (ch > maxchar)
+            maxchar = ch;
+    }
+
+    if (touched)
+        return maxchar;
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fixlower(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because fixup() which does it. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    int touched = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    for(i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        const Py_UCS4 lo = Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(ch);
+        if (lo != ch) {
+            if (lo > maxchar)
+                maxchar = lo;
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, lo);
+            touched = 1;
+        }
+        else if (ch > maxchar)
+            maxchar = ch;
+    }
+
+    if (touched)
+        return maxchar;
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fixswapcase(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because fixup() which does it. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    int touched = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    for(i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        Py_UCS4 nu = 0;
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch))
+            nu = Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(ch);
+        else if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch))
+            nu = Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(ch);
+
+        if (nu != 0) {
+            if (nu > maxchar)
+                maxchar = nu;
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, nu);
+            touched = 1;
+        }
+        else if (ch > maxchar)
+            maxchar = ch;
+    }
+
+    if (touched)
+        return maxchar;
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fixcapitalize(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because fixup() which does it. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    int touched = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
+    Py_UCS4 ch;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+    if (!Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch)) {
+        maxchar = Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(ch);
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, maxchar);
+        touched = 1;
+    }
+    ++i;
+    for(; i < len; ++i) {
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch)) {
+            const Py_UCS4 lo = Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(ch);
+            if (lo > maxchar)
+                maxchar = lo;
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, lo);
+            touched = 1;
+        }
+        else if (ch > maxchar)
+            maxchar = ch;
+    }
+
+    if (touched)
+        return maxchar;
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+fixtitle(PyObject *self)
+{
+    /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because fixup() which does it. */
+    const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
+    int previous_is_cased;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (len == 1) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        const Py_UCS4 ti = Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE(ch);
+        if (ti != ch) {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, ti);
+            return ti;
+        }
+        else
+            return 0;
+    }
+    previous_is_cased = 0;
+    for(; i < len; ++i) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        Py_UCS4 nu;
+
+        if (previous_is_cased)
+            nu = Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(ch);
+        else
+            nu = Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE(ch);
+
+        if (nu > maxchar)
+            maxchar = nu;
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, nu);
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch) ||
+            Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) ||
+            Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch))
+            previous_is_cased = 1;
+        else
+            previous_is_cased = 0;
+    }
+    return maxchar;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Join(PyObject *separator, PyObject *seq)
+{
+    PyObject *sep = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t seplen;
+    PyObject *res = NULL; /* the result */
+    PyObject *fseq;          /* PySequence_Fast(seq) */
+    Py_ssize_t seqlen;       /* len(fseq) -- number of items in sequence */
+    PyObject **items;
+    PyObject *item;
+    Py_ssize_t sz, i, res_offset;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar;
+    Py_UCS4 item_maxchar;
+    int use_memcpy;
+    unsigned char *res_data = NULL, *sep_data = NULL;
+    PyObject *last_obj;
+    unsigned int kind = 0;
+
+    fseq = PySequence_Fast(seq, "");
+    if (fseq == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* NOTE: the following code can't call back into Python code,
+     * so we are sure that fseq won't be mutated.
+     */
+
+    seqlen = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(fseq);
+    /* If empty sequence, return u"". */
+    if (seqlen == 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(fseq);
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        res = unicode_empty;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /* If singleton sequence with an exact Unicode, return that. */
+    last_obj = NULL;
+    items = PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(fseq);
+    if (seqlen == 1) {
+        if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(items[0])) {
+            res = items[0];
+            Py_INCREF(res);
+            Py_DECREF(fseq);
+            return res;
+        }
+        seplen = 0;
+        maxchar = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Set up sep and seplen */
+        if (separator == NULL) {
+            /* fall back to a blank space separator */
+            sep = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(' ');
+            if (!sep)
+                goto onError;
+            seplen = 1;
+            maxchar = 32;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!PyUnicode_Check(separator)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "separator: expected str instance,"
+                             " %.80s found",
+                             Py_TYPE(separator)->tp_name);
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            if (PyUnicode_READY(separator))
+                goto onError;
+            sep = separator;
+            seplen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(separator);
+            maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(separator);
+            /* inc refcount to keep this code path symmetric with the
+               above case of a blank separator */
+            Py_INCREF(sep);
+        }
+        last_obj = sep;
+    }
+
+    /* There are at least two things to join, or else we have a subclass
+     * of str in the sequence.
+     * Do a pre-pass to figure out the total amount of space we'll
+     * need (sz), and see whether all argument are strings.
+     */
+    sz = 0;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    use_memcpy = 0;
+#else
+    use_memcpy = 1;
+#endif
+    for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
+        const Py_ssize_t old_sz = sz;
+        item = items[i];
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(item)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "sequence item %zd: expected str instance,"
+                         " %.80s found",
+                         i, Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
+            goto onError;
+        }
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(item) == -1)
+            goto onError;
+        sz += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(item);
+        item_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(item);
+        maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, item_maxchar);
+        if (i != 0)
+            sz += seplen;
+        if (sz < old_sz || sz > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "join() result is too long for a Python string");
+            goto onError;
+        }
+        if (use_memcpy && last_obj != NULL) {
+            if (PyUnicode_KIND(last_obj) != PyUnicode_KIND(item))
+                use_memcpy = 0;
+        }
+        last_obj = item;
+    }
+
+    res = PyUnicode_New(sz, maxchar);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+    /* Catenate everything. */
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    use_memcpy = 0;
+#else
+    if (use_memcpy) {
+        res_data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res);
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(res);
+        if (seplen != 0)
+            sep_data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(sep);
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i = 0, res_offset = 0; i < seqlen; ++i) {
+        Py_ssize_t itemlen;
+        item = items[i];
+        /* Copy item, and maybe the separator. */
+        if (i && seplen != 0) {
+            if (use_memcpy) {
+                Py_MEMCPY(res_data,
+                          sep_data,
+                          kind * seplen);
+                res_data += kind * seplen;
+            }
+            else {
+                copy_characters(res, res_offset, sep, 0, seplen);
+                res_offset += seplen;
+            }
+        }
+        itemlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(item);
+        if (itemlen != 0) {
+            if (use_memcpy) {
+                Py_MEMCPY(res_data,
+                          PyUnicode_DATA(item),
+                          kind * itemlen);
+                res_data += kind * itemlen;
+            }
+            else {
+                copy_characters(res, res_offset, item, 0, itemlen);
+                res_offset += itemlen;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (use_memcpy)
+        assert(res_data == PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res)
+                           + kind * PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(res));
+    else
+        assert(res_offset == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(res));
+
+    Py_DECREF(fseq);
+    Py_XDECREF(sep);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
+    return res;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(fseq);
+    Py_XDECREF(sep);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define FILL(kind, data, value, start, length) \
+    do { \
+        Py_ssize_t i_ = 0; \
+        assert(kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND); \
+        switch ((kind)) { \
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: { \
+            unsigned char * to_ = (unsigned char *)((data)) + (start); \
+            memset(to_, (unsigned char)value, length); \
+            break; \
+        } \
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: { \
+            Py_UCS2 * to_ = (Py_UCS2 *)((data)) + (start); \
+            for (; i_ < (length); ++i_, ++to_) *to_ = (value); \
+            break; \
+        } \
+        default: { \
+            Py_UCS4 * to_ = (Py_UCS4 *)((data)) + (start); \
+            for (; i_ < (length); ++i_, ++to_) *to_ = (value); \
+            break; \
+        } \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+
+static PyObject *
+pad(PyObject *self,
+    Py_ssize_t left,
+    Py_ssize_t right,
+    Py_UCS4 fill)
+{
+    PyObject *u;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (left < 0)
+        left = 0;
+    if (right < 0)
+        right = 0;
+
+    if (left == 0 && right == 0 && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    if (left > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) ||
+        right > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - (left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self))) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "padded string is too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self);
+    if (fill > maxchar)
+        maxchar = fill;
+    u = PyUnicode_New(left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) + right, maxchar);
+    if (!u)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+    if (left)
+        FILL(kind, data, fill, 0, left);
+    if (right)
+        FILL(kind, data, fill, left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self), right);
+    copy_characters(u, left, self, 0, _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self));
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
+    return u;
+}
+#undef FILL
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *string, int keepends)
+{
+    PyObject *list;
+
+    string = PyUnicode_FromObject(string);
+    if (string == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(string) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    switch(PyUnicode_KIND(string)) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(string))
+            list = asciilib_splitlines(
+                string, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
+        else
+            list = ucs1lib_splitlines(
+                string, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        list = ucs2lib_splitlines(
+            string, PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(string),
+            PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        list = ucs4lib_splitlines(
+            string, PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(string),
+            PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0);
+        list = 0;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(string);
+    return list;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+split(PyObject *self,
+      PyObject *substring,
+      Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1, *buf2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+    PyObject* out;
+
+    if (maxcount < 0)
+        maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (substring == NULL)
+        switch(PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
+                return asciilib_split_whitespace(
+                    self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
+                    PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                    );
+            else
+                return ucs1lib_split_whitespace(
+                    self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
+                    PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                    );
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs2lib_split_whitespace(
+                self,  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                );
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs4lib_split_whitespace(
+                self,  PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                );
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
+    if (!buf2) {
+        if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
+
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(substring))
+            out = asciilib_split(
+                self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        else
+            out = ucs1lib_split(
+                self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs2lib_split(
+            self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs4lib_split(
+            self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    default:
+        out = NULL;
+    }
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+    return out;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+rsplit(PyObject *self,
+       PyObject *substring,
+       Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1, *buf2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+    PyObject* out;
+
+    if (maxcount < 0)
+        maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (substring == NULL)
+        switch(PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
+                return asciilib_rsplit_whitespace(
+                    self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
+                    PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                    );
+            else
+                return ucs1lib_rsplit_whitespace(
+                    self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
+                    PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                    );
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs2lib_rsplit_whitespace(
+                self,  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                );
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs4lib_rsplit_whitespace(
+                self,  PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self),
+                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
+                );
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
+    if (!buf2) {
+        if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
+
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(substring))
+            out = asciilib_rsplit(
+                self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        else
+            out = ucs1lib_rsplit(
+                self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs2lib_rsplit(
+            self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs4lib_rsplit(
+            self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
+        break;
+    default:
+        out = NULL;
+    }
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+    return out;
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+anylib_find(int kind, PyObject *str1, void *buf1, Py_ssize_t len1,
+            PyObject *str2, void *buf2, Py_ssize_t len2, Py_ssize_t offset)
+{
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str2))
+            return asciilib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
+        else
+            return ucs1lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        return ucs2lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        return ucs4lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
+    }
+    assert(0);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+anylib_count(int kind, PyObject *sstr, void* sbuf, Py_ssize_t slen,
+             PyObject *str1, void *buf1, Py_ssize_t len1, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+        switch(kind) {
+        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sstr) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str1))
+                return asciilib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
+            else
+                return ucs1lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
+        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs2lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
+        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+            return ucs4lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
+        }
+        assert(0);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+replace(PyObject *self, PyObject *str1,
+        PyObject *str2, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+    PyObject *u;
+    char *sbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    char *buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str1);
+    char *buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(str2);
+    int srelease = 0, release1 = 0, release2 = 0;
+    int skind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    int kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str1);
+    int kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(str2);
+    Py_ssize_t slen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    Py_ssize_t len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1);
+    Py_ssize_t len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2);
+    int mayshrink;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar, maxchar_str2;
+
+    if (maxcount < 0)
+        maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    else if (maxcount == 0 || slen == 0)
+        goto nothing;
+
+    if (str1 == str2)
+        goto nothing;
+    if (skind < kind1)
+        /* substring too wide to be present */
+        goto nothing;
+
+    maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self);
+    maxchar_str2 = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str2);
+    /* Replacing str1 with str2 may cause a maxchar reduction in the
+       result string. */
+    mayshrink = (maxchar_str2 < maxchar);
+    maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, maxchar_str2);
+
+    if (len1 == len2) {
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+        /* same length */
+        if (len1 == 0)
+            goto nothing;
+        if (len1 == 1) {
+            /* replace characters */
+            Py_UCS4 u1, u2;
+            int rkind;
+            u1 = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(str1, 0);
+            if (findchar(sbuf, PyUnicode_KIND(self),
+                         slen, u1, 1) < 0)
+                goto nothing;
+            u2 = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(str2, 0);
+            u = PyUnicode_New(slen, maxchar);
+            if (!u)
+                goto error;
+            copy_characters(u, 0, self, 0, slen);
+            rkind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
+            for (i = 0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u); i++)
+                if (PyUnicode_READ(rkind, PyUnicode_DATA(u), i) == u1) {
+                    if (--maxcount < 0)
+                        break;
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(rkind, PyUnicode_DATA(u), i, u2);
+                }
+        }
+        else {
+            int rkind = skind;
+            char *res;
+
+            if (kind1 < rkind) {
+                /* widen substring */
+                buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
+                if (!buf1) goto error;
+                release1 = 1;
+            }
+            i = anylib_find(rkind, self, sbuf, slen, str1, buf1, len1, 0);
+            if (i < 0)
+                goto nothing;
+            if (rkind > kind2) {
+                /* widen replacement */
+                buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str2, rkind);
+                if (!buf2) goto error;
+                release2 = 1;
+            }
+            else if (rkind < kind2) {
+                /* widen self and buf1 */
+                rkind = kind2;
+                if (release1) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+                sbuf = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, rkind);
+                if (!sbuf) goto error;
+                srelease = 1;
+                buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
+                if (!buf1) goto error;
+                release1 = 1;
+            }
+            u = PyUnicode_New(slen, maxchar);
+            if (!u)
+                goto error;
+            assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == rkind);
+            res = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+
+            memcpy(res, sbuf, rkind * slen);
+            /* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
+            memcpy(res + rkind * i,
+                   buf2,
+                   rkind * len2);
+            i += len1;
+
+            while ( --maxcount > 0) {
+                i = anylib_find(rkind, self,
+                                sbuf+rkind*i, slen-i,
+                                str1, buf1, len1, i);
+                if (i == -1)
+                    break;
+                memcpy(res + rkind * i,
+                       buf2,
+                       rkind * len2);
+                i += len1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        Py_ssize_t n, i, j, ires;
+        Py_ssize_t product, new_size;
+        int rkind = skind;
+        char *res;
+
+        if (kind1 < rkind) {
+            /* widen substring */
+            buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
+            if (!buf1) goto error;
+            release1 = 1;
+        }
+        n = anylib_count(rkind, self, sbuf, slen, str1, buf1, len1, maxcount);
+        if (n == 0)
+            goto nothing;
+        if (kind2 < rkind) {
+            /* widen replacement */
+            buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str2, rkind);
+            if (!buf2) goto error;
+            release2 = 1;
+        }
+        else if (kind2 > rkind) {
+            /* widen self and buf1 */
+            rkind = kind2;
+            sbuf = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, rkind);
+            if (!sbuf) goto error;
+            srelease = 1;
+            if (release1) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+            buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
+            if (!buf1) goto error;
+            release1 = 1;
+        }
+        /* new_size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) + n * (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2) -
+           PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1))); */
+        product = n * (len2-len1);
+        if ((product / (len2-len1)) != n) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "replace string is too long");
+                goto error;
+        }
+        new_size = slen + product;
+        if (new_size == 0) {
+            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+            u = unicode_empty;
+            goto done;
+        }
+        if (new_size < 0 || new_size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> (rkind-1))) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "replace string is too long");
+            goto error;
+        }
+        u = PyUnicode_New(new_size, maxchar);
+        if (!u)
+            goto error;
+        assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == rkind);
+        res = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+        ires = i = 0;
+        if (len1 > 0) {
+            while (n-- > 0) {
+                /* look for next match */
+                j = anylib_find(rkind, self,
+                                sbuf + rkind * i, slen-i,
+                                str1, buf1, len1, i);
+                if (j == -1)
+                    break;
+                else if (j > i) {
+                    /* copy unchanged part [i:j] */
+                    memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                           sbuf + rkind * i,
+                           rkind * (j-i));
+                    ires += j - i;
+                }
+                /* copy substitution string */
+                if (len2 > 0) {
+                    memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                           buf2,
+                           rkind * len2);
+                    ires += len2;
+                }
+                i = j + len1;
+            }
+            if (i < slen)
+                /* copy tail [i:] */
+                memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                       sbuf + rkind * i,
+                       rkind * (slen-i));
+        }
+        else {
+            /* interleave */
+            while (n > 0) {
+                memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                       buf2,
+                       rkind * len2);
+                ires += len2;
+                if (--n <= 0)
+                    break;
+                memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                       sbuf + rkind * i,
+                       rkind);
+                ires++;
+                i++;
+            }
+            memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
+                   sbuf + rkind * i,
+                   rkind * (slen-i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (mayshrink) {
+        unicode_adjust_maxchar(&u);
+        if (u == NULL)
+            goto error;
+    }
+
+  done:
+    if (srelease)
+        PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
+    if (release1)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf1);
+    if (release2)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf2);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
+    return u;
+
+  nothing:
+    /* nothing to replace; return original string (when possible) */
+    if (srelease)
+        PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
+    if (release1)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf1);
+    if (release2)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf2);
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+    return PyUnicode_Copy(self);
+  error:
+    if (srelease && sbuf)
+        PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
+    if (release1 && buf1)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf1);
+    if (release2 && buf2)
+        PyMem_FREE(buf2);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* --- Unicode Object Methods --------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(title__doc__,
+             "S.title() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case\n\
+characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_title(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return fixup(self, fixtitle);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(capitalize__doc__,
+             "S.capitalize() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character\n\
+have upper case and the rest lower case.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_capitalize(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return fixup(self, fixcapitalize);
+}
+
+#if 0
+PyDoc_STRVAR(capwords__doc__,
+             "S.capwords() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Apply .capitalize() to all words in S and return the result with\n\
+normalized whitespace (all whitespace strings are replaced by ' ').");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_capwords(PyObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *list;
+    PyObject *item;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+
+    /* Split into words */
+    list = split(self, NULL, -1);
+    if (!list)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* Capitalize each word */
+    for (i = 0; i < PyList_GET_SIZE(list); i++) {
+        item = fixup(PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i),
+                     fixcapitalize);
+        if (item == NULL)
+            goto onError;
+        Py_DECREF(PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i));
+        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, item);
+    }
+
+    /* Join the words to form a new string */
+    item = PyUnicode_Join(NULL, list);
+
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(list);
+    return item;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Argument converter.  Coerces to a single unicode character */
+
+static int
+convert_uc(PyObject *obj, void *addr)
+{
+    Py_UCS4 *fillcharloc = (Py_UCS4 *)addr;
+    PyObject *uniobj;
+
+    uniobj = PyUnicode_FromObject(obj);
+    if (uniobj == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "The fill character cannot be converted to Unicode");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uniobj) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "The fill character must be exactly one character long");
+        Py_DECREF(uniobj);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    *fillcharloc = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(uniobj, 0);
+    Py_DECREF(uniobj);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(center__doc__,
+             "S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
+done using the specified fill character (default is a space)");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_center(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t marg, left;
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:center", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) >= width && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    marg = width - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self);
+    left = marg / 2 + (marg & width & 1);
+
+    return pad(self, left, marg - left, fillchar);
+}
+
+/* This function assumes that str1 and str2 are readied by the caller. */
+
+static int
+unicode_compare(PyObject *str1, PyObject *str2)
+{
+    int kind1, kind2;
+    void *data1, *data2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2, i;
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str1);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(str2);
+    data1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str1);
+    data2 = PyUnicode_DATA(str2);
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len1 && i < len2; ++i) {
+        Py_UCS4 c1, c2;
+        c1 = PyUnicode_READ(kind1, data1, i);
+        c2 = PyUnicode_READ(kind2, data2, i);
+
+        if (c1 != c2)
+            return (c1 < c2) ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+
+    return (len1 < len2) ? -1 : (len1 != len2);
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(left) && PyUnicode_Check(right)) {
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(left) == -1 ||
+            PyUnicode_READY(right) == -1)
+            return -1;
+        return unicode_compare(left, right);
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "Can't compare %.100s and %.100s",
+                 left->ob_type->tp_name,
+                 right->ob_type->tp_name);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(PyObject* uni, const char* str)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_UCS4 chr;
+
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(uni));
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(uni) == -1)
+        return -1;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(uni);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(uni);
+    /* Compare Unicode string and source character set string */
+    for (i = 0; (chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)) && str[i]; i++)
+        if (chr != str[i])
+            return (chr < (unsigned char)(str[i])) ? -1 : 1;
+    /* This check keeps Python strings that end in '\0' from comparing equal
+     to C strings identical up to that point. */
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uni) != i || chr)
+        return 1; /* uni is longer */
+    if (str[i])
+        return -1; /* str is longer */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+#define TEST_COND(cond)                         \
+    ((cond) ? Py_True : Py_False)
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_RichCompare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right, int op)
+{
+    int result;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(left) && PyUnicode_Check(right)) {
+        PyObject *v;
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(left) == -1 ||
+            PyUnicode_READY(right) == -1)
+            return NULL;
+        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(left) != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(right) ||
+            PyUnicode_KIND(left) != PyUnicode_KIND(right)) {
+            if (op == Py_EQ) {
+                Py_INCREF(Py_False);
+                return Py_False;
+            }
+            if (op == Py_NE) {
+                Py_INCREF(Py_True);
+                return Py_True;
+            }
+        }
+        if (left == right)
+            result = 0;
+        else
+            result = unicode_compare(left, right);
+
+        /* Convert the return value to a Boolean */
+        switch (op) {
+        case Py_EQ:
+            v = TEST_COND(result == 0);
+            break;
+        case Py_NE:
+            v = TEST_COND(result != 0);
+            break;
+        case Py_LE:
+            v = TEST_COND(result <= 0);
+            break;
+        case Py_GE:
+            v = TEST_COND(result >= 0);
+            break;
+        case Py_LT:
+            v = TEST_COND(result == -1);
+            break;
+        case Py_GT:
+            v = TEST_COND(result == 1);
+            break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_BadArgument();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        Py_INCREF(v);
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_Contains(PyObject *container, PyObject *element)
+{
+    PyObject *str, *sub;
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1, *buf2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+    int result;
+
+    /* Coerce the two arguments */
+    sub = PyUnicode_FromObject(element);
+    if (!sub) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "'in <string>' requires string as left operand, not %s",
+                     element->ob_type->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(sub) == -1)
+        return -1;
+
+    str = PyUnicode_FromObject(container);
+    if (!str || PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(sub);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sub);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sub);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str, kind);
+    if (!buf1) {
+        Py_DECREF(sub);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sub, kind);
+    if (!buf2) {
+        Py_DECREF(sub);
+        if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sub);
+
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        result = ucs1lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        result = ucs2lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        result = ucs4lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
+        break;
+    default:
+        result = -1;
+        assert(0);
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    Py_DECREF(sub);
+
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* Concat to string or Unicode object giving a new Unicode object. */
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Concat(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    PyObject *u = NULL, *v = NULL, *w;
+    Py_UCS4 maxchar, maxchar2;
+
+    /* Coerce the two arguments */
+    u = PyUnicode_FromObject(left);
+    if (u == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    v = PyUnicode_FromObject(right);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+    /* Shortcuts */
+    if (v == unicode_empty) {
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        return u;
+    }
+    if (u == unicode_empty) {
+        Py_DECREF(u);
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u);
+    maxchar2 = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(v);
+    maxchar = Py_MAX(maxchar, maxchar2);
+
+    /* Concat the two Unicode strings */
+    w = PyUnicode_New(
+        PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) + PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v),
+        maxchar);
+    if (w == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    copy_characters(w, 0, u, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u));
+    copy_characters(w, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u), v, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v));
+    Py_DECREF(u);
+    Py_DECREF(v);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(w, 1));
+    return w;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(u);
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+unicode_append_inplace(PyObject **p_left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t left_len, right_len, new_len;
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(*p_left));
+    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(right));
+
+    left_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_left);
+    right_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(right);
+    if (left_len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - right_len) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "strings are too large to concat");
+        goto error;
+    }
+    new_len = left_len + right_len;
+
+    /* Now we own the last reference to 'left', so we can resize it
+     * in-place.
+     */
+    if (unicode_resize(p_left, new_len) != 0) {
+        /* XXX if _PyUnicode_Resize() fails, 'left' has been
+         * deallocated so it cannot be put back into
+         * 'variable'.  The MemoryError is raised when there
+         * is no value in 'variable', which might (very
+         * remotely) be a cause of incompatibilities.
+         */
+        goto error;
+    }
+    /* copy 'right' into the newly allocated area of 'left' */
+    copy_characters(*p_left, left_len, right, 0, right_len);
+    _PyUnicode_DIRTY(*p_left);
+    return;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(*p_left);
+    *p_left = NULL;
+}
+
+void
+PyUnicode_Append(PyObject **p_left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    PyObject *left, *res;
+
+    if (p_left == NULL) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred())
+            PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return;
+    }
+    left = *p_left;
+    if (right == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(left)) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred())
+            PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(left))
+        goto error;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(right))
+        goto error;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) && left != unicode_empty
+        && PyUnicode_CheckExact(right) && right != unicode_empty
+        && unicode_resizable(left)
+        && (_PyUnicode_KIND(right) <= _PyUnicode_KIND(left)
+            || _PyUnicode_WSTR(left) != NULL))
+    {
+        /* Don't resize for ascii += latin1. Convert ascii to latin1 requires
+           to change the structure size, but characters are stored just after
+           the structure, and so it requires to move all characters which is
+           not so different than duplicating the string. */
+        if (!(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(left) && !PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(right)))
+        {
+            unicode_append_inplace(p_left, right);
+            assert(p_left == NULL || _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(*p_left, 1));
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    res = PyUnicode_Concat(left, right);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    Py_DECREF(left);
+    *p_left = res;
+    return;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(*p_left);
+    *p_left = NULL;
+}
+
+void
+PyUnicode_AppendAndDel(PyObject **pleft, PyObject *right)
+{
+    PyUnicode_Append(pleft, right);
+    Py_XDECREF(right);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(count__doc__,
+             "S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n\
+string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n\
+interpreted as in slice notation.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_count(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    PyObject *result;
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1, *buf2;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2, iresult;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("count", args, &substring,
+                                            &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
+    kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, kind);
+    if (!buf1) {
+        Py_DECREF(substring);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
+    if (!buf2) {
+        Py_DECREF(substring);
+        if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
+
+    ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len1);
+    switch(kind) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        iresult = ucs1lib_count(
+            ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+            buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+            );
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        iresult = ucs2lib_count(
+            ((Py_UCS2*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+            buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+            );
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        iresult = ucs4lib_count(
+            ((Py_UCS4*)buf1) + start, end - start,
+            buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
+            );
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0); iresult = 0;
+    }
+
+    result = PyLong_FromSsize_t(iresult);
+
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(encode__doc__,
+             "S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes\n\
+\n\
+Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding\n\
+is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
+handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
+a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n\
+'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n\
+codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_encode(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"encoding", "errors", 0};
+    char *encoding = NULL;
+    char *errors = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|ss:encode",
+                                     kwlist, &encoding, &errors))
+        return NULL;
+    return PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(self, encoding, errors);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(expandtabs__doc__,
+             "S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n\
+If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_expandtabs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, j, line_pos, src_len, incr;
+    Py_UCS4 ch;
+    PyObject *u;
+    void *src_data, *dest_data;
+    int tabsize = 8;
+    int kind;
+    int found;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|i:expandtabs", &tabsize))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size of output string */
+    src_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    i = j = line_pos = 0;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    src_data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    found = 0;
+    for (; i < src_len; i++) {
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, src_data, i);
+        if (ch == '\t') {
+            found = 1;
+            if (tabsize > 0) {
+                incr = tabsize - (line_pos % tabsize); /* cannot overflow */
+                if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - incr)
+                    goto overflow;
+                line_pos += incr;
+                j += incr;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 1)
+                goto overflow;
+            line_pos++;
+            j++;
+            if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
+                line_pos = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!found && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    /* Second pass: create output string and fill it */
+    u = PyUnicode_New(j, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self));
+    if (!u)
+        return NULL;
+    dest_data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+
+    i = j = line_pos = 0;
+
+    for (; i < src_len; i++) {
+        ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, src_data, i);
+        if (ch == '\t') {
+            if (tabsize > 0) {
+                incr = tabsize - (line_pos % tabsize);
+                line_pos += incr;
+                while (incr--) {
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, dest_data, j, ' ');
+                    j++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            line_pos++;
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, dest_data, j, ch);
+            j++;
+            if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
+                line_pos = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    assert (j == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u));
+    return unicode_result(u);
+
+  overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "new string is too long");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(find__doc__,
+             "S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
+such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n\
+arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
+\n\
+Return -1 on failure.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_find(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start;
+    Py_ssize_t end;
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("find", args, &substring,
+                                            &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = any_find_slice(1, self, substring, start, end);
+
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+
+    if (result == -2)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_getitem(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t index)
+{
+    Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_ReadChar(self, index);
+    if (ch == (Py_UCS4)-1)
+        return NULL;
+    return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(ch);
+}
+
+/* Believe it or not, this produces the same value for ASCII strings
+   as bytes_hash(). */
+static Py_hash_t
+unicode_hash(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    Py_uhash_t x;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_HASH(self) != -1)
+        return _PyUnicode_HASH(self);
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return -1;
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+
+    /* The hash function as a macro, gets expanded three times below. */
+#define HASH(P) \
+    x = (Py_uhash_t)*P << 7; \
+    while (--len >= 0) \
+        x = (1000003*x) ^ (Py_uhash_t)*P++;
+
+    switch (PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: {
+        const unsigned char *c = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
+        HASH(c);
+        break;
+    }
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: {
+        const Py_UCS2 *s = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self);
+        HASH(s);
+        break;
+    }
+    default: {
+        Py_UCS4 *l;
+        assert(PyUnicode_KIND(self) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND &&
+               "Impossible switch case in unicode_hash");
+        l = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self);
+        HASH(l);
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+    x ^= (Py_uhash_t)PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+
+    if (x == -1)
+        x = -2;
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = x;
+    return x;
+}
+#undef HASH
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(index__doc__,
+             "S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_index(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start;
+    Py_ssize_t end;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("index", args, &substring,
+                                            &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = any_find_slice(1, self, substring, start, end);
+
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+
+    if (result == -2)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (result < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "substring not found");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(islower__doc__,
+             "S.islower() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is\n\
+at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_islower(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    int cased;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    cased = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+        else if (!cased && Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch))
+            cased = 1;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isupper__doc__,
+             "S.isupper() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is\n\
+at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isupper(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    int cased;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)) != 0);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    cased = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+        else if (!cased && Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch))
+            cased = 1;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(istitle__doc__,
+             "S.istitle() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n\
+character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only\n\
+follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n\
+Return False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_istitle(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    int cased, previous_is_cased;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
+        return PyBool_FromLong((Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch) != 0) ||
+                               (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) != 0));
+    }
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    cased = 0;
+    previous_is_cased = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+
+        if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch)) {
+            if (previous_is_cased)
+                return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+            previous_is_cased = 1;
+            cased = 1;
+        }
+        else if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch)) {
+            if (!previous_is_cased)
+                return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+            previous_is_cased = 1;
+            cased = 1;
+        }
+        else
+            previous_is_cased = 0;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isspace__doc__,
+             "S.isspace() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are whitespace\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isspace(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isalpha__doc__,
+             "S.isalpha() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isalpha(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isalnum__doc__,
+             "S.isalnum() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isalnum(PyObject *self)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len, i;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (len == 1) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
+        return PyBool_FromLong(Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(ch));
+    }
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (len == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(ch))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isdecimal__doc__,
+             "S.isdecimal() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,\n\
+False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isdecimal(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isdigit__doc__,
+             "S.isdigit() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are digits\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isdigit(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1) {
+        const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
+        return PyBool_FromLong(Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(ch));
+    }
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isnumeric__doc__,
+             "S.isnumeric() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,\n\
+False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isnumeric(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (length == 0)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
+            return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+int
+PyUnicode_IsIdentifier(PyObject *self)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    Py_UCS4 first;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1) {
+        Py_FatalError("identifier not ready");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) == 0)
+        return 0;
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* PEP 3131 says that the first character must be in
+       XID_Start and subsequent characters in XID_Continue,
+       and for the ASCII range, the 2.x rules apply (i.e
+       start with letters and underscore, continue with
+       letters, digits, underscore). However, given the current
+       definition of XID_Start and XID_Continue, it is sufficient
+       to check just for these, except that _ must be allowed
+       as starting an identifier.  */
+    first = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
+    if (!_PyUnicode_IsXidStart(first) && first != 0x5F /* LOW LINE */)
+        return 0;
+
+    for (i = 1; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self); i++)
+        if (!_PyUnicode_IsXidContinue(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
+            return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isidentifier__doc__,
+             "S.isidentifier() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S is a valid identifier according\n\
+to the language definition.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isidentifier(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return PyBool_FromLong(PyUnicode_IsIdentifier(self));
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isprintable__doc__,
+             "S.isprintable() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are considered\n\
+printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_isprintable(PyObject *self)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, length;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (length == 1)
+        return PyBool_FromLong(
+            Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i))) {
+            Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(join__doc__,
+             "S.join(iterable) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n\
+iterable.  The separator between elements is S.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_join(PyObject *self, PyObject *data)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_Join(self, data);
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+unicode_length(PyObject *self)
+{
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return -1;
+    return PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(ljust__doc__,
+             "S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n\
+done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_ljust(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:ljust", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) >= width && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    return pad(self, 0, width - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self), fillchar);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(lower__doc__,
+             "S.lower() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_lower(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return fixup(self, fixlower);
+}
+
+#define LEFTSTRIP 0
+#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
+#define BOTHSTRIP 2
+
+/* Arrays indexed by above */
+static const char *stripformat[] = {"|O:lstrip", "|O:rstrip", "|O:strip"};
+
+#define STRIPNAME(i) (stripformat[i]+3)
+
+/* externally visible for str.strip(unicode) */
+PyObject *
+_PyUnicode_XStrip(PyObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
+{
+    void *data;
+    int kind;
+    Py_ssize_t i, j, len;
+    BLOOM_MASK sepmask;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(sepobj) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+    sepmask = make_bloom_mask(PyUnicode_KIND(sepobj),
+                              PyUnicode_DATA(sepobj),
+                              PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sepobj));
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+        while (i < len &&
+               BLOOM_MEMBER(sepmask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i), sepobj)) {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    j = len;
+    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+        do {
+            j--;
+        } while (j >= i &&
+                 BLOOM_MEMBER(sepmask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j), sepobj));
+        j++;
+    }
+
+    return PyUnicode_Substring(self, i, j);
+}
+
+PyObject*
+PyUnicode_Substring(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    unsigned char *data;
+    int kind;
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    end = Py_MIN(end, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
+
+    if (start == 0 && end == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self))
+    {
+        if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            return self;
+        }
+        else
+            return PyUnicode_Copy(self);
+    }
+
+    length = end - start;
+    if (length == 1)
+        return unicode_getitem(self, start);
+
+    if (start < 0 || end < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self)) {
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+        data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
+        return unicode_fromascii(data + start, length);
+    }
+    else {
+        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+        data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
+        return PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(kind,
+                                         data + kind * start,
+                                         length);
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+do_strip(PyObject *self, int striptype)
+{
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_ssize_t len, i, j;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+        while (i < len && Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i))) {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    j = len;
+    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+        do {
+            j--;
+        } while (j >= i && Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j)));
+        j++;
+    }
+
+    return PyUnicode_Substring(self, i, j);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+do_argstrip(PyObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *sep = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, (char *)stripformat[striptype], &sep))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (sep != NULL && sep != Py_None) {
+        if (PyUnicode_Check(sep))
+            return _PyUnicode_XStrip(self, striptype, sep);
+        else {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "%s arg must be None or str",
+                         STRIPNAME(striptype));
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return do_strip(self, striptype);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(strip__doc__,
+             "S.strip([chars]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n\
+whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_strip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+        return do_strip(self, BOTHSTRIP); /* Common case */
+    else
+        return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(lstrip__doc__,
+             "S.lstrip([chars]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_lstrip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+        return do_strip(self, LEFTSTRIP); /* Common case */
+    else
+        return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rstrip__doc__,
+             "S.rstrip([chars]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_rstrip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+        return do_strip(self, RIGHTSTRIP); /* Common case */
+    else
+        return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_repeat(PyObject *str, Py_ssize_t len)
+{
+    PyObject *u;
+    Py_ssize_t nchars, n;
+
+    if (len < 1) {
+        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
+        return unicode_empty;
+    }
+
+    if (len == 1 && PyUnicode_CheckExact(str)) {
+        /* no repeat, return original string */
+        Py_INCREF(str);
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / len) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "repeated string is too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    nchars = len * PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+
+    u = PyUnicode_New(nchars, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str));
+    if (!u)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == PyUnicode_KIND(str));
+
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) == 1) {
+        const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+        const Py_UCS4 fill_char = PyUnicode_READ(kind, PyUnicode_DATA(str), 0);
+        void *to = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+        if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
+            memset(to, (unsigned char)fill_char, len);
+        else {
+            for (n = 0; n < len; ++n)
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, to, n, fill_char);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* number of characters copied this far */
+        Py_ssize_t done = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
+        const Py_ssize_t char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
+        char *to = (char *) PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+        Py_MEMCPY(to, PyUnicode_DATA(str),
+                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) * char_size);
+        while (done < nchars) {
+            n = (done <= nchars-done) ? done : nchars-done;
+            Py_MEMCPY(to + (done * char_size), to, n * char_size);
+            done += n;
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
+    return u;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *obj,
+                  PyObject *subobj,
+                  PyObject *replobj,
+                  Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+    PyObject *self;
+    PyObject *str1;
+    PyObject *str2;
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    self = PyUnicode_FromObject(obj);
+    if (self == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    str1 = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
+    if (str1 == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(str1) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(self);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    str2 = PyUnicode_FromObject(replobj);
+    if (str2 == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(str2)) {
+        Py_DECREF(self);
+        Py_DECREF(str1);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    result = replace(self, str1, str2, maxcount);
+    Py_DECREF(self);
+    Py_DECREF(str1);
+    Py_DECREF(str2);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(replace__doc__,
+             "S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n\
+old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n\
+given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_replace(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *str1;
+    PyObject *str2;
+    Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|n:replace", &str1, &str2, &maxcount))
+        return NULL;
+    if (!PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    str1 = PyUnicode_FromObject(str1);
+    if (str1 == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(str1) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    str2 = PyUnicode_FromObject(str2);
+    if (str2 == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(str2) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(str1);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = replace(self, str1, str2, maxcount);
+
+    Py_DECREF(str1);
+    Py_DECREF(str2);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_repr(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    PyObject *repr;
+    Py_ssize_t isize;
+    Py_ssize_t osize, squote, dquote, i, o;
+    Py_UCS4 max, quote;
+    int ikind, okind;
+    void *idata, *odata;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    isize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    idata = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+
+    /* Compute length of output, quote characters, and
+       maximum character */
+    osize = 2; /* quotes */
+    max = 127;
+    squote = dquote = 0;
+    ikind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    for (i = 0; i < isize; i++) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(ikind, idata, i);
+        switch (ch) {
+        case '\'': squote++; osize++; break;
+        case '"':  dquote++; osize++; break;
+        case '\\': case '\t': case '\r': case '\n':
+            osize += 2; break;
+        default:
+            /* Fast-path ASCII */
+            if (ch < ' ' || ch == 0x7f)
+                osize += 4; /* \xHH */
+            else if (ch < 0x7f)
+                osize++;
+            else if (Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(ch)) {
+                osize++;
+                max = ch > max ? ch : max;
+            }
+            else if (ch < 0x100)
+                osize += 4; /* \xHH */
+            else if (ch < 0x10000)
+                osize += 6; /* \uHHHH */
+            else
+                osize += 10; /* \uHHHHHHHH */
+        }
+    }
+
+    quote = '\'';
+    if (squote) {
+        if (dquote)
+            /* Both squote and dquote present. Use squote,
+               and escape them */
+            osize += squote;
+        else
+            quote = '"';
+    }
+
+    repr = PyUnicode_New(osize, max);
+    if (repr == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    okind = PyUnicode_KIND(repr);
+    odata = PyUnicode_DATA(repr);
+
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, 0, quote);
+    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, osize-1, quote);
+
+    for (i = 0, o = 1; i < isize; i++) {
+        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(ikind, idata, i);
+
+        /* Escape quotes and backslashes */
+        if ((ch == quote) || (ch == '\\')) {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Map special whitespace to '\t', \n', '\r' */
+        if (ch == '\t') {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 't');
+        }
+        else if (ch == '\n') {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'n');
+        }
+        else if (ch == '\r') {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'r');
+        }
+
+        /* Map non-printable US ASCII to '\xhh' */
+        else if (ch < ' ' || ch == 0x7F) {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'x');
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F]);
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F]);
+        }
+
+        /* Copy ASCII characters as-is */
+        else if (ch < 0x7F) {
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
+        }
+
+        /* Non-ASCII characters */
+        else {
+            /* Map Unicode whitespace and control characters
+               (categories Z* and C* except ASCII space)
+            */
+            if (!Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(ch)) {
+                /* Map 8-bit characters to '\xhh' */
+                if (ch <= 0xff) {
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'x');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F]);
+                }
+                /* Map 21-bit characters to '\U00xxxxxx' */
+                else if (ch >= 0x10000) {
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'U');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0xF]);
+                }
+                /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
+                else {
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'u');
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xF]);
+                    PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0xF]);
+                }
+            }
+            /* Copy characters as-is */
+            else {
+                PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* Closing quote already added at the beginning */
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(repr, 1));
+    return repr;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rfind__doc__,
+             "S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
+such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n\
+arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
+\n\
+Return -1 on failure.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_rfind(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start;
+    Py_ssize_t end;
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("rfind", args, &substring,
+                                            &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = any_find_slice(-1, self, substring, start, end);
+
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+
+    if (result == -2)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rindex__doc__,
+             "S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_rindex(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start;
+    Py_ssize_t end;
+    Py_ssize_t result;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("rindex", args, &substring,
+                                            &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    result = any_find_slice(-1, self, substring, start, end);
+
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+
+    if (result == -2)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (result < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "substring not found");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rjust__doc__,
+             "S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
+done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_rjust(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:rjust", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) >= width && PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    return pad(self, width - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self), 0, fillchar);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Split(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    s = PyUnicode_FromObject(s);
+    if (s == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (sep != NULL) {
+        sep = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep);
+        if (sep == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(s);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    result = split(s, sep, maxsplit);
+
+    Py_DECREF(s);
+    Py_XDECREF(sep);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(split__doc__,
+             "S.split([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n\
+delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n\
+splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n\
+whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n\
+removed from the result.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_split(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring = Py_None;
+    Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:split", &substring, &maxcount))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (substring == Py_None)
+        return split(self, NULL, maxcount);
+    else if (PyUnicode_Check(substring))
+        return split(self, substring, maxcount);
+    else
+        return PyUnicode_Split(self, substring, maxcount);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Partition(PyObject *str_in, PyObject *sep_in)
+{
+    PyObject* str_obj;
+    PyObject* sep_obj;
+    PyObject* out;
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+
+    str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str_in);
+    if (!str_obj || PyUnicode_READY(str_obj) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    sep_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep_in);
+    if (!sep_obj || PyUnicode_READY(sep_obj) == -1) {
+        Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sep_obj);
+    kind = Py_MAX(kind1, kind2);
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str_obj, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        goto onError;
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sep_obj);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sep_obj, kind);
+    if (!buf2)
+        goto onError;
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sep_obj);
+
+    switch(PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj)) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sep_obj))
+            out = asciilib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        else
+            out = ucs1lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs2lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs4lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0);
+        out = 0;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    return out;
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind && buf1)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_RPartition(PyObject *str_in, PyObject *sep_in)
+{
+    PyObject* str_obj;
+    PyObject* sep_obj;
+    PyObject* out;
+    int kind1, kind2, kind;
+    void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
+
+    str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str_in);
+    if (!str_obj)
+        return NULL;
+    sep_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep_in);
+    if (!sep_obj) {
+        Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_in);
+    kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sep_obj);
+    kind = Py_MAX(kind1, kind2);
+    buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_in);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str_in, kind);
+    if (!buf1)
+        goto onError;
+    buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sep_obj);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sep_obj, kind);
+    if (!buf2)
+        goto onError;
+    len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
+    len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sep_obj);
+
+    switch(PyUnicode_KIND(str_in)) {
+    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sep_obj))
+            out = asciilib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        else
+            out = ucs1lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs2lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
+        out = ucs4lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
+        break;
+    default:
+        assert(0);
+        out = 0;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+
+    return out;
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    if (kind1 != kind && buf1)
+        PyMem_Free(buf1);
+    if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
+        PyMem_Free(buf2);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(partition__doc__,
+             "S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
+\n\
+Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n\
+the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n\
+found, return S and two empty strings.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_partition(PyObject *self, PyObject *separator)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_Partition(self, separator);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rpartition__doc__,
+             "S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
+\n\
+Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return\n\
+the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the\n\
+separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_rpartition(PyObject *self, PyObject *separator)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_RPartition(self, separator);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_RSplit(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+{
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    s = PyUnicode_FromObject(s);
+    if (s == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (sep != NULL) {
+        sep = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep);
+        if (sep == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(s);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    result = rsplit(s, sep, maxsplit);
+
+    Py_DECREF(s);
+    Py_XDECREF(sep);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rsplit__doc__,
+             "S.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n\
+delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n\
+working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n\
+splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n\
+is a separator.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_rsplit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *substring = Py_None;
+    Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:rsplit", &substring, &maxcount))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (substring == Py_None)
+        return rsplit(self, NULL, maxcount);
+    else if (PyUnicode_Check(substring))
+        return rsplit(self, substring, maxcount);
+    else
+        return PyUnicode_RSplit(self, substring, maxcount);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(splitlines__doc__,
+             "S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n\
+Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n\
+is given and true.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_splitlines(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"keepends", 0};
+    int keepends = 0;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|i:splitlines",
+                                     kwlist, &keepends))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return PyUnicode_Splitlines(self, keepends);
+}
+
+static
+PyObject *unicode_str(PyObject *self)
+{
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return self;
+    } else
+        /* Subtype -- return genuine unicode string with the same value. */
+        return PyUnicode_Copy(self);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(swapcase__doc__,
+             "S.swapcase() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase\n\
+and vice versa.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_swapcase(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return fixup(self, fixswapcase);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(maketrans__doc__,
+             "str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]]) -> dict (static method)\n\
+\n\
+Return a translation table usable for str.translate().\n\
+If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode\n\
+ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.\n\
+Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.\n\
+If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and\n\
+in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the\n\
+character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it\n\
+must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_maketrans(PyObject *null, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *x, *y = NULL, *z = NULL;
+    PyObject *new = NULL, *key, *value;
+    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
+    int res;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|UU:maketrans", &x, &y, &z))
+        return NULL;
+    new = PyDict_New();
+    if (!new)
+        return NULL;
+    if (y != NULL) {
+        int x_kind, y_kind, z_kind;
+        void *x_data, *y_data, *z_data;
+
+        /* x must be a string too, of equal length */
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first maketrans argument must "
+                            "be a string if there is a second argument");
+            goto err;
+        }
+        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x) != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(y)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "the first two maketrans "
+                            "arguments must have equal length");
+            goto err;
+        }
+        /* create entries for translating chars in x to those in y */
+        x_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(x);
+        y_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(y);
+        x_data = PyUnicode_DATA(x);
+        y_data = PyUnicode_DATA(y);
+        for (i = 0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x); i++) {
+            key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(x_kind, x_data, i));
+            value = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(y_kind, y_data, i));
+            if (!key || !value)
+                goto err;
+            res = PyDict_SetItem(new, key, value);
+            Py_DECREF(key);
+            Py_DECREF(value);
+            if (res < 0)
+                goto err;
+        }
+        /* create entries for deleting chars in z */
+        if (z != NULL) {
+            z_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(z);
+            z_data = PyUnicode_DATA(z);
+            for (i = 0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(z); i++) {
+                key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(z_kind, z_data, i));
+                if (!key)
+                    goto err;
+                res = PyDict_SetItem(new, key, Py_None);
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                if (res < 0)
+                    goto err;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        int kind;
+        void *data;
+
+        /* x must be a dict */
+        if (!PyDict_CheckExact(x)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "if you give only one argument "
+                            "to maketrans it must be a dict");
+            goto err;
+        }
+        /* copy entries into the new dict, converting string keys to int keys */
+        while (PyDict_Next(x, &i, &key, &value)) {
+            if (PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
+                /* convert string keys to integer keys */
+                PyObject *newkey;
+                if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key) != 1) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "string keys in translate "
+                                    "table must be of length 1");
+                    goto err;
+                }
+                kind = PyUnicode_KIND(key);
+                data = PyUnicode_DATA(key);
+                newkey = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0));
+                if (!newkey)
+                    goto err;
+                res = PyDict_SetItem(new, newkey, value);
+                Py_DECREF(newkey);
+                if (res < 0)
+                    goto err;
+            } else if (PyLong_Check(key)) {
+                /* just keep integer keys */
+                if (PyDict_SetItem(new, key, value) < 0)
+                    goto err;
+            } else {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keys in translate table must "
+                                "be strings or integers");
+                goto err;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return new;
+  err:
+    Py_DECREF(new);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(translate__doc__,
+             "S.translate(table) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped\n\
+through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of\n\
+Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.\n\
+Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None\n\
+are deleted.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_translate(PyObject *self, PyObject *table)
+{
+    return _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(self, table, "ignore");
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(upper__doc__,
+             "S.upper() -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.");
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_upper(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return fixup(self, fixupper);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(zfill__doc__,
+             "S.zfill(width) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field\n\
+of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_zfill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t fill;
+    PyObject *u;
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    int kind;
+    void *data;
+    Py_UCS4 chr;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n:zfill", &width))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) >= width) {
+        if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            return self;
+        }
+        else
+            return PyUnicode_Copy(self);
+    }
+
+    fill = width - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self);
+
+    u = pad(self, fill, 0, '0');
+
+    if (u == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
+    data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
+    chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, fill);
+
+    if (chr == '+' || chr == '-') {
+        /* move sign to beginning of string */
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, 0, chr);
+        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, fill, '0');
+    }
+
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
+    return u;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static PyObject *
+unicode__decimal2ascii(PyObject *self)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_TransformDecimalAndSpaceToASCII(self);
+}
+#endif
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(startswith__doc__,
+             "S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n\
+With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
+With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
+prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_startswith(PyObject *self,
+                   PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *subobj;
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    int result;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds("startswith", args, &subobj, &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+        for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
+            substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i));
+            if (substring == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+            result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, -1);
+            Py_DECREF(substring);
+            if (result) {
+                Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        /* nothing matched */
+        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+    }
+    substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
+    if (substring == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "startswith first arg must be str or "
+                         "a tuple of str, not %s", Py_TYPE(subobj)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, -1);
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(endswith__doc__,
+             "S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n\
+With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
+With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
+suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_endswith(PyObject *self,
+                 PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *subobj;
+    PyObject *substring;
+    Py_ssize_t start = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    int result;
+
+    if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds("endswith", args, &subobj, &start, &end))
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+        for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
+            substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(
+                PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i));
+            if (substring == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+            result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, +1);
+            Py_DECREF(substring);
+            if (result) {
+                Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+    }
+    substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
+    if (substring == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "endswith first arg must be str or "
+                         "a tuple of str, not %s", Py_TYPE(subobj)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, +1);
+    Py_DECREF(substring);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(result);
+}
+
+#include "stringlib/unicode_format.h"
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(format__doc__,
+             "S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.\n\
+The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').");
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(format_map__doc__,
+             "S.format_map(mapping) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.\n\
+The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode__format__(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyObject *format_spec, *out;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:__format__", &format_spec))
+        return NULL;
+
+    out = _PyUnicode_FormatAdvanced(self, format_spec, 0,
+                                     PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec));
+    return out;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(p_format__doc__,
+             "S.__format__(format_spec) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode__sizeof__(PyObject *v)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+
+    /* If it's a compact object, account for base structure +
+       character data. */
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(v))
+        size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject) + PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1;
+    else if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(v))
+        size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject) +
+            (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1) * PyUnicode_KIND(v);
+    else {
+        /* If it is a two-block object, account for base object, and
+           for character block if present. */
+        size = sizeof(PyUnicodeObject);
+        if (_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(v))
+            size += (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1) *
+                PyUnicode_KIND(v);
+    }
+    /* If the wstr pointer is present, account for it unless it is shared
+       with the data pointer. Check if the data is not shared. */
+    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(v))
+        size += (PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(v) + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t);
+    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(v))
+        size += PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(v) + 1;
+
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(size);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(sizeof__doc__,
+             "S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes");
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_getnewargs(PyObject *v)
+{
+    PyObject *copy = PyUnicode_Copy(v);
+    if (!copy)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("(N)", copy);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef unicode_methods[] = {
+
+    /* Order is according to common usage: often used methods should
+       appear first, since lookup is done sequentially. */
+
+    {"encode", (PyCFunction) unicode_encode, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, encode__doc__},
+    {"replace", (PyCFunction) unicode_replace, METH_VARARGS, replace__doc__},
+    {"split", (PyCFunction) unicode_split, METH_VARARGS, split__doc__},
+    {"rsplit", (PyCFunction) unicode_rsplit, METH_VARARGS, rsplit__doc__},
+    {"join", (PyCFunction) unicode_join, METH_O, join__doc__},
+    {"capitalize", (PyCFunction) unicode_capitalize, METH_NOARGS, capitalize__doc__},
+    {"title", (PyCFunction) unicode_title, METH_NOARGS, title__doc__},
+    {"center", (PyCFunction) unicode_center, METH_VARARGS, center__doc__},
+    {"count", (PyCFunction) unicode_count, METH_VARARGS, count__doc__},
+    {"expandtabs", (PyCFunction) unicode_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS, expandtabs__doc__},
+    {"find", (PyCFunction) unicode_find, METH_VARARGS, find__doc__},
+    {"partition", (PyCFunction) unicode_partition, METH_O, partition__doc__},
+    {"index", (PyCFunction) unicode_index, METH_VARARGS, index__doc__},
+    {"ljust", (PyCFunction) unicode_ljust, METH_VARARGS, ljust__doc__},
+    {"lower", (PyCFunction) unicode_lower, METH_NOARGS, lower__doc__},
+    {"lstrip", (PyCFunction) unicode_lstrip, METH_VARARGS, lstrip__doc__},
+    {"rfind", (PyCFunction) unicode_rfind, METH_VARARGS, rfind__doc__},
+    {"rindex", (PyCFunction) unicode_rindex, METH_VARARGS, rindex__doc__},
+    {"rjust", (PyCFunction) unicode_rjust, METH_VARARGS, rjust__doc__},
+    {"rstrip", (PyCFunction) unicode_rstrip, METH_VARARGS, rstrip__doc__},
+    {"rpartition", (PyCFunction) unicode_rpartition, METH_O, rpartition__doc__},
+    {"splitlines", (PyCFunction) unicode_splitlines, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, splitlines__doc__},
+    {"strip", (PyCFunction) unicode_strip, METH_VARARGS, strip__doc__},
+    {"swapcase", (PyCFunction) unicode_swapcase, METH_NOARGS, swapcase__doc__},
+    {"translate", (PyCFunction) unicode_translate, METH_O, translate__doc__},
+    {"upper", (PyCFunction) unicode_upper, METH_NOARGS, upper__doc__},
+    {"startswith", (PyCFunction) unicode_startswith, METH_VARARGS, startswith__doc__},
+    {"endswith", (PyCFunction) unicode_endswith, METH_VARARGS, endswith__doc__},
+    {"islower", (PyCFunction) unicode_islower, METH_NOARGS, islower__doc__},
+    {"isupper", (PyCFunction) unicode_isupper, METH_NOARGS, isupper__doc__},
+    {"istitle", (PyCFunction) unicode_istitle, METH_NOARGS, istitle__doc__},
+    {"isspace", (PyCFunction) unicode_isspace, METH_NOARGS, isspace__doc__},
+    {"isdecimal", (PyCFunction) unicode_isdecimal, METH_NOARGS, isdecimal__doc__},
+    {"isdigit", (PyCFunction) unicode_isdigit, METH_NOARGS, isdigit__doc__},
+    {"isnumeric", (PyCFunction) unicode_isnumeric, METH_NOARGS, isnumeric__doc__},
+    {"isalpha", (PyCFunction) unicode_isalpha, METH_NOARGS, isalpha__doc__},
+    {"isalnum", (PyCFunction) unicode_isalnum, METH_NOARGS, isalnum__doc__},
+    {"isidentifier", (PyCFunction) unicode_isidentifier, METH_NOARGS, isidentifier__doc__},
+    {"isprintable", (PyCFunction) unicode_isprintable, METH_NOARGS, isprintable__doc__},
+    {"zfill", (PyCFunction) unicode_zfill, METH_VARARGS, zfill__doc__},
+    {"format", (PyCFunction) do_string_format, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, format__doc__},
+    {"format_map", (PyCFunction) do_string_format_map, METH_O, format_map__doc__},
+    {"__format__", (PyCFunction) unicode__format__, METH_VARARGS, p_format__doc__},
+    {"maketrans", (PyCFunction) unicode_maketrans,
+     METH_VARARGS | METH_STATIC, maketrans__doc__},
+    {"__sizeof__", (PyCFunction) unicode__sizeof__, METH_NOARGS, sizeof__doc__},
+#if 0
+    {"capwords", (PyCFunction) unicode_capwords, METH_NOARGS, capwords__doc__},
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+    /* These methods are just used for debugging the implementation. */
+    {"_decimal2ascii", (PyCFunction) unicode__decimal2ascii, METH_NOARGS},
+#endif
+
+    {"__getnewargs__",  (PyCFunction)unicode_getnewargs, METH_NOARGS},
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_mod(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(v))
+        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
+    return PyUnicode_Format(v, w);
+}
+
+static PyNumberMethods unicode_as_number = {
+    0,              /*nb_add*/
+    0,              /*nb_subtract*/
+    0,              /*nb_multiply*/
+    unicode_mod,            /*nb_remainder*/
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods unicode_as_sequence = {
+    (lenfunc) unicode_length,       /* sq_length */
+    PyUnicode_Concat,           /* sq_concat */
+    (ssizeargfunc) unicode_repeat,  /* sq_repeat */
+    (ssizeargfunc) unicode_getitem,     /* sq_item */
+    0,                  /* sq_slice */
+    0,                  /* sq_ass_item */
+    0,                  /* sq_ass_slice */
+    PyUnicode_Contains,         /* sq_contains */
+};
+
+static PyObject*
+unicode_subscript(PyObject* self, PyObject* item)
+{
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
+        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+        if (i < 0)
+            i += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
+        return unicode_getitem(self, i);
+    } else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
+        Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
+        PyObject *result;
+        void *src_data, *dest_data;
+        int src_kind, dest_kind;
+        Py_UCS4 ch, max_char, kind_limit;
+
+        if (PySlice_GetIndicesEx(item, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self),
+                                 &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength) < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (slicelength <= 0) {
+            return PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
+        } else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
+                   slicelength == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) &&
+                   PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            return self;
+        } else if (step == 1) {
+            return PyUnicode_Substring(self,
+                                       start, start + slicelength);
+        }
+        /* General case */
+        src_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
+        src_data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
+        if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self)) {
+            kind_limit = kind_maxchar_limit(src_kind);
+            max_char = 0;
+            for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength; cur += step, i++) {
+                ch = PyUnicode_READ(src_kind, src_data, cur);
+                if (ch > max_char) {
+                    max_char = ch;
+                    if (max_char >= kind_limit)
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            max_char = 127;
+        result = PyUnicode_New(slicelength, max_char);
+        if (result == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        dest_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(result);
+        dest_data = PyUnicode_DATA(result);
+
+        for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength; cur += step, i++) {
+            Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(src_kind, src_data, cur);
+            PyUnicode_WRITE(dest_kind, dest_data, i, ch);
+        }
+        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(result, 1));
+        return result;
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "string indices must be integers");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyMappingMethods unicode_as_mapping = {
+    (lenfunc)unicode_length,        /* mp_length */
+    (binaryfunc)unicode_subscript,  /* mp_subscript */
+    (objobjargproc)0,           /* mp_ass_subscript */
+};
+
+
+/* Helpers for PyUnicode_Format() */
+
+static PyObject *
+getnextarg(PyObject *args, Py_ssize_t arglen, Py_ssize_t *p_argidx)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t argidx = *p_argidx;
+    if (argidx < arglen) {
+        (*p_argidx)++;
+        if (arglen < 0)
+            return args;
+        else
+            return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "not enough arguments for format string");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Returns a new reference to a PyUnicode object, or NULL on failure. */
+
+static PyObject *
+formatfloat(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type)
+{
+    char *p;
+    PyObject *result;
+    double x;
+
+    x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
+    if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (prec < 0)
+        prec = 6;
+
+    p = PyOS_double_to_string(x, type, prec,
+                              (flags & F_ALT) ? Py_DTSF_ALT : 0, NULL);
+    if (p == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    result = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(p, strlen(p), NULL);
+    PyMem_Free(p);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+formatlong(PyObject *val, int flags, int prec, int type)
+{
+    char *buf;
+    int len;
+    PyObject *str; /* temporary string object. */
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    str = _PyBytes_FormatLong(val, flags, prec, type, &buf, &len);
+    if (!str)
+        return NULL;
+    result = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(buf, len, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static Py_UCS4
+formatchar(PyObject *v)
+{
+    /* presume that the buffer is at least 3 characters long */
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) == 1) {
+            return PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(v, 0);
+        }
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Integer input truncated to a character */
+        long x;
+        x = PyLong_AsLong(v);
+        if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            goto onError;
+
+        if (x < 0 || x > MAX_UNICODE) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "%c arg not in range(0x110000)");
+            return (Py_UCS4) -1;
+        }
+
+        return (Py_UCS4) x;
+    }
+
+  onError:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "%c requires int or char");
+    return (Py_UCS4) -1;
+}
+
+static int
+repeat_accumulate(_PyAccu *acc, PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t count)
+{
+    int r;
+    assert(count > 0);
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(obj));
+    if (count > 5) {
+        PyObject *repeated = unicode_repeat(obj, count);
+        if (repeated == NULL)
+            return -1;
+        r = _PyAccu_Accumulate(acc, repeated);
+        Py_DECREF(repeated);
+        return r;
+    }
+    else {
+        do {
+            if (_PyAccu_Accumulate(acc, obj))
+                return -1;
+        } while (--count);
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
+{
+    void *fmt;
+    int fmtkind;
+    PyObject *result;
+    int kind;
+    int r;
+    Py_ssize_t fmtcnt, fmtpos, arglen, argidx;
+    int args_owned = 0;
+    PyObject *dict = NULL;
+    PyObject *temp = NULL;
+    PyObject *second = NULL;
+    PyObject *uformat;
+    _PyAccu acc;
+    static PyObject *plus, *minus, *blank, *zero, *percent;
+
+    if (!plus && !(plus = get_latin1_char('+')))
+        return NULL;
+    if (!minus && !(minus = get_latin1_char('-')))
+        return NULL;
+    if (!blank && !(blank = get_latin1_char(' ')))
+        return NULL;
+    if (!zero && !(zero = get_latin1_char('0')))
+        return NULL;
+    if (!percent && !(percent = get_latin1_char('%')))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (format == NULL || args == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    uformat = PyUnicode_FromObject(format);
+    if (uformat == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(uformat) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    if (_PyAccu_Init(&acc))
+        goto onError;
+    fmt = PyUnicode_DATA(uformat);
+    fmtkind = PyUnicode_KIND(uformat);
+    fmtcnt = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uformat);
+    fmtpos = 0;
+
+    if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
+        arglen = PyTuple_Size(args);
+        argidx = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        arglen = -1;
+        argidx = -2;
+    }
+    if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping && !PyTuple_Check(args) &&
+        !PyUnicode_Check(args))
+        dict = args;
+
+    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+        if (PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) != '%') {
+            PyObject *nonfmt;
+            Py_ssize_t nonfmtpos;
+            nonfmtpos = fmtpos++;
+            while (fmtcnt >= 0 &&
+                   PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) != '%') {
+                fmtpos++;
+                fmtcnt--;
+            }
+            nonfmt = PyUnicode_Substring(uformat, nonfmtpos, fmtpos);
+            if (nonfmt == NULL)
+                goto onError;
+            r = _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, nonfmt);
+            Py_DECREF(nonfmt);
+            if (r)
+                goto onError;
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Got a format specifier */
+            int flags = 0;
+            Py_ssize_t width = -1;
+            int prec = -1;
+            Py_UCS4 c = '\0';
+            Py_UCS4 fill, sign;
+            int isnumok;
+            PyObject *v = NULL;
+            void *pbuf = NULL;
+            Py_ssize_t pindex, len;
+            PyObject *signobj = NULL, *fillobj = NULL;
+
+            fmtpos++;
+            if (PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) == '(') {
+                Py_ssize_t keystart;
+                Py_ssize_t keylen;
+                PyObject *key;
+                int pcount = 1;
+
+                if (dict == NULL) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "format requires a mapping");
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                ++fmtpos;
+                --fmtcnt;
+                keystart = fmtpos;
+                /* Skip over balanced parentheses */
+                while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                    if (PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) == ')')
+                        --pcount;
+                    else if (PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) == '(')
+                        ++pcount;
+                    fmtpos++;
+                }
+                keylen = fmtpos - keystart - 1;
+                if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                                    "incomplete format key");
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                key = PyUnicode_Substring(uformat,
+                                          keystart, keystart + keylen);
+                if (key == NULL)
+                    goto onError;
+                if (args_owned) {
+                    Py_DECREF(args);
+                    args_owned = 0;
+                }
+                args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                if (args == NULL) {
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                args_owned = 1;
+                arglen = -1;
+                argidx = -2;
+            }
+            while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                switch (c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++)) {
+                case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
+                case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
+                case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
+                case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
+                case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            if (c == '*') {
+                v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+                if (v == NULL)
+                    goto onError;
+                if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "* wants int");
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                width = PyLong_AsLong(v);
+                if (width == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+                    goto onError;
+                if (width < 0) {
+                    flags |= F_LJUST;
+                    width = -width;
+                }
+                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                    c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+            }
+            else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                width = c - '0';
+                while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                    c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+                    if (c < '0' || c > '9')
+                        break;
+                    if ((width*10) / 10 != width) {
+                        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                                        "width too big");
+                        goto onError;
+                    }
+                    width = width*10 + (c - '0');
+                }
+            }
+            if (c == '.') {
+                prec = 0;
+                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                    c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+                if (c == '*') {
+                    v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+                    if (v == NULL)
+                        goto onError;
+                    if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                        "* wants int");
+                        goto onError;
+                    }
+                    prec = PyLong_AsLong(v);
+                    if (prec == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+                        goto onError;
+                    if (prec < 0)
+                        prec = 0;
+                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                        c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+                }
+                else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                    prec = c - '0';
+                    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                        c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+                        if (c < '0' || c > '9')
+                            break;
+                        if ((prec*10) / 10 != prec) {
+                            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                                            "prec too big");
+                            goto onError;
+                        }
+                        prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
+                    }
+                }
+            } /* prec */
+            if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
+                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                        c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
+                }
+            }
+            if (fmtcnt < 0) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                                "incomplete format");
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            if (c != '%') {
+                v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+                if (v == NULL)
+                    goto onError;
+            }
+            sign = 0;
+            fill = ' ';
+            fillobj = blank;
+            switch (c) {
+
+            case '%':
+                _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, percent);
+                continue;
+
+            case 's':
+            case 'r':
+            case 'a':
+                if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v) && c == 's') {
+                    temp = v;
+                    Py_INCREF(temp);
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (c == 's')
+                        temp = PyObject_Str(v);
+                    else if (c == 'r')
+                        temp = PyObject_Repr(v);
+                    else
+                        temp = PyObject_ASCII(v);
+                    if (temp == NULL)
+                        goto onError;
+                    if (PyUnicode_Check(temp))
+                        /* nothing to do */;
+                    else {
+                        Py_DECREF(temp);
+                        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                        "%s argument has non-string str()");
+                        goto onError;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(temp) == -1) {
+                    Py_CLEAR(temp);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                pbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(temp);
+                kind = PyUnicode_KIND(temp);
+                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
+                    len = prec;
+                break;
+
+            case 'i':
+            case 'd':
+            case 'u':
+            case 'o':
+            case 'x':
+            case 'X':
+                isnumok = 0;
+                if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
+                    PyObject *iobj=NULL;
+
+                    if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                        iobj = v;
+                        Py_INCREF(iobj);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
+                    }
+                    if (iobj!=NULL) {
+                        if (PyLong_Check(iobj)) {
+                            isnumok = 1;
+                            temp = formatlong(iobj, flags, prec, (c == 'i'? 'd': c));
+                            Py_DECREF(iobj);
+                            if (!temp)
+                                goto onError;
+                            if (PyUnicode_READY(temp) == -1) {
+                                Py_CLEAR(temp);
+                                goto onError;
+                            }
+                            pbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(temp);
+                            kind = PyUnicode_KIND(temp);
+                            len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                            sign = 1;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            Py_DECREF(iobj);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!isnumok) {
+                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                 "%%%c format: a number is required, "
+                                 "not %.200s", (char)c, Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                if (flags & F_ZERO) {
+                    fill = '0';
+                    fillobj = zero;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 'e':
+            case 'E':
+            case 'f':
+            case 'F':
+            case 'g':
+            case 'G':
+                temp = formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c);
+                if (!temp)
+                    goto onError;
+                if (PyUnicode_READY(temp) == -1) {
+                    Py_CLEAR(temp);
+                    goto onError;
+                }
+                pbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(temp);
+                kind = PyUnicode_KIND(temp);
+                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                sign = 1;
+                if (flags & F_ZERO) {
+                    fill = '0';
+                    fillobj = zero;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 'c':
+            {
+                Py_UCS4 ch = formatchar(v);
+                if (ch == (Py_UCS4) -1)
+                    goto onError;
+                temp = _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(&ch, 1);
+                if (temp == NULL)
+                    goto onError;
+                pbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(temp);
+                kind = PyUnicode_KIND(temp);
+                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            default:
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                             "unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x) "
+                             "at index %zd",
+                             (31<=c && c<=126) ? (char)c : '?',
+                             (int)c,
+                             fmtpos - 1);
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            /* pbuf is initialized here. */
+            pindex = 0;
+            if (sign) {
+                if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '-') {
+                    signobj = minus;
+                    len--;
+                    pindex++;
+                }
+                else if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '+') {
+                    signobj = plus;
+                    len--;
+                    pindex++;
+                }
+                else if (flags & F_SIGN)
+                    signobj = plus;
+                else if (flags & F_BLANK)
+                    signobj = blank;
+                else
+                    sign = 0;
+            }
+            if (width < len)
+                width = len;
+            if (sign) {
+                if (fill != ' ') {
+                    assert(signobj != NULL);
+                    if (_PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, signobj))
+                        goto onError;
+                }
+                if (width > len)
+                    width--;
+            }
+            if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == 'o')) {
+                assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '0');
+                assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex + 1) == c);
+                if (fill != ' ') {
+                    second = get_latin1_char(
+                        PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex + 1));
+                    pindex += 2;
+                    if (second == NULL ||
+                        _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, zero) ||
+                        _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, second))
+                        goto onError;
+                    Py_CLEAR(second);
+                }
+                width -= 2;
+                if (width < 0)
+                    width = 0;
+                len -= 2;
+            }
+            if (width > len && !(flags & F_LJUST)) {
+                assert(fillobj != NULL);
+                if (repeat_accumulate(&acc, fillobj, width - len))
+                    goto onError;
+                width = len;
+            }
+            if (fill == ' ') {
+                if (sign) {
+                    assert(signobj != NULL);
+                    if (_PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, signobj))
+                        goto onError;
+                }
+                if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == 'o')) {
+                    assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '0');
+                    assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex+1) == c);
+                    second = get_latin1_char(
+                        PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex + 1));
+                    pindex += 2;
+                    if (second == NULL ||
+                        _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, zero) ||
+                        _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, second))
+                        goto onError;
+                    Py_CLEAR(second);
+                }
+            }
+            /* Copy all characters, preserving len */
+            if (temp != NULL) {
+                assert(pbuf == PyUnicode_DATA(temp));
+                v = PyUnicode_Substring(temp, pindex, pindex + len);
+            }
+            else {
+                const char *p = (const char *) pbuf;
+                assert(pbuf != NULL);
+                p += kind * pindex;
+                v = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(kind, p, len);
+            }
+            if (v == NULL)
+                goto onError;
+            r = _PyAccu_Accumulate(&acc, v);
+            Py_DECREF(v);
+            if (r)
+                goto onError;
+            if (width > len && repeat_accumulate(&acc, blank, width - len))
+                goto onError;
+            if (dict && (argidx < arglen) && c != '%') {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                "not all arguments converted during string formatting");
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            Py_CLEAR(temp);
+        } /* '%' */
+    } /* until end */
+    if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "not all arguments converted during string formatting");
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    result = _PyAccu_Finish(&acc);
+    if (args_owned) {
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(uformat);
+    Py_XDECREF(temp);
+    Py_XDECREF(second);
+    return result;
+
+  onError:
+    Py_DECREF(uformat);
+    Py_XDECREF(temp);
+    Py_XDECREF(second);
+    _PyAccu_Destroy(&acc);
+    if (args_owned) {
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    PyObject *x = NULL;
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"object", "encoding", "errors", 0};
+    char *encoding = NULL;
+    char *errors = NULL;
+
+    if (type != &PyUnicode_Type)
+        return unicode_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Oss:str",
+                                     kwlist, &x, &encoding, &errors))
+        return NULL;
+    if (x == NULL)
+        return PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
+    if (encoding == NULL && errors == NULL)
+        return PyObject_Str(x);
+    else
+        return PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(x, encoding, errors);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    PyObject *unicode, *self;
+    Py_ssize_t length, char_size;
+    int share_wstr, share_utf8;
+    unsigned int kind;
+    void *data;
+
+    assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyUnicode_Type));
+
+    unicode = unicode_new(&PyUnicode_Type, args, kwds);
+    if (unicode == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode))
+        return NULL;
+
+    self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
+    if (self == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(unicode);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
+    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+
+    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) = length;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = -1;
+#else
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode);
+#endif
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(self).interned = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(self).kind = kind;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(self).compact = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(self).ascii = _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(self).ready = 1;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR(self) = NULL;
+    _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(self) = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_UTF8(self) = NULL;
+    _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(self) = 0;
+    _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(self) = NULL;
+
+    share_utf8 = 0;
+    share_wstr = 0;
+    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
+        char_size = 1;
+        if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) < 128)
+            share_utf8 = 1;
+    }
+    else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
+        char_size = 2;
+        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+            share_wstr = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
+        char_size = 4;
+        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
+            share_wstr = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Ensure we won't overflow the length. */
+    if (length > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / char_size - 1)) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+    data = PyObject_MALLOC((length + 1) * char_size);
+    if (data == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(self) = data;
+    if (share_utf8) {
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(self) = length;
+        _PyUnicode_UTF8(self) = data;
+    }
+    if (share_wstr) {
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(self) = length;
+        _PyUnicode_WSTR(self) = (wchar_t *)data;
+    }
+
+    Py_MEMCPY(data, PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
+              kind * (length + 1));
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(self, 1));
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode);
+#endif
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    return self;
+
+onError:
+    Py_DECREF(unicode);
+    Py_DECREF(self);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(unicode_doc,
+             "str(string[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n\
+\n\
+Create a new string object from the given encoded string.\n\
+encoding defaults to the current default string encoding.\n\
+errors can be 'strict', 'replace' or 'ignore' and defaults to 'strict'.");
+
+static PyObject *unicode_iter(PyObject *seq);
+
+PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+    "str",              /* tp_name */
+    sizeof(PyUnicodeObject),        /* tp_size */
+    0,                  /* tp_itemsize */
+    /* Slots */
+    (destructor)unicode_dealloc,    /* tp_dealloc */
+    0,                  /* tp_print */
+    0,                  /* tp_getattr */
+    0,                  /* tp_setattr */
+    0,                  /* tp_reserved */
+    unicode_repr,           /* tp_repr */
+    &unicode_as_number,         /* tp_as_number */
+    &unicode_as_sequence,       /* tp_as_sequence */
+    &unicode_as_mapping,        /* tp_as_mapping */
+    (hashfunc) unicode_hash,        /* tp_hash*/
+    0,                  /* tp_call*/
+    (reprfunc) unicode_str,     /* tp_str */
+    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */
+    0,                  /* tp_setattro */
+    0,                  /* tp_as_buffer */
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
+    Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS,    /* tp_flags */
+    unicode_doc,            /* tp_doc */
+    0,                  /* tp_traverse */
+    0,                  /* tp_clear */
+    PyUnicode_RichCompare,      /* tp_richcompare */
+    0,                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+    unicode_iter,           /* tp_iter */
+    0,                  /* tp_iternext */
+    unicode_methods,            /* tp_methods */
+    0,                  /* tp_members */
+    0,                  /* tp_getset */
+    &PyBaseObject_Type,         /* tp_base */
+    0,                  /* tp_dict */
+    0,                  /* tp_descr_get */
+    0,                  /* tp_descr_set */
+    0,                  /* tp_dictoffset */
+    0,                  /* tp_init */
+    0,                  /* tp_alloc */
+    unicode_new,            /* tp_new */
+    PyObject_Del,           /* tp_free */
+};
+
+/* Initialize the Unicode implementation */
+
+int _PyUnicode_Init(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    /* XXX - move this array to unicodectype.c ? */
+    Py_UCS2 linebreak[] = {
+        0x000A, /* LINE FEED */
+        0x000D, /* CARRIAGE RETURN */
+        0x001C, /* FILE SEPARATOR */
+        0x001D, /* GROUP SEPARATOR */
+        0x001E, /* RECORD SEPARATOR */
+        0x0085, /* NEXT LINE */
+        0x2028, /* LINE SEPARATOR */
+        0x2029, /* PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR */
+    };
+
+    /* Init the implementation */
+    unicode_empty = PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
+    if (!unicode_empty)
+        Py_FatalError("Can't create empty string");
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode_empty, 1));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+        unicode_latin1[i] = NULL;
+    if (PyType_Ready(&PyUnicode_Type) < 0)
+        Py_FatalError("Can't initialize 'unicode'");
+
+    /* initialize the linebreak bloom filter */
+    bloom_linebreak = make_bloom_mask(
+        PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND, linebreak,
+        Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(linebreak));
+
+    PyType_Ready(&EncodingMapType);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
+    winver.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(winver);
+    if (!GetVersionEx((OSVERSIONINFO*)&winver)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return -1;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Finalize the Unicode implementation */
+
+int
+PyUnicode_ClearFreeList(void)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+_PyUnicode_Fini(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    Py_XDECREF(unicode_empty);
+    unicode_empty = NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        if (unicode_latin1[i]) {
+            Py_DECREF(unicode_latin1[i]);
+            unicode_latin1[i] = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    _PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings();
+    (void)PyUnicode_ClearFreeList();
+}
+
+void
+PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **p)
+{
+    register PyObject *s = *p;
+    PyObject *t;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    assert(s != NULL);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(s));
+#else
+    if (s == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(s))
+        return;
+#endif
+    /* If it's a subclass, we don't really know what putting
+       it in the interned dict might do. */
+    if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))
+        return;
+    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s))
+        return;
+    if (interned == NULL) {
+        interned = PyDict_New();
+        if (interned == NULL) {
+            PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    /* It might be that the GetItem call fails even
+       though the key is present in the dictionary,
+       namely when this happens during a stack overflow. */
+    Py_ALLOW_RECURSION
+    t = PyDict_GetItem(interned, s);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION
+
+        if (t) {
+            Py_INCREF(t);
+            Py_DECREF(*p);
+            *p = t;
+            return;
+        }
+
+    PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 1;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(interned, s, s) < 0) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 0;
+        return;
+    }
+    PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 0;
+    /* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt.
+       The deallocator will take care of this */
+    Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2;
+    _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL;
+}
+
+void
+PyUnicode_InternImmortal(PyObject **p)
+{
+    PyUnicode_InternInPlace(p);
+    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(*p) != SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL) {
+        _PyUnicode_STATE(*p).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL;
+        Py_INCREF(*p);
+    }
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyUnicode_InternFromString(const char *cp)
+{
+    PyObject *s = PyUnicode_FromString(cp);
+    if (s == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&s);
+    return s;
+}
+
+void
+_Py_ReleaseInternedUnicodeStrings(void)
+{
+    PyObject *keys;
+    PyObject *s;
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    Py_ssize_t immortal_size = 0, mortal_size = 0;
+
+    if (interned == NULL || !PyDict_Check(interned))
+        return;
+    keys = PyDict_Keys(interned);
+    if (keys == NULL || !PyList_Check(keys)) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Since _Py_ReleaseInternedUnicodeStrings() is intended to help a leak
+       detector, interned unicode strings are not forcibly deallocated;
+       rather, we give them their stolen references back, and then clear
+       and DECREF the interned dict. */
+
+    n = PyList_GET_SIZE(keys);
+    fprintf(stderr, "releasing %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d interned strings\n",
+            n);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        s = PyList_GET_ITEM(keys, i);
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(s) == -1) {
+            assert(0 && "could not ready string");
+            fprintf(stderr, "could not ready string\n");
+        }
+        switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s)) {
+        case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
+            /* XXX Shouldn't happen */
+            break;
+        case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
+            Py_REFCNT(s) += 1;
+            immortal_size += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
+            break;
+        case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
+            Py_REFCNT(s) += 2;
+            mortal_size += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
+            break;
+        default:
+            Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
+        }
+        _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "total size of all interned strings: "
+            "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d/%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d "
+            "mortal/immortal\n", mortal_size, immortal_size);
+    Py_DECREF(keys);
+    PyDict_Clear(interned);
+    Py_DECREF(interned);
+    interned = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/********************* Unicode Iterator **************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    Py_ssize_t it_index;
+    PyObject *it_seq;    /* Set to NULL when iterator is exhausted */
+} unicodeiterobject;
+
+static void
+unicodeiter_dealloc(unicodeiterobject *it)
+{
+    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(it);
+    Py_XDECREF(it->it_seq);
+    PyObject_GC_Del(it);
+}
+
+static int
+unicodeiter_traverse(unicodeiterobject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(it->it_seq);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicodeiter_next(unicodeiterobject *it)
+{
+    PyObject *seq, *item;
+
+    assert(it != NULL);
+    seq = it->it_seq;
+    if (seq == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(seq));
+
+    if (it->it_index < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(seq)) {
+        int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(seq);
+        void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(seq);
+        Py_UCS4 chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, it->it_index);
+        item = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(chr);
+        if (item != NULL)
+            ++it->it_index;
+        return item;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(seq);
+    it->it_seq = NULL;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+unicodeiter_len(unicodeiterobject *it)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len = 0;
+    if (it->it_seq)
+        len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(it->it_seq) - it->it_index;
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc, "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).");
+
+static PyMethodDef unicodeiter_methods[] = {
+    {"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)unicodeiter_len, METH_NOARGS,
+     length_hint_doc},
+    {NULL,      NULL}       /* sentinel */
+};
+
+PyTypeObject PyUnicodeIter_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+    "str_iterator",         /* tp_name */
+    sizeof(unicodeiterobject),      /* tp_basicsize */
+    0,                  /* tp_itemsize */
+    /* methods */
+    (destructor)unicodeiter_dealloc,    /* tp_dealloc */
+    0,                  /* tp_print */
+    0,                  /* tp_getattr */
+    0,                  /* tp_setattr */
+    0,                  /* tp_reserved */
+    0,                  /* tp_repr */
+    0,                  /* tp_as_number */
+    0,                  /* tp_as_sequence */
+    0,                  /* tp_as_mapping */
+    0,                  /* tp_hash */
+    0,                  /* tp_call */
+    0,                  /* tp_str */
+    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */
+    0,                  /* tp_setattro */
+    0,                  /* tp_as_buffer */
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
+    0,                  /* tp_doc */
+    (traverseproc)unicodeiter_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
+    0,                  /* tp_clear */
+    0,                  /* tp_richcompare */
+    0,                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+    PyObject_SelfIter,          /* tp_iter */
+    (iternextfunc)unicodeiter_next,     /* tp_iternext */
+    unicodeiter_methods,            /* tp_methods */
+    0,
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+unicode_iter(PyObject *seq)
+{
+    unicodeiterobject *it;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(seq)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(seq) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    it = PyObject_GC_New(unicodeiterobject, &PyUnicodeIter_Type);
+    if (it == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    it->it_index = 0;
+    Py_INCREF(seq);
+    it->it_seq = seq;
+    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(it);
+    return (PyObject *)it;
+}
+
+
+size_t
+Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u)
+{
+    int res = 0;
+    while(*u++)
+        res++;
+    return res;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+Py_UNICODE_strcpy(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
+{
+    Py_UNICODE *u = s1;
+    while ((*u++ = *s2++));
+    return s1;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+Py_UNICODE_strncpy(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2, size_t n)
+{
+    Py_UNICODE *u = s1;
+    while ((*u++ = *s2++))
+        if (n-- == 0)
+            break;
+    return s1;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+Py_UNICODE_strcat(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
+{
+    Py_UNICODE *u1 = s1;
+    u1 += Py_UNICODE_strlen(u1);
+    Py_UNICODE_strcpy(u1, s2);
+    return s1;
+}
+
+int
+Py_UNICODE_strcmp(const Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
+{
+    while (*s1 && *s2 && *s1 == *s2)
+        s1++, s2++;
+    if (*s1 && *s2)
+        return (*s1 < *s2) ? -1 : +1;
+    if (*s1)
+        return 1;
+    if (*s2)
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+Py_UNICODE_strncmp(const Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2, size_t n)
+{
+    register Py_UNICODE u1, u2;
+    for (; n != 0; n--) {
+        u1 = *s1;
+        u2 = *s2;
+        if (u1 != u2)
+            return (u1 < u2) ? -1 : +1;
+        if (u1 == '\0')
+            return 0;
+        s1++;
+        s2++;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+Py_UNICODE_strchr(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_UNICODE c)
+{
+    const Py_UNICODE *p;
+    for (p = s; *p; p++)
+        if (*p == c)
+            return (Py_UNICODE*)p;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+Py_UNICODE_strrchr(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_UNICODE c)
+{
+    const Py_UNICODE *p;
+    p = s + Py_UNICODE_strlen(s);
+    while (p != s) {
+        p--;
+        if (*p == c)
+            return (Py_UNICODE*)p;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+Py_UNICODE*
+PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy(PyObject *unicode)
+{
+    Py_UNICODE *u, *copy;
+    Py_ssize_t len, size;
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    u = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, &len);
+    if (u == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
+    if (len > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UNICODE)) - 1)) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    size = len + 1; /* copy the null character */
+    size *= sizeof(Py_UNICODE);
+    copy = PyMem_Malloc(size);
+    if (copy == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    memcpy(copy, u, size);
+    return copy;
+}
+
+/* A _string module, to export formatter_parser and formatter_field_name_split
+   to the string.Formatter class implemented in Python. */
+
+static PyMethodDef _string_methods[] = {
+    {"formatter_field_name_split", (PyCFunction) formatter_field_name_split,
+     METH_O, PyDoc_STR("split the argument as a field name")},
+    {"formatter_parser", (PyCFunction) formatter_parser,
+     METH_O, PyDoc_STR("parse the argument as a format string")},
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+static struct PyModuleDef _string_module = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "_string",
+    PyDoc_STR("string helper module"),
+    0,
+    _string_methods,
+    NULL,
+    NULL,
+    NULL,
+    NULL
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__string(void)
+{
+    return PyModule_Create(&_string_module);
+}
+
+