%%WARNING: READ THE README FILE BEFORE ANY MODIFICATION!!!


%%submitted papers
%%%

@Article{Bergstra+Bengio+Louradoj-2008sub,
  author =       "J. Bergstra and Y. Bengio and J. Louradour",
  title =        "Suitability of Complex Cell Models for Object Categorization",
  journal =      "Computational Neuroscience",
  year =         "2008",
  note =         "Rejected."
}
@Article{Bergstra+Bengio+Louradoj-2009sub,
  author =       "J. Bergstra and Y. Bengio and J. Louradour",
  title =        "Suitability of Complex Cell Models for Object Categorization",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  year =         "2009",
  note =         "Submitted."
}
@Article{Chapados+Bengio-2008sub,
  author =       "N. Chapados and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Forecasting and Trading Commodity Contract Spreads with {G}aussian Processes",
  journal =      "International Journal of Forecasting",
  year =         "2008",
  note = "Submitted.",
}
@Article{Chapados+Bengio-2008sub2,
  author =       "N. Chapados and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Training Graphs of Learning Modules for Sequential Data",
  journal =      "ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data",
  year =         "2008",
  note = "Submitted.",
}

%%%
%%accepted or published papers
%%%

@Article{Grother,
  author = "Grother Patrick J.",
  title = "NIST special database. Handprinted forms and characters database",
  publisher = "National institute of standards and technology",
  year = "1995"
}

@InCollection{Trentin+al-2002,
  author =       "E. Trentin and F. Brugnara and Y. Bengio and C. Furlanello and R.  De Mori",
  editor =       "R. Daniloff",
  booktitle =    "Connectionist Approaches to Clinical Problems in Speech
and Language",
  title =        "Statistical and Neural Network Models for Speech Recognition",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum",
  pages =        "213--264",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+grandvalet-2004,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and Y. Grandvalet",
  editor =       "P. Duchesne and B. Remillard",
  booktitle =    "Statistical Modeling and Analysis for Complex Data Problem",
  title =        "Bias in Estimating the Variance of K-Fold Cross-Validation",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum",
  address =      "Kluwer",
  pages =        "75--95",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InCollection{Dugas+al-2004,
  author =       "C. Dugas and Y. Bengio and N. Chapados and P. Vincent and G. Denoncourt and C. Fournier",
  editor =       "L. Jain and A.F. Shapiro",
  booktitle =    "Intelligent and Other Computational Techniques in Insurance: Theory and
Applications",
  title =        "Statistical Learning Algorithms Applied to Automobile Insurance Ratemaking",
  publisher =    "World Scientific Publishing Company",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InCollection{Dugas+al-2004-short,
  author =       "C. Dugas and Y. Bengio and N. Chapados and P. Vincent and G. Denoncourt and C. Fournier",
  booktitle =    "Intelligent and Other Computational Techniques in Insurance: Theory and
Applications",
  title =        "Statistical Learning Algorithms Applied to Automobile Insurance Ratemaking",
  publisher =    "World Scientific Publishing Company",
  year =         "2004",
}

@inproceedings{Collobert+Bengio+Bengio-2002b,
    author = "R. Collobert and Y. Bengio and S. Bengio",
    title = {Scaling Large Learning Problems with Hard Parallel Mixtures},
    editor = "S.W. Lee and A. Verri",
    year = 2002,
    booktitle = SVM02,
    volume = "2388 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    pages = "8--23",
}

@Article{Collobert+Bengio+Bengio-2003,
  author =       "R. Collobert and Y. Bengio and S. Bengio.",
  title =        "Scaling Large Learning Problems with Hard Parallel Mixtures",
  journal =      ijprai,
  volume =       "17",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "349--365",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{Collobert+Bengio+Bengio-2003-small,
  author =       "R. Collobert and Y. Bengio and S. Bengio.",
  title =        "Scaling Large Learning Problems with Hard Parallel Mixtures",
  journal =      "Int. J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "17(3)",
  pages =        "349--365",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Chapados-2002,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and N. Chapados",
  title =        "Metric-based Model Selection for Time-Series Forecasting",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  editor =       NIPS12ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS12,
  year =         "2002",
  pages = "13--24",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Takeuchi+Kanamori-2002,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and I. Takeuchi and K. Kanamori",
  title =        "The Challenge of Non-Linear Regression on Large Datasets with Asymmetric Heavy Tails",
  publisher =    "American Statistical Association publ.",
  booktitle =    JSM02,
  year =         "2002",
  pages = "193-205"
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Takeuchi+Kanamori-2002-short,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and I. Takeuchi and K. Kanamori",
  title =        "The Challenge of Non-Linear Regression on Large Datasets with Asymmetric Heavy Tails",
  booktitle =    JSM02,
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Collobert+Bengio+Bengio-2002,
  author =       "R. Collobert ans S. Bengio and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "A Parallel Mixture of {SVM}s for Very Large Scale Problems",
  booktitle =    NIPS14,
  editor =       NIPS14ed,
  pages =        "633--640",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Bhattacharya+Getoor+Bengio-2004,
  author =       "I. Bhattacharya and L. Getoor and Y. Bengio",
  booktitle =    "Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'04)",
  title =        "Unsupervised Sense Disambiguation Using Bilingual Probabilistic Models",
  year =         "2004",
}
@InProceedings{Boufaden+Bengio+Lapalme-2008,
  author =       "N. Boufaden and Y. Bengio and G. Lapalme",
  booktitle =    "{\em TALN'2004}, Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel.",
  title =        "Approche statistique pour le repérage de mots informatifs dans les textes oraux",
  year =         "2004",
}
@InProceedings{Chapados+Bengio-2006,
  author =       "N. Chapados and Y. Bengio",
  booktitle =    AI06,
  title =        "The K Best-Paths Approach to Approximate Dynamic Programming with Application to Portfolio Optimization",
  pages =        "491-502",
  year =         "2006",
}
@InProceedings{Rivest+Bengio+Kalaska-2005,
  author =       "F. Rivest and Y. Bengio and J. Kalaska",
  editor =       NIPS17ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS17,
  title =        "Brain Inspired Reinforcement Learning",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "1129-1136",
  year =         "2005",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Grandvalet-NIPS-2004,
  author =       "Y. Bengio Y. and Y. Grandvalet",
  editor =       NIPS16ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS16,
  title =        "No Unbiased Estimator of the Variance of K-Fold Cross-Validation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Grandvalet-NIPS-2004-short,
  author =       "Y. Bengio Y. and Y. Grandvalet",
  booktitle =    NIPS16,
  title =        "No Unbiased Estimator of the Variance of K-Fold Cross-Validation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge",
  year =         "2004",
}

@article{Zaccaro-et-al-2005,
 author = {Maria Clara Zaccaro and Hong Boon Lee and Mookda Pattarawarapan and 
           Zebin Xia and Antoine Caron and Pierre-Jean L'Heureux and Yoshua Bengio
           and Kevin Burgess and H. Uri Saragovi},
 title = {Selective Small Molecule Peptidomimetic Ligands of {TrkC} and {TrkA} Receptors Afford Discrete or Complete Neurotrophic Activities},
 journal = {Chemistry \& Biology},
 volume = 12,
 number = 9,
 pages = {1015--1028},
 year = 2005,
}

@Article{63a:man,
  author =       "B. Mandelbrot",
  title =        "The variation of certain speculative prices",
  journal =      "Journal of Business",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "394--419",
  year =         "1963",
  annote =       "Référence pour les distributions stables en finance",
}

@Article{65a:fam,
  author =       "E. F. Fama",
  title =        "The behavior of stock market prices",
  journal =      "Journal of Business",
  volume =       "38",
  pages =        "34--105",
  year =         "1965",
  annote =       "Autre référence pour les distributions stables en
                 finance",
}

@Article{96a:cor:gon:har,
  author =       "R. M. Corless and G. H. Gonnet and D. E. G. Hare and
                 D. J. Jeffrey and D. E. Knuth",
  title =        "On the {Lambert} {W} Function",
  journal =      "Advances in Computational Mathematics",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "329--359",
  year =         "1996",
  annote =       "Sert à résoudre les équations où une variable et son
                 logarithme (ou exponentielle) apparaissent
                 simultanément",
}

@Book{97b:emb:klu:mik,
  author =       "P. Embrechts and C. Kluppelberg and T. Mikosch",
  title =        "Modelling Extremal Events",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  year =         "1997",
  series =       "Applications of Mathematics, Stochastic Modelling and
                 Applied Probability",
  annote =       "book on evt: theory, statistical methods for gev",
}

@Article{99a:kan:ser,
  author =       "S. Kang and R. F. Serfozo",
  title =        "Extreme values of phase-type and mixed random
                 variables with parallel-processing examples",
  journal =      "Journal of Applied Probability",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "194--210",
  year =         "1999",
  annote =       "limiting distribution of the maximum of r.v. i.i.d
                 from a mixture is determined by the component of the
                 mixture that has a dominant tail",
}

@TechReport{Abdallah+Plumbley-06,
  author =       "Samer Abdallah and Mark Plumbley",
  title =        "Geometry Dependency Analysis",
  number =       "C4DM-TR06-05",
  institution =  "Center for Digital Music, Queen Mary, University of
                 London",
  year =         "2006",
}

@Article{Abe+Warmuth92,
  author =       "N. Abe and M. K. Warmuth",
  title =        "On the Computational Complexity of Approximating
                 Distributions by Probabilistic Automata",
  journal =      "Machine Learning",
  volume =       "9",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{Abu-Mostafa-hints,
  author =       "Y. S. Abu-Mostafa",
  title =        "Learning from Hints in Neural Networks",
  journal =      jcomp,
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "192--198",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Abu-Mostafa87,
  author =       "Y. S. Abu-Mostafa and D. Psaltis",
  title =        "Optical Neural Computers",
  journal =      sciam,
  volume =       "256",
  pages =        "88--95",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{Abu-Mostafa89,
  author =       "Y. S. Abu-Mostafa",
  title =        "The {Vapnik}-{Chervonenkis} Dimension: Information
                 versus Complexity in Learning",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "312--317",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{abumostafa95,
  author =       "Yaser S. Abu-Mostafa",
  title =        "Hints",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "639--671",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1995",
}

@misc{Ackerman+BenDavid-2008,
    author = "Margareta Ackerman and Shai Ben-David",
    title = "Clustering Quality Measures",
    year = 2008,
    note = "{\em Snowbird Learning Workshop}",
}

@Article{Ackley85,
  author =       "D. H. Ackley and G. E. Hinton and T. J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "A Learning Algorithm for {Boltzmann} Machines",
  journal =      cogsci,
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "147--169",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{Ackley90,
  author =       "D. H. Ackley and M. S. Littman",
  editor =       NIPS2ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS2,
  title =        "Generalization and Scaling in Reinforcement Learning",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "550--557",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{ACM:Rohwer94,
  author =       "R. Rohwer",
  title =        "The time dimension of neural network models",
  journal =      "ACM Sigart Bulleting",
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "36--44",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1994",
}

@article{AdelsonBergen1985,
    author={E. H. Adelson and J. R. Bergen},
    title={Spatiotemporal Energy Models for the Perception of Motion},
    journal={Journal of the Optical Society of America},
    volume=2,
    number=2,
    year=1985,
    pages={284-99},
}

@Article{Agrawala70,
  author = 	 {Ashok Kumar Agrawala},
  title = 	 {Learning with a Probabilistic Teacher},
  journal = 	 {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
  year = 	 1970,
  volume =	 16,
  pages =	 {373-379}
}

@Article{Ahalt90,
  author =       "S. C. Ahalt and A. K. Krishnamurthy and P. Chen and D.
                 E. Melton",
  title =        "Competitive Learning Algorithms for Vector
                 Quantization",
  journal =      nn,
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "277--290",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{Ahmad93,
  author =       "S. Ahmad and V. Tresp",
  editor =       NIPS5ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS5,
  title =        "Some Solutions to the Missing Feature Problem in
                 Vision",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufman Publishers",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1993",
}

@inproceedings{Ahmed2008,
 author = {Amr Ahmed and Kai Yu and Wei Xu and Yihong Gong and Eric P. Xing},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV'08)},
 title = {Training Hierarchical Feed-forward Visual Recognition Models Using Transfer Learning from Pseudo Tasks},
 year = 2008,
 pages = "69--82",
}

@article{AitchisonJ1976,
	author = {John Aitchison and Colin Aitken},
	journal = {Biometrika},
	number = {3},
	pages = {413--420},
	title = {Multivariate binary discrimination by the kernel method},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1976}
}

@Article{Aizerman64,
  author =       "Mark A. Aizerman and Emmanuel M. Braverman and Lev I.
                 Rozonoer",
  title =        "Theoretical Foundations of the Potential Function
                 Method in Pattern Recognition Learning",
  journal =      "Automation and Remote Control",
  volume =       "25",
  pages =        "821--837",
  year =         "1964",
}

@Article{Ajtai83,
  author =       "Miklos Ajtai",
  title =        "$\sum_1^1$-formulae on finite structures",
  journal =      "Annals of Pure and Applied Logic",
  volume =       "24",
  number =      "1",
  pages =        "1--48",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{Akaike74,
  author =       "H. Akaike",
  title =        "A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification",
  journal =      ieeeac,
  volume =       "AC-19",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "716--728",
  year =         "1974",
}

@Article{Al-Mashouq-hints,
  author =       "K. A. Al-Mashouq and I. S. Reed",
  title =        "Including Hints in Training Neural Nets",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "418--430",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Book{Aleksander:90,
  author =       "I. Aleksander and H. Morton",
  title =        "An Introduction to Neural Computing",
  publisher =    "Chapman and Hall",
  address =      "London",
  year =         "1990",
  keywords =     "",
}

@InProceedings{Aleksander:93,
  author =       "I. Aleksander and H. Morton",
  editor =       "J. Mira and J. Cabestany and A. Prieto",
  booktitle =    "New Trends in Neural Computation: Proc. of the
                 International Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks
                 IWANN'93",
  title =        "A Neural State Machine for Iconic Language
                 Representation",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  address =      "Berlin, Heidelberg",
  pages =        "84--89",
  year =         "1993",
  keywords =     "",
}

@InProceedings{Allender96,
  author =       "Eric Allender",
  booktitle =    "16th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software
                 Technology and Theoretical Computer Science",
  title =        "Circuit Complexity Before the Dawn of the New
                 Millennium",
  publisher =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1180, Springer
                 Verlag",
  pages =        "1--18",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InProceedings{Alleva93,
  author =       "F. Alleva and X. Huang and M. Y. Hwang",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "An improved search algorithm using incremental
                 knowledge for continuous speech recognition",
  address =      "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
  pages =        "307--310",
  year =         "1993",
}

@Book{Allgower80,
  author =       "E. L. Allgower and K. Georg",
  title =        "Numerical Continuation Methods. {A}n Introduction",
  number =       "13",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  year =         "1980",
  series =       "Springer Series in Computational Mathematics",
}

@Book{Allgower80-short,
  author =       "E. L. Allgower and K. Georg",
  title =        "Numerical Continuation Methods. {A}n Introduction",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  year =         "1980",
}

@InProceedings{Almeida87,
  author =       "L. B. Almeida",
  editor =       "M. Caudill and C. Butler",
  booktitle =    icnn,
  title =        "A Learning Rule for Asynchronous Perceptrons with
                 Feedback in a Combinatorial Environment",
  volume =       "2",
  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "San Diego 1987",
  pages =        "609--618",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{Almeida88,
  author =       "L. B. Almeida",
  editor =       "R. Eckmiller and Ch. von der Malsburg",
  booktitle =    "Neural Computers",
  title =        "Backpropagation in Perceptrons with Feedback",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag, Berlin",
  address =      "Neuss 1987",
  pages =        "199--208",
  year =         "1988",
}

@inproceedings{Almuallim+Dietterich-1991,
    address = {Anaheim, California},
    author = {Almuallim, H.  and Dietterich, T. G.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
    pages = {547--552},
    publisher = {AAAI Press},
    title = {Learning with many irrelevant features},
    url = "http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/almuallim91learning.html",
    volume = {2},
    year = {1991}
}

@article{Almuallim+Dietterich-1994,
    author = "Hussein Almuallim and Thomas G. Dietterich",
    title = "Learning Boolean Concepts in the Presence of Many Irrelevant Features",
    journal = "Artificial Intelligence",
    volume = "69",
    number = "1-2",
    pages = "279-305",
    year = "1994",
    url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/almuallim94learning.html"
}


@InProceedings{Alspector87,
  author =       "J. Alspector and R. B. Allen",
  editor =       "P. Losleben",
  booktitle =    "Advanced Research in VLSI: Proceedings of the 1987
                 Stanford Conference",
  title =        "A Neuromorphic {VLSI} Learning System",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge",
  pages =        "313--349",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{Alspector88,
  author =       "J. Alspector and R. B. Allen and V. Hu and S.
                 Satyanarayana",
  editor =       nips87ed,
  booktitle =    nips87,
  title =        "Stochastic Learning Networks and Their Electronic
                 Implementation",
  publisher =    "American Institute of Physics, New York",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "9--21",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{Amari+Wu-99,
  author =       "S. Amari and S. Wu",
  title =        "Improving {Support} {Vector} {Machine} classifiers by
                 modifying kernel functions",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "783--789",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{amari00adaptive,
  author =       "{Shun-ichi} Amari and Hyeyoung Park and Kenji Fukumizu",
  title =        "Adaptive Method of Realizing Natural Gradient Learning
                 for Multilayer Perceptrons",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1399--1409",
  year =         "2000",
  URL =          "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/amari98adaptive.html",
}

@Article{Amari77,
  author =       "S. A. Amari",
  title =        "Dynamics of Pattern Formation in Lateral-Inhibition
                 Type Neural Fields",
  journal =      biocyb,
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "77--87",
  year =         "1977",
}

@Article{Amari80,
  author =       "S. A. Amari",
  title =        "Topographic Organization of Nerve Fields",
  journal =      bmbiol,
  volume =       "42",
  pages =        "339--364",
  year =         "1980",
}

@Article{amari98natural,
  author =       "{Shun-ichi} Amari",
  title =        "Natural Gradient Works Efficiently in Learning",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "251--276",
  year =         "1998",
  URL =          "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/amari98natural.html",
}

@Article{Amari99,
  author =       "S. Amari and S. Wu",
  title =        "Improving Support Vector Machine Classifiers by
                 Modifying Kernel Functions",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "783--789",
  year =         "1999",
}

@article{AmariS1997,
	author = {{Shun-ichi} Amari and Noboru Murata and Klaus-Robert M{\"u}ller and Michael Finke  and Howard Hua Yang },
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
	keywords = {regularization},
	number = {5},
	pages = {985--996},
	title = {Asymptotic statistical theory of overtraining and cross-validation},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997}
}

@InProceedings{amaya01improvement,
  author =       "Fredy A. Amaya and Jose-Miguel Bened\`{i}",
  booktitle =    "Meeting of the Association for Computational
                 Linguistics",
  title =        "Improvement of a Whole Sentence Maximum Entropy
                 Language Model Using Grammatical Features",
  pages =        "10--17",
  year =         "2001",
  URL =          "citeseer.nj.nec.com/505752.html",
}

@InProceedings{BoufadenLapalmeBengio2001,
  author =       "N. Boufaden and Lapalme G. and Bengio Y.",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Natural Language Pacific Rim Symposium, NLPRS-01",
  title =        "Topic segmentation: First Stage of Dialogue-Based Information extraction Process",
  year =         "2001",
}

@Article{Amit85a,
  author =       "D. Amit and H. Gutfreund and H. Sompolinsky",
  title =        "Spin-Glass Models of Neural Networks",
  journal =      prA,
  volume =       "32",
  pages =        "1007--1018",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{Amit85b,
  author =       "D. Amit and H. Gutfreund and H. Sompolinsky",
  title =        "Storing Infinite Numbers of Patterns in a Spin-Glass
                 Model of Neural Networks",
  journal =      prl,
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "1530--1533",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{Amit87a,
  author =       "D. Amit and H. Gutfreund and H. Sompolinsky",
  title =        "Statistical Mechanics of Neural Networks Near
                 Saturation",
  journal =      annphys,
  volume =       "173",
  pages =        "30--67",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{Amit87b,
  author =       "D. Amit and H. Gutfreund and H. Sompolinsky",
  title =        "Information Storage in Neural Networks with Low Levels
                 of Activity",
  journal =      prA,
  volume =       "35",
  pages =        "2293--2303",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{Amit88,
  author =       "D. Amit",
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@PhdThesis{Athaide95,
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@Book{Atherton-75,
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@Article{Barlow89,
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@InProceedings{Barron+Barron88,
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@Article{Bartal95,
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@Article{Bartlett46,
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@Article{Bartlett92,
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@TechReport{Barto-tr91,
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@Article{Barto81,
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@Article{Barto83,
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@Article{Barto85,
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@InProceedings{Barto87,
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@InCollection{Barto91,
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@InCollection{Barto92,
  author =       "A. G. Barto",
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@TechReport{Barto_tr91,
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@Article{bassiouni95,
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@Article{Basu94,
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@Article{battiti-89,
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@InProceedings{battiti-masulli-90,
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@Article{Battiti92,
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@Article{battiti:1994:ieeetnn,
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@article{Baudat+Anouar-2000,
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@Article{Baum66,
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@Article{Baum72,
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@InProceedings{Baum88,
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  year =         "1988",
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@Article{Baum89,
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  year =         "1989",
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@Article{BaumNote,
  author =       "E. B. Baum",
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@Article{baxter00,
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@InProceedings{baxter95a,
  author =       "Jonathan Baxter",
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  year =         "1995",
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@Unpublished{baxter95b,
  author =       "Jonathan Baxter",
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  year =         "1995",
  note =         "submitted to Information and Computation",
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@InProceedings{baxter96,
  author =       "Jonathan Baxter",
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  year =         "1996",
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@Article{baxter97,
  author =       "Jonathan Baxter",
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  year =         "1997",
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@Article{baxter97a,
  author =       "Jonathan Baxter",
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  year =         "1997",
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@InProceedings{Becker89,
  author =       "S. Becker and Y. {LeCun}",
  editor =       "D. Touretzky and G. Hinton and T. Sejnowski",
  booktitle =    cmss88,
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                 with Second Order Methods",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Pittsburg 1988",
  pages =        "29--37",
  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{Belkin+al-2004,
  author =       "Mikhail Belkin and Irina Matveeva and Partha Niyogi",
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  year =         "2004",
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@InProceedings{Belkin+Niyogi-2002,
  author =       "Mikhail Belkin and Partha Niyogi",
  editor =       NIPS14ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS14,
  title =        "Laplacian Eigenmaps and Spectral Techniques for
                 Embedding and Clustering",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2002",
  original =     "orig/AA42.ps",
}

@TechReport{Belkin+Niyogi-2002-01,
  author =       "Mikhail Belkin and Partha Niyogi",
  title =        "Laplacian Eigenmaps for Dimensionality Reduction and
                 Data Representation",
  number =       "TR-2002-01",
  institution =  "University of Chicago, Computer Science",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Belkin+Niyogi-2002-ss,
  author =       "Mkhail Belkin and Partha Niyogi",
  title =        "Semi-supervised learning on manifolds",
  number =       "TR-2002-12",
  institution =  "University of Chicago, Computer Science",
  year =         "2002",
}

@Article{Belkin+Niyogi-2003,
  author =       "Mikhail Belkin and Partha Niyogi",
  title =        "Laplacian Eigenmaps for Dimensionality Reduction and
                 Data Representation",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "15",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1373--1396",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{Belkin+Niyogi-nips2003,
  author =       "Mikhail Belkin and Partha Niyogi",
  editor =       NIPS15ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS15,
  title =        "Using Manifold Structure for Partially Labeled
                 Classification",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2003",
}

@article{BelkinM2006,
	address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
	author = {Belkin, Mikhail   and Niyogi, Partha   and Sindhwani, Vikas  },
	issn = {1533-7928},
	journal = jmlr,
	pages = {2399--2434},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	title = {Manifold Regularization: A Geometric Framework for Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Examples},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006}
}

@Article{Bell-Sejnowski95,
  author =       "Anthony J. Bell and Terrence J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "An information maximisation approach to blind
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  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1129--1159",
  year =         "1995",
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@InProceedings{Bellagarda+Nahamoo89,
  author =       "J. R. Bellegarda and D. Nahamoo",
  booktitle =    icassp,
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  address =      "Glasgow, Scotland",
  pages =        "13--16",
  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{Bellegarda97,
  author =       "J. R. Bellegarda",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of Eurospeech 97",
  title =        "A latent semantic analysis framework for large--span
                 language modeling",
  address =      "Rhodes, Greece",
  pages =        "1451--1454",
  year =         "1997",
}

@Book{Bellman57,
  author =       "R. E. Bellman",
  title =        "Dynamic Programming",
  publisher =    "Princeton University Press",
  address =      "NJ",
  year =         "1957",
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@Book{Bellman61,
  author =       "R. Bellman",
  title =        "Adaptive Control Processes: {A} Guided Tour",
  publisher =    "Princeton University Press",
  address =      "New Jersey",
  year =         "1961",
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@Book{Bellman74,
  author =       "R. Bellman",
  title =        "Introduction to Matrix Analysis",
  publisher =    "McGraw-Hill",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  edition =      "2nd",
  year =         "1974",
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@InProceedings{ben-david03,
  author =       "Shai Ben-David and Reba Schuller",
  booktitle =    colt03,
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                 Learning.",
  crossref =     "colt03",
  pages =        "567--580",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{BenDucVin01,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and R\'ejean Ducharme and Pascal
                 Vincent",
  editor =       NIPS13ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS13,
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "932--938",
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{BenDucVin01-small,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and R\'ejean Ducharme and Pascal
                 Vincent",
  editor =       "Todd K. Leen and Thomas G. Dietterich and Volker
                 Tresp",
  booktitle =    "Advances in NIPS 13",
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "932--938",
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{BenDucVin01-short,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. Ducharme and P. Vincent",
  booktitle =    "Adv. Neural Inf. Proc. Sys. 13",
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  pages =        "932--938",
  year =         "2001",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+al-2004,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le Roux}",
  title =        "Efficient Non-Parametric Function Induction in
                 Semi-Supervised Learning",
  number =       "1247",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+al-2005,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Nicolas {Le Roux} and Pascal Vincent and
                 Olivier Delalleau and Patrice Marcotte",
  editor =       NIPS18ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS18,
  title =        "Convex Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "123--130",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+al-2005-small,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Nicolas {Le Roux} and Pascal Vincent
                 and Olivier Delalleau and Patrice Marcotte",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 18",
  title =        "Convex Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "123--130",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+al-spectral-2006-short,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le
                 Roux} and Jean-Francois Paiement and Pascal Vincent
                 and Marie Ouimet",
  editor =       "Isabelle Guyon and Steve Gunn and Masoud Nikravesh and
                 Lofti Zadeh",
  booktitle =    "Feature Extraction, Foundations and Applications",
  title =        "Spectral Dimensionality Reduction",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Bengio-NIPS99,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Samy Bengio",
  editor =       NIPS12ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS12,
  title =        "Modeling High-Dimensional Discrete Data with
                 Multi-Layer Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "400--406",
   year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Bengio+Bengio-trnn2000,
  author =       "S. Bengio and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Taking on the Curse of Dimensionality in Joint
                 Distributions Using Neural Networks",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, special issue on
                 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "550--557",
  year =         "2000",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/jdm.pdf",
}

@Article{Bengio+Bengio-trnn2000-small,
  author =       "S. Bengio and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Taking on the Curse of Dimensionality in Joint
                 Distributions Using Neural Networks",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. Neural Networks",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "550--557",
  year =         "2000",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/jdm.pdf",
}

@Article{Bengio+Chapados2003,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Nicolas Chapados",
  title =        "Extensions to Metric-Based Model Selection",
  journal =      jmlr,
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "1209--1227",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "2003",
  note =         "Special Issue on Feature Selection",
}

@TechReport{Bergstra-TR2008,
  author =       "James Bergstra and Yoshua Bengio and Jerome Louradour",
  title =        "Image Classification with Biologically Motivated Neuron Models",
  number =       "---",
  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2008",
}

@article{Bergstra-2009,
  author =       "James Bergstra and Yoshua Bengio and Jerome Louradour",
  title =        "Suitability of Complex Cell Models for Object Categorization",
  journal = {Computational Neuroscience},
  publisher = "submitted",
  year = 2008,
}

@TechReport{Bengio+Frasconi94a,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Frasconi",
  title =        "An {EM} Approach to Learning Sequential Behavior",
  number =       "Tech. Report. DSI 11/94",
  institution =  "Universit\`a di Firenze",
  year =         "1994",
}

@article{Bengio-nc-2004,
 author = {Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas Le Roux and Jean-François Paiement and Pascal Vincent and Marie Ouimet},
 title = {Learning eigenfunctions links spectral embedding and kernel {PCA}},
 journal = {Neural Computation},
 volume = 16,
 number = 10,
 year = 2004,
 pages = {2197--2219},
}

@article{Bengio-nc-2004-small,
 author = {Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas Le Roux and Jean-François Paiement and Pascal Vincent and Marie Ouimet},
 title = {{\small{Learning eigenfunctions links spectral embedding and kernel {PCA}}}},
 journal = {Neural Comp.},
 volume = {16(10)},
 year = 2004,
 pages = {2197--2219},
}

@Article{Bengio+Grandvalet-JMLR-2004,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Yves Grandvalet",
  title =        "No Unbiased Estimator of the Variance of {K}-Fold
                 Cross-Validation",
  journal =      jmlr,
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "1089--1105",
  year =         "2004",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+Grandvalet-TR-2003,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Yves Grandvalet",
  title =        "No Unbiased Estimator of the Variance of {K}-Fold
                 Cross-Validation",
  number =       "TR-2003-1234",
  institution =  "Universite de Montreal, dept. IRO",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+Lecun-chapter2007,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Yann {LeCun}",
  editor =       "L. Bottou and O. Chapelle and D. DeCoste and J.
                 Weston",
  booktitle =    "Large Scale Kernel Machines",
  title =        "Scaling Learning Algorithms towards {AI}",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InCollection{Bengio+Lecun-chapter2007-small,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and Y. {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    "Large Scale Kernel Machines",
  title =        "Scaling Learning Algorithms towards {AI}",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+LeCun94b,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Yann {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    ICPR94,
  title =        "Word Normalization For On-Line Handwritten Word
                 Recognition",
  pages =        "409--413",
  year =         "1994",
}

@Article{Bengio+Monperrus+Larochelle-2006,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Martin Monperrus and Hugo
                 Larochelle",
  title =        "Nonlocal Estimation of Manifold Structure",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "18",
  number =       "10",
  pages =        "2509--2528",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Monperrus-2005,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Martin Monperrus",
  editor =       NIPS17ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS17,
  title =        "Non-Local Manifold Tangent Learning",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  year =         "2005",
  pages =        "129--136",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/tangent\_learner\_nips2004.pdf",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio+Senecal-2003-small,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Jean-S\'ebastien Sen\'ecal",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of AISTATS 2003",
  title =        "Quick Training of Probabilistic Neural Nets by
                 Importance Sampling",
  year =         "2003",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+Vincent+Paiement-TR2003,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Pascal Vincent and Jean-Fran{\cc}ois
                 Paiement",
  title =        "Learning Eigenfunctions of Similarity: Linking
                 Spectral Clustering and Kernel {PCA}",
  number =       "1232",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2003",
  URL =          "www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/TR1232.pdf",
}

@TechReport{Bengio-decision-trees-TR-2007,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Clarence
                 Simard",
  title =        "Trees do not Generalize to New Variations",
  number =       "",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2007",
}

@TechReport{Bengio-decision-trees07,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Clarence
                 Simard",
  title =        "Decision Trees do not Generalize to New Variations",
  number =       "1304",
  institution =  "Universite de Montreal, Dept. IRO",
  year =         "2007",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/bengio+al-tr1304.pdf",
}

%I deprecate the following one as this is a duplicate of the preceding tech report!
%Their was only one .tex file that was using it. I modified it.
@TechReport{Bengio-Trees-TR2007,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Clarence
                 Simard",
  title =        "Decision Trees do not Generalize to New Variations",
  number =       "1304",
  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2007",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/bengio+al-tr1304.pdf",
}

@Article{Bengio-hmms99,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Markovian Models for Sequential Data",
  journal =      "Neural Computing Surveys",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "129--162",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{bengio-hyper-NC00,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Gradient-Based Optimization of Hyperparameters",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "1889--1900",
  year =         "2000",
}

@TechReport{bengio-hyper-TR98,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Continuous Optimization of Hyper-Parameters for
                 Non-{IID} Data",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "1998",
  note =         "unpublished manuscript",
}

@Article{Bengio-Hyper-Weight-Decay-nips,
  author =       "Simon Latendresse and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Linear Regression and the Optimization of
                 Hyper-Parameters",
  journal =      "submitted to NIPS'99",
  year =         "1999",
}

@TechReport{Bengio-Hyper-Weight-Decay-TR,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Simon Latendresse",
  title =        "Soft Variable Selection with Numerical Optimization of
                 Weight Decays",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "1999",
  note =         "in preparation",
}

@Article{Bengio-ijns97,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Using a Financial Training Criterion Rather than a
                 Prediction Criterion",
  journal =      "International Journal of Neural Systems",
  year =         "1997",
  volume =       {8},
  number =       {4},
  note =         "Special issue on noisy time-series",
  pages =        {433--443},
  URL =          "www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/profitcost.ps",
}

@Article{Bengio-IEEETRNN-2001,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Vincent-Philippe Lauzon and R\'ejean
                 Ducharme",
  title =        "Experiments on the Application of {IOHMM}s to Model
                 Financial Returns Series",
  journal =      ieeetrnn,
  volume = 12,
  number = 1,
  pages = {113--123},
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-Larochelle-NLMP-NIPS-2006,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Hugo Larochelle and Pascal Vincent",
  editor =       NIPS18ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS18,
  title =        "Non-Local Manifold Parzen Windows",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "115--122",
  year =         "2006",
}

@TechReport{Bengio-Larochelle-NLMP-TR-2005,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Hugo Larochelle",
  title =        "Non-Local Manifold Parzen Windows",
  number =       "1264",
  institution =  "D\'epartement d'informatique et recherche
                 op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2005",
}

%have been rejected and later accepted to NIPS in Bengio-localfailure-NIPS-2006
@InProceedings{Bengio-localfailure-icml-2005,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le
                 Roux}",
  booktitle =    "submitted to ICML 2005",
  title =        "The Curse of Dimensionality for Local Kernel
                 Machines",
  year =         "2005",
}

@InCollection{Bengio-localfailure-NIPS-2006,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le Roux}",
  editor =       NIPS18ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS18,
  title =        "The Curse of Highly Variable Functions for Local
                 Kernel Machines",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "107--114",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InCollection{Bengio-localfailure-NIPS-2006-small,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le Roux}",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 18",
  title =        "The Curse of Highly Variable Functions for Local
                 Kernel Machines",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "107--114",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-localfailure-snowbird-2005,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le
                 Roux}",
  booktitle =    "The Learning Workshop",
  title =        "The Curse of Dimensionality for Local Kernel
                 Machines",
  address =      "Snowbird, Utah",
  year =         "2005",
}

@InProceedings{HonglakLee-2007,
  author =       "Honglak Lee and Alexis Battle and Rajat Raina and Andrew Ng",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Efficient sparse coding algorithms",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "801--808",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nips-2006-small,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Lamblin and D. Popovici and
                 H. Larochelle",
  booktitle =    "Advances in NIPS 19",
  title =        "Greedy Layer-Wise Training of Deep Networks",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nips-2006-short,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Lamblin and D. Popovici and
                 H. Larochelle",
  booktitle =    "Adv. Neural Inf. Proc. Sys. 19",
  title =        "Greedy Layer-Wise Training of Deep Networks",
  pages =        "153--160",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nips2004,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Jean-Fran\c{cois} Paiement and Pascal
                 Vincent and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le Roux} and
                 Marie Ouimet",
  editor =       NIPS16ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS16,
  title =        "Out-of-Sample Extensions for {LLE}, {Isomap}, {MDS},
                 {Eigenmaps}, and {Spectral} {Clustering}",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nips2003,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Jean-Fran\c{cois} Paiement and Pascal
                 Vincent and Olivier Delalleau and Nicolas {Le Roux} and
                 Marie Ouimet",
  editor =       NIPS16ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS16,
  title =        "Out-of-Sample Extensions for {LLE}, {Isomap}, {MDS},
                 {Eigenmaps}, and {Spectral} {Clustering}",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InCollection{Bengio-NIPS2007,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Pascal Lamblin and Dan Popovici and
                 Hugo Larochelle",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Greedy Layer-Wise Training of Deep Networks",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "153--160",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nnlm2001,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and R{\'e}jean Ducharme and Pascal Vincent",
  editor =       NIPS13ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS13,
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  pages =        "933--938",
  year =         "2001",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/nips00-lm.ps",
}

@Article{Bengio-nnlm2003,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and R{\'e}jean Ducharme and Pascal Vincent
                 and Christian Jauvin",
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  journal =      jmlr,
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "1137--1155",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{Bengio-nnlm2003-small,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. Ducharme and P. Vincent
                 and C. Jauvin",
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  journal =      "JMLR",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "1137--1155",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Article{Bengio-NonStat-Hyper-ML,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and Charles Dugas",
  title =        "Learning Simple Non-Stationarities with
                 Hyper-Parameters",
  journal =      "submitted to Machine Learning",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{Bengio-prel92,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and M. Gori and R. \mbox{De Mori}",
  title =        "Learning the Dynamic Nature of Speech with
                 Back-propagation for Sequences",
  journal =      prel,
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "375--385",
  year =         "1992",
  note =         "(Special issue on Artificial Neural Networks)",
}

@Article{Bengio-2008,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Learning Deep Architectures for {AI}",
  journal =  {Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning},
  year =         "2009",
  volume = {to appear},
}

@Article{Bengio-2009-short,
  author =       "Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Learning Deep Architectures for {AI}",
  journal =  {Foundations \& Trends in Mach. Learn.},
  year =         "2009",
  volume = 2,
  number = 1,
  pages = {1--127},
}

@TechReport{Bengio-TR1312-small,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Learning Deep Architectures for {AI}",
  number =       "1312",
  institution =  "U. Montr\'eal, dept. IRO",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-transducers-98,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and S. Bengio and J. F. Isabelle and Y.
                 Singer",
  editor =       NIPS10ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS10,
  title =        "Shared Context Probabilistic Transducers",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "409--415",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{Bengio-trnn92,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. \mbox{De Mori} and G. Flammia and R.
                 Kompe",
  title =        "Global Optimization of a Neural Network-Hidden
                 {Markov} Model Hybrid",
  journal =      ieeetrnn,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "252--259",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{Bengio-trnn93,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Simard and P. Frasconi",
  title =        "Learning Long-Term Dependencies with Gradient Descent
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  journal =      ieeetrnn,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "157--166",
  year =         "1994",
  OPTnote =      "(Special Issue on Recurrent Neural Networks)",
  url =          "http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/ieeetrnn94.pdf",
}

@Article{Bengio-trnn96,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Frasconi",
  title =        "Input/{Output} {HMM}s for Sequence Processing",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1231--1249",
  year =         "1996",
}

@TechReport{Bengio2003,
  author =       "Christopher Kermorvant and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Extracting Hidden Sense Probabilities from Bitexts",
  number =       "1231",
  institution =  "Université de Montréal",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio89b,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Cosi and R. Cardin and R. De Mori",
  editor =       NIPS1ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS1,
  title =        "Use of multi-layered networks for coding speech with
                 phonetic features",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "224--231",
  year =         "1989",
}

@PhdThesis{Bengio91,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Artificial Neural Networks and their Application to
                 Sequence Recognition",
  school =       "McGill University, (Computer Science)",
  address =      "Montreal, Qc., Canada",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{bengio91x,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. {De Mori} and G. Flammia and R.
                 Kompe",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
  title =        "Global Optimization of a Neural Network - Hidden
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  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "789--794",
  year =         "1991",
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@article{Becker92,
 author = {Sue Becker and Geoffrey Hinton},
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@Article{Bengio93,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "A Connectionist Approach to Speech Recognition",
  journal =      "International Journal on Pattern Recognition and
                 Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "647--668",
  note =         "special issue entitled Advances in Pattern Recognition Systems using Neural Networks",
  year =         "1993",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio93e,
  author =       "S. Bengio and Y. Bengio and J. Cloutier and J.
                 Gecsei",
  editor =       "S. Gielen and B. Kappen",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artificial Neural Networks 1993",
  title =        "Generalization of a Parametric Learning Rule",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
  pages =        "502--502",
  year =         "1993",
}

@Article{bengio:1999:nc,
  author =       "S. Bengio and Y. Bengio and J. Robert and G.
                 B\'elanger",
  title =        "Stochastic Learning of Strategic Equilibria for
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  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1199--1209",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{bottou+al:1999,
  author =       "L. Bottou and P. Haffner and P.G. Howard and P. Simard and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "High quality document image compression with {DjVu}",
  journal =      "Journal of Electronic Imaging",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "410--425",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{bengio+al:1998,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and F. Gingras and B. Goulard and J.-M. Lina",
  title =        "Gaussian Mixture Densities for Classification of Nuclear Power Plant Data",
  journal =      "Computers and Artificial Intelligence, special issue on Intelligent Technologies for Electric and Nuclear Power Plants",
  volume =       "17",
  number =       "2--3",
  pages =        "189--209",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{GingrasBengio:1998,
  author =       "F. Gingras and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Handling Asynchronous or Missing Financial Data with Recurrent Networks",
  journal =      "International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Organizations",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "154--163",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{BengioS95,
  author =       "S. Bengio and Y. Bengio and J. Cloutier",
  title =        "On the search for new learning rules for {ANN}s",
  journal =      "Neural Processing Letters",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "26--30",
  year =         "1995",
}

@Article{BengioMori89,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. De Mori",
  title =        "Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes",
  journal =      "Computational Intelligence",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "134--141",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{BengioTR1178,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio and R\'ejean Ducharme and Pascal
                 Vincent",
  title =        "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model",
  number =       "1178",
  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{BengioTR1215,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "New Distributed Probabilistic Language Models",
  number =       "1215",
  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2002",
}

@Book{Bengio_book96,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Neural Networks for Speech and Sequence Processing",
  publisher =    "International Thomson Computer Press",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InProceedings{Bengio_icnn93,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Frasconi and P. Simard",
  booktitle =    icnn,
  title =        "The problem of learning long-term dependencies in
                 recurrent networks",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  address =      "San Francisco",
  pages =        "1183--1195",
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "(invited paper)",
}

@Article{Bengio_trnn94,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Simard and P. Frasconi",
  title =        "Learning Long-Term Dependencies with Gradient Descent
                 is Difficult",
  journal =      ieeetrnn,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "157--166",
  year =         "1994",
  note =         "Special Issue on Recurrent Neural Networks, March 94",
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@Book{Benveniste90,
  author =       "A. Benveniste and M. Metivier and P. Priouret",
  title =        "Adaptive Algorithms and Stochastic Approximations",
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  year =         "1990",
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@Book{Berger85,
  author =       "J. Berger",
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  publisher =    "Springer",
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@Misc{berger97improved,
  author =       "A. Berger",
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@article{Berkes-Wiskott-2005,
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@Article{Beurle56,
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@InProceedings{Beyer+al-1999,
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  title =        "When Is ``Nearest Neighbor'' Meaningful?",
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  pages =        "217--235",
  year =         "1999",
  ISBN =         "3-540-65452-6",
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@TechReport{Bianchini-rbf,
  author =       "M. Bianchini and P. Frasconi and M. Gori",
  title =        "Learning without Local Minima in Radial Basis Function
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  institution =  "Universit\`a di Firenze",
  year =         "1992",
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@Article{Bianchini-trnn94,
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  number =       "2",
  pages =        "167--177",
  year =         "1994",
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@TechReport{bickel+ritov95,
  author =       "P. J. Bickel and Y. Ritov",
  title =        "Inference in hidden {Markov} models {I}: local
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  year =         "February 1994, revised April 1995",
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@Article{Bienenstock82,
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  project =      "genetic",
  theme =        "perception and vr and tech and natural and medicine
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@InProceedings{Bilbro89a,
  author =       "G. Bilbro and R. Mann and T. K. Miller and W. E.
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  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "91--98",
  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{Bilbro89b,
  author =       "G. L. Bilbro and W. Snyder",
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  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Binder86,
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@Book{Binder88,
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@Book{bishop-book2006,
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@Book{bishop-book95,
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  address =      "London, UK",
  year =         "1995",
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@Article{bishop92,
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@Article{bishop95training,
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@Article{Blackscholes73,
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@InCollection{Blitzer-nips17,
  author =       "John Blitzer and Kilian Weinberger and Lawrence Saul
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  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2005",
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@InProceedings{Blitzer05,
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2005",
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@InProceedings{Blitzer2005,
  author =       "J. Blitzer and K. Q. Weinberger and L. K. Saul and F.
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  editor =       NIPS17ed,
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  title =        "Hierarchical distributed representations for
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  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  year =         "2005",
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@Article{Block62,
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@InProceedings{Blum+Rivest,
  author =       "A. Blum and R. L. Rivest",
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  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{blum01learning,
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  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA",
  pages =        "19--26",
  year =         "2001",
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  %URL =          "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/blum01learning.html",

@InProceedings{blum98combining,
  author =       "Avrim Blum and Tom Mitchell",
  booktitle =    colt98,
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  title =        "Combining Labeled and Unlabeled Data with
                 Co-training",
  pages =        "92--100",
  year =         "1998",
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  %URL =          "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/blum98combining.html",

@InProceedings{blum98combining-small,
  author =       "Avrim Blum and Tom Mitchell",
  booktitle =    "COLT'98",
  title =        "Combining Labeled and Unlabeled Data with
                 Co-training",
  pages =        "92--100",
  year =         "1998",
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@InProceedings{blum99,
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@InProceedings{Blumer86,
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  year =         "1986",
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@Article{Blumer87,
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@Article{Blumstein79,
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@InProceedings{Boser92,
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@TechReport{Bottou+96,
  author =       "L{\'e}on Bottou and Yoshua Bengio and Yann A. {Le Cun}",
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  institution =  "AT\&T Laboratories",
  address =      "Holmdel, New-Jersey",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1996",
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@Article{Bottou+LeCun05,
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@TechReport{bottou-1996a,
  author =       "L{\'{e}}on Bottou and Yoshua Bengio and Yann {Le Cun}",
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  institution =  "AT\&T Labs Technical Memorandum",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1996",
}

@InProceedings{bottou-lecun-04b,
  author =       "Leon Bottou and Yann {LeCun}",
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "2004",
  original =     "orig/bottou-lecun-04b.ps.gz",
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@InCollection{bottou-mlss-2004,
  author =       "L\'{e}on Bottou",
  editor =       "Olivier Bousquet and Ulrike von Luxburg",
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  title =        "Stochastic Learning",
  number =       "LNAI 3176",
  publisher =    "Springer Verlag",
  address =      "Berlin",
  pages =        "146--168",
  year =         "2004",
  series =       "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence",
  URL =          "http://leon.bottou.org/papers/bottou-mlss-2004",
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@Article{Bottou90,
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  pages =        "453--465",
  year =         "1990",
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@InProceedings{Bottou91,
  author =       "L. Bottou and P. Gallinari",
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  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "781--788",
  year =         "1991",
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@Article{Bottou92,
  author =       "L. Bottou and V. Vapnik",
  key =          "Bottou92",
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  year =         "1992",
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@InProceedings{Bottou94,
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  address =      "Jerusalem, Israel",
  year =         "1994",
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@InProceedings{Bottou97,
  author =       "L{\'e}on Bottou and Yoshua Bengio and Yann {LeCun}",
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  publisher =    "IEEE",
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  pages =        "490--494",
  year =         "1997",
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@InCollection{Bottou98,
  author =       "L{\'e}on Bottou",
  editor =       "David Saad",
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  title =        "Online Algorithms and Stochastic Approximations",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, UK",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "1998",
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@PhdThesis{Bottou_these91,
  author =       "L\'eon Bottou",
  title =        "Une approche th\'eorique de l'apprentissage
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  school =       "Universit\'e de Paris XI",
  year =         "1991",
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@InProceedings{BouchardG2004,
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  address =      "Prague",
  pages =        "721--728",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "2004",
  keywords =     "LEAR, LAVA",
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@inproceedings{BouchardG2007,
 author = {Guillaume Bouchard},
 title = {Bias-Variance Tradeoff in Hybrid Generative-Discriminative Models},
 booktitle = ICML07,
 editor =    ICML07ed,
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@Article{Bourlard-cspla89,
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@Article{Bourlard-pami90,
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@Article{Bourlard88,
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@Article{Bourlard_cspla89,
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@Article{Breiman-96,
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@Article{Bridle90,
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@InCollection{Bromley-siamese93,
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@InCollection{Bromley93,
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@Article{broomhead-lowe-88,
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@TechReport{Brown-Hinton-PoHMM-2000,
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@Book{Brown86,
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@PhdThesis{BrownPhD,
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@InProceedings{Bruce-94,
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@TechReport{buhlmann97,
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@Article{Buhmann87,
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@InProceedings{Buhmann88,
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@Article{Buntine94,
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@InProceedings{Burges92,
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@Article{Burges93,
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@Article{Diggle+Gratton-1984,
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@InCollection{Doi-2006,
  author =       "Eizaburo Doi and Doru C. Balcan and Michael S.
                 Lewicki",
  editor =       NIPS18ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS18,
  title =        "A Theoretical Analysis of Robust Coding over Noisy
                 Overcomplete Channels",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "307--314",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{DoiE2007,
  author =       "Eizaburo Doi and Michael S. Lewicki",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "A Theory of Retinal Population Coding.",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "353--360",
  year =         "2007",
}

@book{Doidge-2007,
    author = {Doidge, Norman},
    howpublished = {Paperback},
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    month = {December},
    publisher = {Penguin Group},
    title = {The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science},
    year = {2007}
}

@InCollection{DollarP2007,
  author =       "Piotr Doll\'ar and Serge Belongie and Vincent Rabaud",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Learning to Traverse Image Manifolds",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "361--368",
  year =         "2007",
}

@inproceedings{ DollarP2007b,
       author = "P. Doll\'ar and V. Rabaud and S. Belongie",
       title = "Non-Isometric Manifold Learning: Analysis and an Algorithm",
       booktitle =    ICML07,
       editor =       ICML07ed,
       publisher =    ICML07publ,
       month = "June",
       year = "2007"
}

@TechReport{Donoho+Carrie-03,
  author =       "D. L. Donoho and C. Grimes",
  title =        "Hessian Eigenmaps: new locally linear embedding
                 techniques for high-dimensional data",
  number =       "2003-08",
  institution =  "Dept. Statistics, Stanford University",
  year =         "2003",
}

@article{Donoho-2006,
 author = {David Donoho},
 title = {Compressed sensing},
 journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Information Theory},
 volume = 52,
 number = 4,
 pages = {1289--1306},
 year = 2006,
}

@Book{Dorigo98,
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@book{Doucet+al-2001,
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@TechReport{Doya93bif,
  author =       "K. Doya",
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  institution =  "Department of Biology, University of California",
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  year =         "1993",
  note =         "Submitted",
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@TechReport{Doya93un,
  author =       "K. Doya",
  title =        "Universality of Fully-Connected Recurrent Neural
                 Networks",
  institution =  "Department of Biology, University of California",
  address =      "La Jolla, CA",
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "Submitted",
}

@Article{Doyle+Snell-1984,
  author =       "Peter G. Doyle and J. Laurie Snell",
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  journal =      "Mathematical Association of America",
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@Book{Draper81,
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@InProceedings{Driancourt91,
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 year = 1987,
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@Book{Duda-Hart,
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@Book{Duda-Hart-2000,
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@Book{Duda73,
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@Article{Dugas+al-2003,
  author =       "C. Dugas and Y. Bengio and N. Chapados and P. Vincent
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@TechReport{Dugas00,
  author =       "C. Dugas and O. Bardou and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Analyses Empiriques sur des Transactions d'options",
  number =       "1176",
  institution =  "D\'epartment d'informatique et de Recherche
                 Op\'erationnelle, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  address =      "Montr\'eal, Qu\'ebec, Canada",
  year =         "2000",
}

@InProceedings{Dugas01,
  author =       "C. Dugas and Y. Bengio and F. B\'elisle and C.
                 Nadeau",
  editor =       NIPS13ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS13,
  title =        "Incorporating Second-Order Functional Knowledge for Better Option Pricing",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  pages =        "472--478",
  year =         "2001",
}

%%InProceedings{Bengio2000,
%%  author =       "Y. Bengio",
%%  booktitle =    icjnn
%%  title =        "Incorporating Second-Order Functional Knowledge for Better Option Pricing",
%%  volume =       "V",
%%  pages =        "79--84",
%%  year =         "2000",
%%}

@inproceedings{Bengio2000,
  title={Probabilistic neural network models for sequential data},
  author={Bengio, Y.},
  booktitle=ijcnn,
  year={2000},
  volume={5},
  pages={79-84},
  abstract={Artificial neural networks (ANN) can be incorporated into probabilistic models. In this paper we review some of the approaches which have been proposed to incorporate them into probabilistic models of sequential data, such as hidden Markov models (HMM). We also discuss new developments and new ideas in this area, in particular how ANN can be used to model high-dimensional discrete and continuous data to deal with the curse of dimensionality and how the ideas proposed in these models could be applied to statistical language modeling to represent longer-term context than allowed by trigram models, while keeping word-order information},
  keywords={computational linguistics, hidden Markov models, neural nets, probabilityANN, HMM, hidden Markov models, longer-term context, probabilistic models, probabilistic neural network models, sequential data, statistical language modeling, trigram models, word-order information},
  doi={10.1109/IJCNN.2000.861438},
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-hyper-2000,
  author =       "Yoshua Bengio",
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  year =         "2000",
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@Article{Durbin87,
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@MastersThesis{Dzwonczyk91,
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@TechReport{eigen-TR2,
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@Article{Elman88Jasa88,
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@Article{Elman93,
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@techreport{Erhan-09-visualization-tr,
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@inproceedings{Erhan2009-small,
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Effect of Unsupervised Pre-Training",
  year = 2009,
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@inproceedings{Erhan2009-short,
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@InProceedings{Fahlman89,
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@InProceedings{Fahlman90,
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@InProceedings{Fahlman90-small,
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@Article{Fama+French,
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@Book{Fant73,
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@Article{Farhat85,
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@Article{Farhat87,
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@Article{Farmer87,
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@InCollection{Farmer88,
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@inproceedings{Fei-Fei.2004,
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@Article{Feldman82,
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@Article{feldman96,
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@Book{Fellbaum1996,
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@MastersThesis{Flammia91,
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  year =         "1991",
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@Book{Flanagan72,
  author =       "J. L. Flanagan",
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  publisher =    "Springer--Verlag",
  address =      "Berlin",
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  year =         "1972",
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@Book{Fletcher87,
  author =       "Roger Fletcher",
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@InCollection{FleuretF2006,
  author =       "Francois Fleuret and Gilles Blanchard",
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "371--378",
  year =         "2006",
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@InProceedings{Foldiak89,
  author =       "P. F{\"o}ldi\'ak",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
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  volume =       "1",
  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "Washington 1989",
  pages =        "401--405",
  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Foldiak91,
  author =       "P. F{\"o}ldi\'ak",
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  number =       "2",
  pages =        "194--200",
  year =         "1991",
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@TechReport{Fontaine,
  author =       "T. Fontaine",
  title =        "{GRAD}-{CM2}: {A} Data-parallel Connectionist Network
                 Simulator",
  number =       "MS-CIS-92-55/LINC LAB 232",
  institution =  "University of Pennsylvania",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1992",
  OPTnote =      "",
}

@Article{Foster+George94,
  author =       "D. Foster and E. George",
  title =        "The risk inflation criterion for multiple regression",
  journal =      "Annals of Statistics",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "1947--1975",
  year =         "1994",
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@PhdThesis{Foster2002,
  author =       "George Foster",
  title =        "Text Prediction for Translators",
  school =       "Dept. IRO, Université de Montréal",
  year =         "2002",
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@incollection{Fox-2009,
 title = {Nonparametric Bayesian Learning of Switching Linear Dynamical Systems},
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 booktitle = NIPS21,
 editor = NIPS21ed,
 pages = {457--464},
 year = {2009}
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@Article{Fralick67,
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  volume =	 13,
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@InProceedings{Franzini87,
  author =       "M. A. Franzini",
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  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "Boston 1987",
  pages =        "1702--1703",
  year =         "1987",
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@InProceedings{Franzini90,
  author =       "M. A. Franzini and K. F. Lee and A. Waibel",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "Connectionist {Viterbi} Training: a New Hybrid Method
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  address =      "Albuquerque, NM",
  pages =        "425--428",
  year =         "1990",
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@InProceedings{Frasconi-icnn93,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and A. Tesi",
  booktitle =    icnn,
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                 Detailed Analysis",
  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  address =      "S. Francisco CA",
  pages =        "1818--1822",
  year =         "1993",
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@InProceedings{Frasconi-ijcnn91,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and M. Maggini and G. Soda",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
  title =        "A Unified Approach for Integrating Explicit Knowledge
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  pages =        "811--816",
  year =         "1991",
  OPTaddress =   "Seattle WA",
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@Article{Frasconi-ijmpC93,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and G. Soda",
  title =        "Daphne: Data Parallelism Neural Network Simulator",
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  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "17--28",
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "Special Issue: ``Science on the Connection Machine''",
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@InProceedings{Frasconi-milano,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and G. Soda",
  booktitle =    "Computational Intelligence 90",
  title =        "Recurrent Networks for Continuous Speech Recognition",
  publisher =    "Elsevier",
  address =      "Milano (Italy)",
  year =         "1990",
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@MastersThesis{Frasconi-msthesis,
  author =       "P. Frasconi",
  title =        "Progetto e realizzazione di un simulatore per reti
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                 il riconoscimento vocale in tempo reale",
  school =       "Universit\`a di Firenze",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "(in Italian)",
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@Article{Frasconi-nc92,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and G. Soda",
  title =        "Local Feedback Multi-Layered Networks",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "120--130",
  year =         "1992",
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@PhdThesis{Frasconi-PhD,
  author =       "Paolo Frasconi",
  title =        "Reti Ricorrenti ed Elaborazione Adattiva di Sequenze",
  school =       "Universit\`a di Firenze",
  address =      "Italy",
  year =         "1994",
  note =         "(in Italian)",
}

@InCollection{Frasconi-pinn93,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and A. Tesi",
  editor =       "Omid Omidvar",
  booktitle =    "Progress in Neural Networks",
  title =        "Successes and Failures of Backpropagation: a
                 Theoretical Investigation",
  publisher =    "Ablex Publishing",
  year =         "1993",
}

@InProceedings{Frasconi-spie93,
  author =       "Paolo Frasconi and Marco Gori",
  editor =       "D. Ruck",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Conf. Science of Artificial Neural Networks II",
  title =        "Multilayered networks and the {C}-{G} uncertainty
                 principle",
  volume =       "SPIE-1966",
  organization = "International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE)",
  address =      "Orlando, FL",
  year =         "1993",
}

@TechReport{Frasconi-TR92,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and G. Soda",
  title =        "Injecting Nondeterministic Finite State Automata into
                 Recurrent Neural Networks",
  number =       "DSI-RT15/92",
  institution =  "Universit\`a di Firenze (Italy)",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1992",
}

@Unpublished{Frasconi-unp94,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "An {EM} Approach to Grammatical Inference",
  year =         "1994",
  note =         "Submitted to the 12-th {\em International Conference
                 on Pattern Recognition}",
  OPTannote =    "",
}

@InProceedings{Frasconi-v91,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and M. Maggini and G. Soda",
  editor =       "E. Caianiello",
  booktitle =    "Proc. of the 4th Italian Workshop on Parallel
                 Architectures and Neural Networks",
  title =        "Learning Automata with Sigmoidal Networks",
  publisher =    "World Scientific Pub",
  address =      "Vietri (Italy)",
  pages =        "69--77",
  year =         "1991",
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@InProceedings{Frasconi90,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and G. Soda",
  editor =       "E. Caianiello",
  booktitle =    "Proc. of the 3rd Italian Workshop on Parallel
                 Architectures and Neural Networks",
  title =        "Recurrent Networks with Activation Feedback",
  publisher =    "World Scientific Pub",
  address =      "Vietri (Italy)",
  pages =        "329--335",
  year =         "1990",
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@InProceedings{Frasconi97,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and A. Sperduti",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence",
  title =        "On the Efficient Classification of Data Structures by
                 Neural Networks",
  year =         "1997",
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@Article{Frasconi-kde93,
  author =       "P. Frasconi and M. Gori and M. Maggini and G. Soda",
  title =        "Unified Integration of Explicit Rules and Learning by
                 Example in Recurrent Networks",
  journal =      ieeetrkde,
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "(in press)",
}

@Article{Frean90,
  author =       "M Frean",
  title =        "The Upstart Algorithm: {A} Method for Constructing and
                 Training Feedforward Neural Networks",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "198--209",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{Freund+Haussler-94,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and David Haussler",
  title =        "Unsupervised learning of distributions on binary
                 vectors using two layer networks",
  number =       "UCSC-CRL-94-25",
  institution =  "University of California, Santa Cruz",
  year =         "1994",
}

@InProceedings{Freund+Haussler92,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and David Haussler",
  editor =       NIPS4ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS4,
  title =        "A fast and exact learning rule for a restricted class
                 of {Boltzmann} machines",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "912--919",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{Freund-Schapire-98,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire",
  title =        "Adaptive Game Playing using Multiplicative Weights",
  journal =      "Games and Economic Behavior",
  year =         "1998",
}

@InProceedings{Freund1995,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Second European Conference on
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  title =        "A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line
                 learning and an application to boosting",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  pages =        "23--37",
  year =         "1995",
  ISBN =         "3-540-59119-2",
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@TechReport{freund94,
  author =       "Y. Freund and D. Haussler",
  title =        "Unsupervised learning of distributions of binary
                 vectors using two layer networks",
  number =       "CRL-94-25",
  institution =  "UCSC",
  year =         "1994",
}

@Unpublished{Freund97,
  author =       "Y. Freund and R. E. Schapire and P. Bartlett and W. S.
                 Lee",
  title =        "Boosting the margin: {A} new explanation for the
                 effectiveness of voting methods",
  year =         "1997",
  note =         "Presented at the Machines that Learn Conference,
                 Snowbird, Utah",
}

@InProceedings{Frey96,
  author =       "Brendan J. Frey and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Peter Dayan",
  editor =       NIPS8ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS8,
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  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "661--670",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InProceedings{Frey-Hinton96,
  author =       "B. J. Frey and G. E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Data Compression Conference",
  title =        "Free Energy Coding",
  publisher =    "IEEE Computer Society Press",
  address =      "Los Alamitos, CA",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "1997",
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@Book{Frey98,
  author =       "Brendan J. Frey",
  title =        "Graphical models for machine learning and digital
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  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  year =         "1998",
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@InProceedings{frey99estimating,
  author =       "B. J. Frey and N. Jojic",
  booktitle =    cvpr99,
  title =        "Estimating Mixture Models of Images and Inferring
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  pages =        "416--422",
  year =         "1999",
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@InProceedings{FreyUAI00,
  author =       "Brendan Frey and Nebojsa Jojic",
  booktitle =    UAI00,
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  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Francisco, CA",
  pages =        "184--1",
  year =         "2000",
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@Article{Friedman+Fisher-99,
  author =       "J. H. Friedman and N. I. Fisher",
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  number =       "2",
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@Article{Friedman+Hastie+Tibshirani:AdaBoost-theory,
  author =       "J. Friedman and T. Hastie and R. Tibshirani",
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  journal =      "The Annals of Statistics",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "307--337",
  year =         "2000",
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@Article{Friedman-2001,
  author =       "J. Friedman",
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  pages =        "1180",
  year =         "2001",
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@Book{Friedman71,
  author =       "A. Friedman",
  title =        "Advanced Calculus",
  publisher =    "Holt, Rinehart and Winston",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  year =         "1971",
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@article{Friedman+Tukey-1974,
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@Article{Friedman87,
  author =       "J. H. Friedman",
  title =        "Exploratory projection pursuit",
  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  volume =       "92",
  pages =        "249--266",
  year =         "1987",
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@Article{Friedman91,
  author =       "J. H. Friedman",
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  journal =      "The Annals of Statistics",
  volume =       "19",
  pages =        "1--141",
  year =         "1991",
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@TechReport{friedman94flexible,
  author =       "J. Friedman",
  title =        "Flexible metric nearest neighbor classification",
  number =       "113",
  institution =  "Stanford University Statistics Department",
  year =         "1994",
}

@TechReport{Friedman98,
  author =       "J. Friedman and T. Hastie and R. Tibshirani",
  title =        "Additive logistic regression: {A} statistical view of
                 boosting",
  institution =  "Stanford University",
  address =      "CA, USA",
  year =         "1998",
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@Misc{friedman99greedy,
  author =       "J. Friedman",
  title =        "Greedy Function Approximation: a Gradient Boosting
                 Machine",
  year =         "1999",
  note =         "IMS 1999 Reitz Lecture, February 24, 1999, Dept. of
                 Statistics, Stanford University",
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@InProceedings{Friess98,
  author =       "T. Friess and N. Cristianini and C. Campbel",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference
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  pages =        "188--196",
  year =         "1998",
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@InProceedings{Fritzke94,
  author =       "B. Fritzke",
  editor =       NIPS6ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS6,
  title =        "Supervised learning with growing cell structures",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1994",
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@InProceedings{fs-lmcpa-98,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire",
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  year =         "1998",
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@Article{fs-ppr-81,
  author =       "J. H. Friedman and W. Stuetzle",
  title =        "Projection Pursuit Regression",
  journal =      "J. American Statistical Association",
  volume =       "76",
  number =       "376",
  pages =        "817--823",
  month =        dec,
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@Article{Fu86,
  author =       "Y. Fu and P. W. Anderson",
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  year =         "1986",
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@InProceedings{Fukumizu96,
  author =       "K. Fukumizu",
  editor =       NIPS8ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS8,
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  year =         "1996",
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@Article{Fukumizu+Amari-2000,
  author =      "Kenji Fukumizu and {Shun-ichi} Amari",
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@Article{Fukushima75,
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
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  year =         "1975",
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@Article{Fukushima80,
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Neocognitron: {A} Self-Organizing Neural Network Model
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  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "193--202",
  year =         "1980",
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@Article{Fukushima82,
  author =       "K. Fukushima and S. Miyake",
  key =          "Fukushima",
  title =        "Neocognitron: {A} new algorithm for pattern
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  journal =      "Pattern Recognition",
  volume =       "15",
  pages =        "455--469",
  year =         "1982",
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@Article{Fukushima83,
  author =       "K. Fukushima and S. Miyake and T. Ito",
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  journal =      ieeesmc,
  volume =       "13",
  year =         "1983",
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@Article{Funahashi89,
  author =       "K. Funahashi",
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  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "183--192",
  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Funahashi93,
  author =       "Ken-Ichi Funahashi and Yuichi Nakamura",
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  year =         "1993",
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@InProceedings{Fung-Crawford90,
  author =       "R. M. Fung and S. L. Crawford",
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  year =         "1990",
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@TechReport{Galland+Hinton89,
  author =       "C. C. Galland and G. E. Hinton",
  title =        "Deterministic learning in networks with asymmetric
                 connectivity",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-6",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
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  address =      "Toronto, Ontario",
  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{Gallant86,
  author =       "S. I. Gallant",
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  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "Paris 1986",
  pages =        "849--852",
  year =         "1986",
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@Misc{gallant90perceptron-based,
  author =       "S. Gallant",
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  year =         "1990",
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@InProceedings{Gallinari87,
  author =       "Patrick Gallinari and Yann {LeCun} and Sylvie Thiria and
                 Francoise Fogelman-Soulie",
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  address =      "Paris, La Villette",
  year =         "1987",
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@InProceedings{Gallinari88,
  author =       "P. Gallinari and S. Thiria and F. Fogelman-Souli\'e",
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@InCollection{Gao-Goodman-Miao-2001,
  author =       "J. Gao and J. Goodman and J. Miao",
  booktitle =    "Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language
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  title =        "The Use of Clustering Techniques for Asian Language
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  number =       "1",
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  year =         "2001",
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@TechReport{Garcia-Perron95,
  author =       "R. Garcia and P. Perron",
  title =        "An analysis of the real interest rate under regime
                 shift",
  number =       "95s-5",
  institution =  "CIRANO",
  address =      "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
  year =         "1995",
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@Article{Garcia-Perron96,
  author =       "R. Garcia and P. Perron",
  title =        "An analysis of the real interest rate under regime
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  journal =      "The Review of Economics and Statistics",
  year =         "1996",
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@TechReport{Garcia-Schaller95,
  author =       "R. Garcia and H. Schaller",
  title =        "Are the effects of monetary policy asymmetric",
  number =       "95s-6",
  institution =  "CIRANO",
  address =      "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
  year =         "1995",
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@TechReport{Garcia95,
  author =       "R. Garcia",
  title =        "Asymptotic null distribution of the likelihood ratio
                 test in Markov switching models",
  number =       "95s-7",
  institution =  "CIRANO",
  address =      "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
  year =         "1995",
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@TechReport{Garcia98,
  author =       "R. Garcia and R. Gen\c{c}ay",
  title =        "{Pricing and Hedging Derivative Securities with Neural
                 Networks and a Homogeneity Hint}",
  number =       "98s-35",
  institution =  "CIRANO",
  address =      "Montr\'eal, Qu\'ebec, Canada",
  year =         "1998",
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@Article{Gardner87,
  author =       "E. Gardner",
  title =        "Maximum Storage Capacity in Neural Networks",
  journal =      eul,
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "481--485",
  year =         "1987",
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@Article{Gardner88a,
  author =       "E. Gardner",
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  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "257--270",
  year =         "1988",
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@Article{Gardner88b,
  author =       "E. Gardner and B. Derrida",
  title =        "Optimal Storage Properties of Neural Network Models",
  journal =      jpa,
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "271--284",
  year =         "1988",
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@Article{Gardner89a,
  author =       "E. Gardner and B. Derrida",
  title =        "Three Unfinished Works on the Optimal Storage Capacity
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  journal =      jpa,
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "1983--1994",
  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Gardner89b,
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
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  month =        dec,
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}
%deprecate this version as we need to put the date of publication not the date of the conference. use GrandvaletY2005 instead.
@InProceedings{GrandvaletY2004,
  author =       "Yves Grandvalet and Yoshua Bengio",
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@INCOLLECTION {GrandvaletY2006,
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@InProceedings{Harp90,
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@Article{Hartman90,
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@InProceedings{Hassibi-nips93,
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@Article{Hastad91,
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@Book{Hastie2001,
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@book{hay01nnn,
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@TechReport{He+Niyogi-2002,
  author =       "X. He and P. Niyogi",
  title =        "Locality Preserving Projections ({LPP})",
  number =       "TR-2002-09",
  institution =  "University of Chicago, Computer Science",
  year =         "2002",
}

@incollection{He+Niyogi-2004,
    author = "Xiaofei He and Partha Niyogi",
    title = "Locality Preserving Projections",
    editor = NIPS16ed,
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    publisher = "MIT Press",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    year = "2004",
}

@Book{Hebb49,
  author =       "D. O. Hebb",
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@InProceedings{Hecht-Nielsen87a,
  author =       "R. Hecht-Nielsen",
  editor =       "M. Caudill and C. Butler",
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  address =      "San Diego 1987",
  pages =        "455--461",
  year =         "1987",
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@Article{Hecht-Nielsen87b,
  author =       "R. Hecht-Nielsen",
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  year =         "1987",
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@Article{Hecht-Nielsen88,
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  year =         "1988",
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@InProceedings{Hecht-Nielsen89,
  author =       "R. Hecht-Nielsen",
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  address =      "Washington 1989",
  pages =        "593--605",
  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Hecht-Nielsen-1995,
  author =       "R. Hecht-Nielsen",
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  year =         "1995",
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@TechReport{Heckerman96,
  author =       "D. Heckerman",
  title =        "A tutorial on learning with {Bayesian} networks",
  number =       "TR-95-06",
  institution =  "Microsoft Research",
  address =      "ftp://ftp.research.microsoft.com/pub/Tech-Reports/Winter94-95/TR-95-06.PS",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1996",
}

@article{HeckermanD2000,
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    journal = jmlr,
    year = {2000},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {49--75}
}

@article{heeger:1992a,
    author={David J. Heeger},
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@InProceedings{Hegde88,
  author =       "S. U. Hegde and J. L. Sweet and W. B. Levy",
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  address =      "San Diego 1988",
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  year =         "1988",
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@article{HedgeJ2000,
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	year = {2000}
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@inproceedings{Heitz+al:NIPS08a,
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  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2008)",
  year = 2008,
}

@InProceedings{HeldM1998,
  author =       "Marcus Held and Joachim M. Buhmann",
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                 hierarchical data analysis",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA, USA",
  pages =        "514--520",
  year =         "1998",
  ISBN =         "0-262-10076-2",
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@InProceedings{herlocker99,
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  title =        "An algorithmic framework for performing collaborative
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  year =         "1999",
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@InProceedings{Hermansky-genova91,
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  year =         "1991",
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@TechReport{Hermansky-icsi91,
  author =       "Hynek Hermansky and Nelson Morgan and Aruna Bayya and
                 Phil Kohn",
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  month =        dec,
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  OPTnote =      "Most speech parameter estimation techniques are easily
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                 that is more robust to such steady-state spectral
                 factors in speech. The approach is conceptually simple
                 and computationally efficient. The new method is
                 described, and experimental results are reported,
                 showing a significant advantage for the proposed
                 method.",
}

@Article{Hermansky-jasa90,
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@Book{Hernandez-Lerma+Lasserre-2003,
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  year =         "1986",
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@InProceedings{Hertz87,
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@Article{Hertz89a,
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  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Hertz89b,
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  year =         "1989",
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@TechReport{Hertz90,
  author =       "J. A. Hertz",
  title =        "Statistical Dynamics of Learning",
  type =         "Preprint",
  number =       "90/34 S",
  institution =  "Nordita",
  address =      "Copenhagen, Denmark",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Herz89,
  author =       "A. Herz and B. Sulzer and R. K{\"u}hn and J. L. van
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  title =        "Hebbian Learning Reconsidered: Representation of
                 Static and Dynamic Objects in Associative Neural Nets",
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  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "457--467",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Heskes-98,
  author =       "T. Heskes",
  title =        "Bias/variance decompositions for likelihood-based
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  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "1425--1433",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{heskes00,
  author =       "Tom Heskes",
  title =        "On Natural Learning and Pruning in Multilayered
                 Perceptrons",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "881--901",
  year =         "2000",
}

@InProceedings{heskes98,
  author =       "Tom Heskes",
  booktitle =    "International Conference On Machine Learning",
  title =        "Solving a huge number of similar tasks: a combination
                 of multi-task learning and a hierarchical {Bayesian}
                 approach",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{Hestenes+Stiefel-1952,
  author =       "Magnus R. Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel",
  title =        "Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear
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  volume =       "49",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "409--436",
  year =         "1952",
}

@Article{Hettich-93,
  author =       "R. Hettich and K. O. Kortanek",
  title =        "Semi-infinite programming: theory, methods, and
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  number =       "3",
  pages =        "380--429",
  year =         "1993",
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@InProceedings{Hines96,
  author =       "J. W. Hines",
  booktitle =    nipc-hmit96,
  title =        "A Logarithmic Neural Network Architecture for a {PRA}
                 Approximation",
  volume =       "1",
  publisher =    ans,
  pages =        "235--241",
  year =         "1996",
}

@Article{HinOsiWel2006,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton and Simon Osindero and Max Welling
                 and {Yee Whye} Teh",
  title =        "Unsupervised Discovery of Non-Linear Structure using
                 Contrastive Backpropagation",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "30",
  number =       "4",
  year =         "2006",
}

@Article{Hinton+Ghahramani-97,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and Z. Ghahramani",
  title =        "Generative models for discovering sparse distributed
                 representations",
  journal =      "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
                 London",
  volume =       "B",
  number =       "352",
  pages =        "1177--1190",
  year =         "1997",
}

@InCollection{Hinton-bo86,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and T. J. Sejnowski",
  editor =       "D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the
                 Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 1: Foundations",
  title =        "Learning and relearning in {Boltzmann} machines",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "282--317",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton-ICA-2001,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and M. Welling and Y. W. Teh and S.
                 Osindero",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation (ICA'01)",
  title =        "A New View of {ICA}",
  address =      "San Diego, CA",
  pages =        "746--751",
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton-nips95,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and M. Revow and P. Dayan",
  editor =       NIPS7ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS7,
  title =        "Recognizing handwritten digits using mixtures of
                 linear models",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "1015--1022",
  year =         "1995",
}

@TechReport{Hinton-PoE-2000,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Training Products of Experts by Minimizing Contrastive
                 Divergence",
  number =       "GCNU TR 2000-004",
  institution =  "Gatsby Unit, University College London",
  year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Hinton-Science2006,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton and Ruslan Salakhutdinov",
  title =        "Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "313",
  number =       "5786",
  pages =        "504--507",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "2006",
}

%I deprecate the following one as this is a duplicate of the preceding one!
@Article{Hinton+Salakhutdinov-2006,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton and Ruslan {Salakhutdinov}",
  title =        "{Reducing the Dimensionality of Data with Neural
                 Networks}",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "313",
  pages =        "504--507",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "2006",
}


@Article{Hinton06,
  author =       "Goeffrey E. Hinton and Simon Osindero and {Yee Whye} Teh",
  title =        "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "18",
  pages =        "1527--1554",
  year =         "2006",

}

@Article{Hinton06-small,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and S. Osindero and Y.-W. Teh",
  title =        "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "18",
  pages =        "1527--1554",
  year =         "2006",

}

@InProceedings{hinton1994amd,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton and R. S. Zemel",
  title =        "Autoencoders, minimum description length, and
                 Helmholtz free energy",
  booktitle =    NIPS6,
  editor =       NIPS6ed,
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.",
  pages =        "3--10",
  year =         "1994",
}

@Article{Hinton2002,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Training products of experts by minimizing contrastive
                 divergence",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "1771--1800",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton83,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and T. J. Sejnowski",
  booktitle =    cvpr83,
  title =        "Optimal Perceptual Inference",
  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "Washington 1983",
  pages =        "448--453",
  year =         "1983",
}

@TechReport{Hinton84,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and T. J. Sejnowski and D. H. Ackley",
  title =        "{Boltzmann} machines: Constraint satisfaction networks
                 that learn",
  number =       "TR-CMU-CS-84-119",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Dept. of Computer
                 Science",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InCollection{Hinton86a,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and T. J. Sejnowski",
  editor =       "D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland",
  booktitle =    pdp,
  title =        "Learning and Relearning in {Boltzmann} Machines",
  chapter =      "7",
  volume =       "1",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge",
  pages =        "282--317",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton86b,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  title =        "Learning Distributed Representations of Concepts",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale",
  address =      "Amherst 1986",
  pages =        "1--12",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton86b-small,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    "Proc. 8th Annual Conf. Cog. Sc. Society",
  title =        "Learning Distributed Representations of Concepts",
  pages =        "1--12",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton87,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  editor =       "J. W. {de Bakker} and A. J. Nijman and P. C.
                 Treleaven",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of {PARLE} Conference on Parallel
                 Architectures and Languages Europe",
  title =        "Learning translation invariant in massively parallel
                 networks",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "Berlin",
  pages =        "1--13",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{Hinton89,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Deterministic {Boltzmann} Learning Performs Steepest
                 Descent in Weight Space",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "143--150",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Hinton89b,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Connectionist learning procedures",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "40",
  pages =        "185--234",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Hinton90,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and S. J. Nowlan",
  title =        "The bootstrap Widrow-Hoff rule as a cluster-formation
                 algorithm",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "355--362",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton92,
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and C. K. I. Williams and M. D. Revow",
  editor =       NIPS4ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS4,
  title =        "Adaptive elastic models for hand-printed character
                 recognition",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo CA",
  pages =        "512--519",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Misc{Hinton93,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Using the minimum description length principle to
                 discover factorial codes",
  howpublished = "Lecture given at the 1993 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1993",
}

@Article{Hinton95,
  author =       "Geoffrey E. Hinton and Peter Dayan and Brendan J. Frey and Radford M.
                 Neal",
  title =        "The wake-sleep algorithm for unsupervised neural
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  pages =        "205--224",
  year =         "1996",
}

@Article{Inzenman-91,
  author =       "A. J. Inzenman",
  title =        "Recent developments in nonparametric density
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  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  volume =       "86",
  number =       "413",
  pages =        "205--224",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{IOHMM-TR,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and P. Frasconi",
  title =        "An {EM} Approach to Learning Sequential Behavior",
  number =       "RT-DSI-11/94",
  institution =  "University of Florence",
  year =         "1994",
}

@InProceedings{Irie88,
  author =       "B. Irie and S. Miyake",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Second International Conference on Neural
                 Networks, San Diego",
  title =        "Capabilities of three layer perceptrons",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{Irino+Kawahara90,
  author =       "T. Irino and H. Kawahara",
  title =        "A Method for Designing Neural Networks Using Nonlinear
                 Multivariate Analysis: Application to
                 Speaker-Independent Vowel Recognition",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "2",
  type =         "Letter",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "386--397",
  year =         "1990",
}

@article{ItoM2004,
	author = {Ito, Minami   and Komatsu, Hidehiko  },
	citeulike-article-id = {451606},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4364},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	keywords = {cnv, v2},
	month = {March},
	number = {13},
	pages = {3313--3324},
	posted-at = {2007-03-30 11:19:11},
	priority = {0},
	title = {Representation of Angles Embedded within Contour Stimuli in Area V2 of Macaque Monkeys},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2004}
}
	%url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4364},

@Article{Jaakkola+Jordan99,
  author =       "T. Jaakkola and M. I. Jordan",
  title =        "Varitional methods and the {QMR}-{DT} database",
  journal =      "Journal of Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "291--322",
  year =         "1999",
}

%I deprecated because the year in the tag is wrong
@InProceedings{Jaakkola98,
  author =       "Tommi S. Jaakkola and David Haussler",
  editor =       NIPS11ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS11,
  title =        "Exploiting generative models in discriminative
                 classifiers",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "487--493",
  year =         "1999",
}

@InProceedings{Jaakkola99,
  author =       "Tommi S. Jaakkola and David Haussler",
  editor =       NIPS11ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS11,
  title =        "Exploiting generative models in discriminative
                 classifiers",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "487--493",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Misc{jaakkola98exploiting,
  author =       "T. Jaakkola and D. Haussler",
  title =        "Exploiting generative models in discriminative
                 classifiers",
  year =         "1998",
  note =         "Preprint, Dept.of Computer Science, Univ. of California. 
                  A shorter version is in Advances in Neural
                  Information Processing Systems 11",
  howpublished = "Available from http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~haussler/pubs.html",
}

@Article{Jacobs-nc91,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs and M. I. Jordan and S. J. Nowlan and G.
                 E. Hinton",
  title =        "Adaptive mixture of local experts",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "79--87",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InCollection{Jacobs-nips91,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs and M. I. Jordan",
  editor =       NIPS3ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS3,
  title =        "A competitive modular connectionist architecture",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufman Publishers",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{Jacobs-tr90,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs and M. I. Jordan and A. G. Barto",
  title =        "Task Decomposition Through Competition in a Modular
                 Connectionist Architecture: The {What} and {Where}
                 Vision Tasks",
  number =       "COINS 90-27",
  institution =  "MIT",
  address =      "Cambridge MA",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Jacobs88,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs",
  title =        "Increased Rates of Convergence Through Learning Rate
                 Adaptation",
  journal =      nn,
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "295--307",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{Jacobs91a,
  author =       "Robert A. Jacobs and Michael I. Jordan and Steven J.
                 Nowlan and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Adaptive Mixtures of Local Experts",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "79--87",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{Jacobs91b,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs and M. I. Jordan and A. G. Barto",
  title =        "Task Decomposition Through Competition in a Modular
                 Connectionist Architecture: The What and Where Vision
                 Task",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "15",
  pages =        "219--250",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{Jacobs94,
  author =       "R. A. Jacobs and S. M. Kosslyn",
  title =        "Encoding Shape and Spatial Relations: The Role of
                 Receptive Fields in Coordinating Complementary
                 Representations",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1994",
}

@article{Jaeger-2007,
    author = {Herbert Jaeger},
    title = {Echo state network},
    year = 2007,
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    pages = 2330,
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@Article{Japkowicz2000,
  author =       "Nathalie Japkowicz and Stephen J. Hanson and Mark A.
                 Gluck",
  title =        "Nonlinear Autoassociation is not Equivalent to {PCA}",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "531--545",
  year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Japkowicz2002,
  author =       "N. Japkowicz and S. Stephen",
  title =        "The Class Imbalance Problem: {A} Systematic Study",
  journal =      "Intelligent Data Analysis",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "5",
  year =         "2002",
}

@inproceedings {Jarrett-ICCV2009,
 original = "orig/jarrett-iccv-09.pdf",
 title = "What is the Best Multi-Stage Architecture for Object Recognition?",
 author = "Jarrett, Kevin and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Ranzato, {Marc'Aurelio} and {LeCun}, Yann",
 booktitle = "Proc. International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'09)",
 publisher = "IEEE",
 year = "2009"
}

@TechReport{Jauvin+Bengio-TR2003,
  author =       "Christian Jauvin and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "A Sense-Smoothed Bigram Language Model",
  number =       "1233",
  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Book{Jaynes03,
  author =       "E. T. Jaynes",
  title =        "{Probability} {Theory}: {The} {Logic} of {Science}",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InCollection{Jaynes83,
  author =       "E. T. Jaynes",
  booktitle =    "Papers on Probability, Statistics and Statistical
                 Physics",
  title =        "{Bayesian} intervals versus confidence intervals",
  publisher =    "Kluwer",
  year =         "1983",
  editors =      "R. D. Rosencrantz",
}

@Article{JCB:Baldi95t,
  author =       "Y. Chauvin and P. Baldi",
  title =        "Hidden Markov models of the {G}-Protein-Coupled
                 receptor family",
  journal =      "Journal of Computational Biology",
  year =         "1995",
}

@InProceedings{jebara03,
  author =       "Tony Jebara and Risi Kondor",
  booktitle =    colt03,
  title =        "{Bhattacharyya and Expected Likelihood Kernels}",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{Jebara03Convex,
  author =       "T. Jebara",
  editor =       "",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of AISTATS 2003",
  title =        "Convex Invariance Learning",
  publisher =    "",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{jebara04,
  author =       "Tony Jebara",
  booktitle =    ICML04,
  editor =       ICML04ed,
  publisher =    ICML04publ,
  title =        "{Multi-task feature and kernel selection for SVMs}",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  year =         "2004",
  location =     "Banff, Alberta, Canada",
}

@Book{JebaraT2003,
  author =       "Tony Jebara",
  title =        "Machine Learning: Discriminative and Generative (The
                 Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer
                 Science)",
  howpublished = "Hardcover",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "2003",
  citeulike-article-id = "134203",
  comment =      "- maximum entropy discriminative as unification of
                 discriminative and generative approaches",
  keywords =     "book, generative-discriminative, svm",
  priority =     "2",
}
  %ISBN =         "1402076479",
  %URL =          "http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike09-20&path=ASIN/1402076479",

@InCollection{Jelinek+Mercer80,
  author =       "F. Jelinek and R. L. Mercer",
  editor =       "E. S. Gelsema and L. N. Kanal",
  booktitle =    "Pattern Recognition in Practice",
  title =        "Interpolated estimation of Markov source parameters
                 from sparse data",
  publisher =    "North-Holland, Amsterdam",
  year =         "1980",
}

@InProceedings{Jelinek-Chelba-99,
  author =       "Frederick Jelinek and Ciprian Chelba",
  booktitle =    "European Conference on Speech Communication and
                 Technology",
  title =        "Putting language into language modeling",
  volume =       "1",
  address =      "Budapest",
  pages =        "KN1--KN5",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{Jelinek76,
  author =       "F. Jelinek",
  title =        "Continuous speech recognition by statistical methods",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  volume =       "64",
  pages =        "532--556",
  year =         "1976",
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@InCollection{Jelinek80,
  author =       "F. Jelinek and R. L. Mercer",
  editor =       "E. S. Gelsema and L. N. Kanal",
  booktitle =    "Pattern Recognition in Practice",
  title =        "Interpolated Estimation of {Markov} Source Parameters
                 from Sparse Data",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
  address =      "Amsterdam",
  year =         "1980",
  copy =         yes,
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@Book{Jelinek98,
  author =       "F. Jelinek",
  title =        "Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Massachussetts",
  year =         "1998",
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@InProceedings{JensenRiis2000,
  author =       "K. J. Jensen and S. Riis",
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  title =        "Self-organizing letter code-book for text-to-phoneme
                 neural network model",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "318--321",
  year =         "2000",
}

@InProceedings{Jeong96,
  author =       "E. Jeong and K. Furuta and S. Kondo",
  booktitle =    nipc-hmit96,
  title =        "Identification of Transient in Nuclear Power Plant
                 using Adaptive Template Matching with Neural Network",
  volume =       "1",
  publisher =    ans,
  pages =        "243--250",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InCollection{joachims99largescaleSVM,
  author =       "T. Joachims",
  editor =       "B. {Sch\"olkopf} and C. J. C. Burges and A. J. Smola",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Kernel Methods --- Support Vector
                 Learning",
  title =        "Making large-Scale {SVM} Learning Practical",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "1999",
}

@InProceedings{joachims99transductive,
  author =       "Thorsten Joachims",
  booktitle =    ICML99,
  editor =       ICML99ed,
  publisher =    ICML99publ,
  title =        "Transductive Inference for Text Classification using
                 Support Vector Machines",
  address =      "Bled, SL",
  pages =        "200--209",
  year =         "1999",
}
  %URL =          "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/joachims99transductive.html",

@TechReport{Johansson90,
  author =       "E. M. Johansson and F. U. Dowla and D. M. Goodman",
  title =        "Backpropagation learning for multi-layer feed-forward
                 neural networks using the conjugate gradient method",
  number =       "UCRL-JC-104850",
  institution =  "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1990",
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@inproceedings{John+al-1994,
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@Article{Johnson89,
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  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{Joines92QQ23,
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  pages =        "911--918",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1992",
  ref =          "QQ23",
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@Book{Jolliffe86,
  author =       "Ian T. Jolliffe",
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  year =         "1986",
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@book{Jolliffe-2002,
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    posted-at = {2007-03-11 15:04:57},
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    publisher = {Springer},
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    year = {2002}
}

@Article{Jordan+Jacobs94,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan and R. A. Jacobs",
  title =        "Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the {E}{M}
                 algorithm",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "181--214",
  year =         "1994",
}

@TechReport{Jordan+Xu93,
  author =       "Michael I. Jordan and L. Xu",
  title =        "Convergence results for the {EM} approach to mixtures
                 of experts architecture",
  number =       "9303",
  institution =  "MIT Computational Cognitive Science",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1993",
}

@Article{Jordan-cs92,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan and D. E. Rumelhart",
  title =        "Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal
                 teacher",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "16",
  pages =        "307--354",
  year =         "1992",
}

@InProceedings{Jordan-HMDT97,
  author =       "M. Jordan and Z. Ghahramani and L. Saul",
  editor =       NIPS9ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS9,
  title =        "Hidden Markov decision trees",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "1997",
}

@InProceedings{Jordan-nips92,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan and R. A. Jacobs",
  editor =       NIPS4ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS4,
  title =        "Hierarchies of adaptive experts",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  pages =        "985--992",
  year =         "1992",
}

@TechReport{Jordan-tr86,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  title =        "Serial Order: a Parallel Distributed Processing
                 Approach",
  number =       "8604",
  institution =  "ICS (Institute for Cognitive Science, University of
                 California)",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{Jordan86,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  title =        "Attractor Dynamics and Parallelism in a Connectionist
                 Sequential Machine",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale",
  address =      "Amherst 1986",
  pages =        "531--546",
  year =         "1986",
}

@TechReport{Jordan88,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  title =        "Supervised Learning and Systems with Excess Degrees of
                 Freedom",
  number =       "COINS Technical Report 88-27",
  institution =  "MIT",
  address =      "Cambridge MA",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{Jordan89,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  editor =       "J. L. Elman and D. E. Rumelhart",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Connectionist Theory: Speech",
  title =        "Serial Order: {A} Parallel, Distributed Processing
                 Approach",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{Jordan89b,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  editor =       "G. Hinton and D. S. Touretzky",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  title =        "Supervised learning and systems with excess degrees of
                 freedom",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{Jordan90,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  editor =       "M. Jeannerod",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance XIII",
  title =        "Motor learning and the degrees of freedom problem",
  publisher =    "Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{Jordan98,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  title =        "Learning in Graphical Models",
  publisher =    "Kluwer",
  address =      "Dordrecht, Netherlands",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{Jour:Freund:AdaBoostDetailed,
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  year =         "1997",
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@Article{Jour:Freund:boost,
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  year =         "1995",
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@Article{Jour-Freund-AdaBoostDetailed,
  author =       "Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire",
  title =        "A decision theoretic generalization of on-line
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  journal =      "Journal of Computer and System Science",
  volume =       "55",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "119--139",
  year =         "1997",
}

@PhdThesis{Jouvet88,
  author =       "D. Jouvet",
  title =        "Reconnaissance de Mots Connectes Independamment du
                 Locuteur par des Methodes Statistiques",
  number =       "NST-88E006",
  school =       "Ecole National Superieure des Telecommunications",
  year =         "1988",
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@inproceedings{JuanA2001,
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@inproceedings{JuanA2004,
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@Article{Juang92,
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@Article{Judd88,
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  year =         "1988",
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@Book{JuddBook,
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  year =         "1989",
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@book{Jurafsky+Martin-2008,
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@Article{Jutten+Herault-91,
  author =       "Christian Jutten and Jeanny Herault",
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  year =         "1991",
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@InProceedings{Kahng89,
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  year =         "1989",
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@InProceedings{kai03,
  author =       "Yu Kai and Schwaighofer Anton and Tresp Volker and Ma
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@Article{Kalman61,
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@article{Kambhatla+Leen-1997,
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@Article{Kammen88,
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@InProceedings{Kammerer89,
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  year =         "1989",
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@Book{Kandel85,
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@Article{Kanter87,
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@inproceedings{KarklinY2003,
  author    = {Yan Karklin and
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@Article{kbnn-towell.aij94,
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  year =         "1991",
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@Article{kbnn-towell.mlj93,
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  year =         "1993",
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@InProceedings{kbnn-towell.nips4,
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@PhdThesis{kbnn-towell.thesis,
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 editor =    ICML09ed,
 publisher = ICML09publ,
 year =      "2009",
 isbn =      {978-1-60558-516-1},
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 pages = {1--40},
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@InProceedings{LarochelleH2007-small,
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@InProceedings{LarochelleH2007-short,
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%I deprecate the following one as this is a duplicate of LarochelleH2007
@InProceedings{larochelle-icml-2007,
  author =       "Hugo Larochelle and Dumitru Erhan and Aaron Courville
                 and James Bergstra and Yoshua Bengio",
  booktitle =    ICML07,
  editor =       ICML07ed,
  publisher =    ICML07publ,
  title =        "An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Architectures on
                 Problems with Many Factors of Variation",
  pages =        "473--480",
  location =     "Corvallis, OR",
  year =         "2007",
}
  %url =          "http://www.machinelearning.org/proceedings/icml2007/papers/331.pdf",

%I deprecate the following one as this is a duplicate of LarochelleH2007
@Article{larochelle:icml07,
  author =       "Hugo Larochelle and Dumitru Erhan and Aaron Courville and
                 James Bergstra and Yoshua Bengio",
  booktitle =    ICML07,
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  publisher =    ICML07publ,
  title =        "An empirical evaluation of deep architectures on
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  pages =        "473--480",
  year =         "2007",
  location =     "Corvallis, OR",
  url =          "http://www.machinelearning.org/proceedings/icml2007/papers/331.pdf",
}

@inproceedings{Larochelle+Bengio-2008-small,
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@InCollection{Lawrence00,
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                 Connectionist, Statistical and Symbolic Approaches to
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  title =        "Natural Language Grammatical Inference: {A} Comparison
                 of Recurrent Neural Networks and Machine Learning
                 Methods",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag, NY",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InCollection{LawrenceN2005,
  author =       "Neil D. {Lawrence} and Michael I. {Jordan}",
  editor =       NIPS17ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS17,
  title =        "Semi-supervised Learning via {G}aussian Processes",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "753--760",
  year =         "2005",
  original =     "0753-257.PDF",
}

@TechReport{LeBaron95,
  author =       "B. LeBaron and A. S. Weigend",
  title =        "Evaluating Neural Network Predictors by
                 Bootstrapping",
  number =       "CU-CS-725-94",
  institution =  "University of Colorado, Boulder",
  year =         "1995",
}

@Article{LeCun+98,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and Leon Bottou and Yoshua Bengio and
                 Patrick Haffner",
  title =        "Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document
                 Recognition",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the {IEEE}",
  volume =       "86",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "2278--2324",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1998",
}

@InCollection{LeCun+98backprop,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and L\'{e}on Bottou and Genevieve B. Orr
                 and Klaus-Robert M{\"{u}}ller",
  title =        "Efficient Backprop",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks, Tricks of the Trade",
  series =       "Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS~1524",
  publisher =    "Springer Verlag",
  year =         "1998",
}
  %URL =          "http://leon.bottou.org/papers/lecun-98x",


@InCollection{LeCun+98backprop-small,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and L. Bottou and G. B. Orr
                 and K. M{\"{u}}ller",
  title =        "Efficient Backprop",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks, Tricks of the Trade",
  year =         "1998",
}


@InProceedings{lecun-04,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and Fu-Jie Huang and L{\'e}on Bottou",
  booktitle =    cvpr04,
  title =        "Learning Methods for Generic Object Recognition with
                 Invariance to Pose and Lighting",
  volume = {2},
  year =         "2004",
  issn = {1063-6919},
  pages = {97-104},
  doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/CVPR.2004.144},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
}

@InProceedings{LeCun-cp89,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    "Connectionism in Perspective",
  title =        "Generalization and Network Design Strategies",
  publisher =    "Elsevier Publishers",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{LeCun-dsbo86,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  editor =       "F. Fogelman-Souli\'e and E. Bienenstock and G.
                 Weisbuch",
  booktitle =    "Disordered Systems and Biological Organization",
  title =        "Learning Processes in an Asymmetric Threshold
                 Network",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "Les Houches, France",
  pages =        "233--240",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-huang-05,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and {Fu Jie} Huang",
  editor =       aistats05ed,
  booktitle =    aistats05,
  title =        "Loss Functions for Discriminative Training of
                 Energy-Based Models",
  date =         "Jan 6-8, 2005",
  location =     "Savannah Hotel, Barbados",
  year =         "2005",
}

@Misc{LeCun-nips93-tutorial,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  title =        "Efficient learning and second-order methods",
  year =         "1993",
  note =         "Tutorial presented at NIPS'93, Denver, CO",
}

@PhdThesis{Lecun-these87,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  title =        "Mod\`eles connexionistes de l'apprentissage",
  school =       "Universit\'e de Paris VI",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InCollection{lecun2006,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and Sumit Chopra and Raia Hadsell and
                 Marc-Aurelio Ranzato and Fu-Jie Huang",
  editor =       "G. Bakir and T. Hofman and B. Scholkopf and A. Smola
                 and B. Taskar",
  booktitle =    "Predicting Structured Data",
  title =        "A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "191--246",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun85,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    "Cognitiva 85: A la Fronti\`ere de l'Intelligence
                 Artificielle, des Sciences de la Connaissance et des
                 Neurosciences",
  title =        "Une Proc\'edure d'Apprentissage pour {R}\'eseau \`a
                 Seuil Assym\'etrique",
  publisher =    "CESTA, Paris",
  address =      "Paris 1985",
  pages =        "599--604",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InCollection{LeCun86,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  editor =       "E. Bienenstock and F. Fogelman-Souli\'e and G.
                 Weisbuch",
  booktitle =    "Disordered Systems and Biological Organization",
  title =        "Learning Processes in an Asymmetric Threshold
                 Network",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag, Berlin",
  address =      "Les Houches 1985",
  pages =        "233--240",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{LeCun89,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and Bernhard Boser and John S. Denker and Donnie
                 Henderson and Richard E. Howard and Wayne Hubbard and Lawrence D.
                 Jackel",
  title =        "Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code
                 Recognition",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "541--551",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{LeCun89a,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  key =          "LeCun",
  title =        "Generalization and Network Design Strategies",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-4",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{LeCun89d,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun} and Lawrence D. Jackel and B. Boser and J.
                 S. Denker and Hans P. Graf and I. Guyon and D.
                 Henderson and R. E. Howard and W. Hubbard",
  title =        "Handwritten Digit recognition: Applications of Neural
                 Network Chips and Automatic Learning",
  journal =      "IEEE Communications Magazine",
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "41--46",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun90a,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and B. Boser and J. S. Denker and D.
                 Henderson and R. E. Howard and W. Hubbard and L. D.
                 Jackel",
  editor =       NIPS2ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS2,
  title =        "Handwritten Digit Recognition with a Back-Propagation
                 Network",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "396--404",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun90b,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and J. S. Denker and S. A. Solla",
  editor =       NIPS2ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS2,
  title =        "Optimal Brain Damage",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "598--605",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun90c,
  author =       "Y. LeCun and Y. Matan and B. Boser and J. S. Denker
                 and D. Henderson and R. E. Howard and W. Hubbard and L.
                 D. Jackel and H. S. Baird",
  editor =       "IAPR",
  booktitle =    "International Conference on Pattern Recognition",
  title =        "Handwritten Zip Code Recognition with Multilayer
                 Networks",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  address =      "Atlantic City",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun91,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and I. Kanter and S. Solla",
  editor =       NIPS3ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS3,
  title =        "Second order properties of error surfaces: learning
                 time, generalization",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "918--924",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InCollection{LeCun93,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and P. Simard and B. Pearlmutter",
  editor =       NIPS5ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS5,
  title =        "Automatic learning rate maximization by on-line
                 estimation of the {Hessian}'s eigenvectors",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA",
  pages =        "156--163",
  year =         "1993",
}

@InProceedings{LeCun94b,
  author =       "Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio",
  editor =       "IEEE",
  booktitle =    ICPR94,
  title =        "Word-Level Training of a Handritten Word Recognizer
                 based on Convolutional Neural Networks",
  address =      "Jerusalem 1994",
  year =         "1994",
}

@Article{LeCun98-small,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and L. Bottou and Y. Bengio and
                 P. Haffner",
  title =        "Gradient Based Learning Applied to Document
                 Recognition",
  journal =      "IEEE",
  volume =       "86",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "2278--2324",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1998",
}

@InCollection{LeCun98-tricks,
  author =       "Y. {LeCun} and L. Bottou and G. B. Orr and K.-R.
                 M{\"u}ller",
  editor =       "G. B. Orr and K.-R. M{\"u}ller",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade",
  title =        "Efficient {BackProp}",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  pages =        "9--50",
  year =         "1998",
}

@TechReport{LeCun-TR,
  author =       "Yann {LeCun}",
  key =          "Lecun",
  title =        "Generalization and Network Design Strategies",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-4",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Lee+Hon89,
  author =       "Kai-Fu Lee and Hsiao-Wuen Hon",
  title =        "Speaker-independent phone recognition using hidden
                 {Markov} models",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
                 Processing",
  volume =       "37",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1641--1648",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Lee+Lewicki-2002,
  author =       "T-W. Lee and M. S. Lewicki",
  title =        "Unsupervised classification segmentation and
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  journal =      "IEEE Trans. Image Proc.",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "270--279",
  year =         "2002",
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@InCollection{Lee-2008,
  author =       "Honglak Lee and Chaitanya Ekanadham and Andrew Ng",
  editor =       NIPS20ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS20,
  title =        "Sparse deep belief net model for visual area {V}2",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages = {873--880},
  year =         "2008",
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@Book{Lee91,
  author =       "Kai-Fu Lee",
  title =        "Automatic Speech Recognition: the development of the
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  publisher =    "Kluwer Academic Publ.",
  year =         "1989",
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@article{Lee-1996,
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@InProceedings{Lee99a,
  author =       "Lillian Lee",
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  pages =        "25--32",
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@InProceedings{Lee99b,
  author =       "Lillian Lee and Fernando Pereira",
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  pages =        "33--40",
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@article{Lee+Mumford-2003,
 author = {Tai-Sing Lee and David Mumford},
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@Article{Leitch91,
  author =       "G. Leitch and J. E. Tanner",
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  year =         "1991",
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@Article{Lengelle+Denoeux96,
  author =       "R{\'e}gis Lengell{\'e} and Thierry Denoeux",
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  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "9",
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  year =         "1996",
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@InProceedings{Leprieur95,
  author =       "H. Leprieur and P. Haffner",
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  address =      "Madrid, Spain",
  year =         "1995",
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@Book{lerdahl+jackendoff-1983,
  author =       "F. Lerdahl and R. Jackendoff",
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  year =         "1983",
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@InCollection{LeRoux+al-tonga-2008,
  author =       "Nicolas {Le Roux} and Pierre-Antoine Manzagol and
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  editor =       NIPS20ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS20,
  title =        "Topmoumoute online natural gradient algorithm",
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  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "849--856",
  year =         "2008",
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@InCollection{LeRoux+al-tonga-2008-small,
  author =       "Nicolas {Le Roux} and Pierre-Antoine Manzagol and
                 Yoshua Bengio",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 20",
  title =        "Topmoumoute online natural gradient algorithm",
  pages =        "849--856",
  year =         "2008",
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@TechReport{LeRoux-comb-dens-2005,
  author =       "Nicolas {Le Roux} and Yoshua Bengio and R\'ejean
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@InProceedings{LeRoux-continuous-short,
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@InProceedings{Lesk1986,
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@Article{Levenberg44,
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@InProceedings{Levin90,
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@InProceedings{Levin92,
  author =       "E. Levin and R. Pieraccini and E. Bocchieri",
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@Article{Levinson83,
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@InCollection{Levinson96,
  author =       "S. E. Levinson",
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@phdthesis{Levner2008,
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@InProceedings{Lewicki+Sejnowski-97,
  author =       "Michael Lewicki and Terry Sejnowski",
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  isbn = {0-262-10076-2},
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  address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
  pages =        "556--562",
  year =         "1998",
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@article{Lewicki+Sejnowski-2000,
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@InProceedings{LewisC62,
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@Article{lheureux-04-small,
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@Book{Li93,
  author =       "Ming Li and Paul Vitanyi",
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@Article{li99face,
  author =       "S. Z. Li and J. W. Lu",
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@inproceedings{Li+al-2005,
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@article{Li+Guo-2006,
    author = {Chun-Guang Li and Jun Guo},
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@inproceedings{lischuurmans08a,
author = "Li, Y. and Schuurmans, D.",
title = "Policy iteration for learning an exercise policy for {American} 
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the European Workshop on Reinforcement 
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note = "Acceptance rate 33\%; all authors from my research group"
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@inproceedings{lischuurmans08b,
author = "Li, Y. and Schuurmans, D.",
title = "Learning an exercise policy for {American} options on real data",
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year = 2008,
note = "All authors from my research group; unrefereed publication"
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@inproceedings{Li+al-2007,
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@InCollection{Liang83,
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@inproceedings{LiangP2008,
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@Article{Liberman67,
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@Article{Lin+al-1991,
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@Article{Lin-2000,
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@InProceedings{Lin-99,
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@Book{Mandelbrot82,
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@Book{Manning+Schutze99,
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@Article{Martin91,
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%%Fred I deprecate the following as the tag name have the year of the conf and not of the papers!
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@Article{quantiles-nc-2002,
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@TechReport{quantiles-TR,
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  institution =  "Dept. IRO, Universit\'e de Montr\'eal",
  year =         "2001",
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@Article{Rabiner89,
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@inproceedings{RaginskyM2008,
  author    = {Maxim Raginsky and
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               Rebecca Willett and
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@INPROCEEDINGS{RainaR2003,
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@Misc{raina+ng+koller-workshop-2005,
  author =       "Rajat Raina and Andrew Y. Ng and Daphne Koller",
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  year =         "2005",
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@InProceedings{RainaR2007,
  author =       "Rajat Raina and Alexis Battle and Honglak Lee and
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  booktitle =    ICML07,
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  title =        "Self-taught learning: transfer learning from unlabeled
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  bibsource =    "DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de",
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@InProceedings{RainaR2007-small,
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@InProceedings{ranzato-07,
  author =       "{Marc'Aurelio} Ranzato and Christopher Poultney and
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  editor =       NIPS19ed,
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages = {1137--1144},
  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{ranzato-07-small,
  author =       "M. Ranzato and C. Poultney and
                 S. Chopra and Y. {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 19",
  title =        "Efficient Learning of Sparse Representations with an
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  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{ranzato-07-short,
  author =       "M. Ranzato and C. Poultney and
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  title =        "Efficient Learning of Sparse Representations with an
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  pages = {1137--1144},
  year =         "2007",
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# Please do NOT use this citation as it is a duplicate of ranzato-07
@InCollection{ranzato-06,
  author =       "{Marc'Aurelio} Ranzato and Christopher Poultney and
                 Sumit Chopra and Yann {LeCun}",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Efficient Learning of Sparse Representations with an
                 Energy-Based Model",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "2007",
}

# Please do NOT use this citation as it is a duplicate of ranzato-07-small
@InCollection{ranzato-06-small,
  author =       "M. Ranzato and C. Poultney and
                 S. Chopra and Y. {LeCun}",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 19",
  title =        "Efficient Learning of Sparse Representations with an
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{ranzato-08,
  author =       "{Marc'Aurelio} Ranzato and Y-Lan Boureau and Yann
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  editor =       NIPS20ed,
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  year =         "2008",
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  %url =          "http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~ranzato/publications/ranzato-nips07.pdf",

@InProceedings{ranzato-08-small,
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@InProceedings{ranzato-cvpr-07-small,
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@InProceedings{Ranzato-icdar07,
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@InProceedings{ranzato-unsup-07,
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@InProceedings{Ricotti88,
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@Article{Ritter86,
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@Article{Ritter88b,
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@Book{Robert-1999,
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@TechReport{Robinson+Fallside90,
  author =       "A. J. Robinson and F. Fallside",
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  address =      "Denver, CO",
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@Article{Robinson91,
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@Article{robust-H-73,
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@Book{robust-HRRS-86,
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@Book{robust-RL-87,
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@InProceedings{Rohwer87,
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  address =      "San Diego 1987",
  pages =        "701--708",
  year =         "1987",
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@InProceedings{Rohwer90,
  author =       "R. Rohwer",
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  booktitle =    NIPS2,
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  pages =        "558--565",
  year =         "1990",
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@article{Rohde+Plaut-99,
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@PhdThesis{Romeo89,
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@Article{Ron98,
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% DEPRECATED, USE THE ONE BELOW
@Article{roweis00lle,
  author =       "Sam Roweis and Lawrence K. Saul",
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  volume =       "290",
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  month =        dec,
  year =         "2000",
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@Article{Roweis2000-lle,
  author =       "Sam Roweis and Lawrence K. Saul",
  title =        "Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear
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  number =       "5500",
  pages =        "2323--2326",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "2000",
}

@TechReport{roweis97unifying,
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@InProceedings{roweis98em,
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  year =         "1998",
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@InProceedings{RoweisNCA2005,
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@Book{Rubinstein1981,
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@Book{Rumelhart86a,
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@Article{Rumelhart86b,
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@InProceedings{Russ+Geoff-nips-2007,
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                 {Gaussian} Processes",
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  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "1249--1256",
  year =         "2008",
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  %url =          "http://www.csri.utoronto.ca/~hinton/absps/dbngp.pdf",

@InProceedings{Russ+Geoff-nips-2007-small,
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@InProceedings{Russ+Geoff-nips-2007-short,
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@Book{Saad-1996,
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@TechReport{Saad90a,
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@TechReport{Saad90b,
  author =       "D. Saad and E. Marom",
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@Book{SaadOnlineLearning1999,
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@Article{Sachs+Young80,
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@InProceedings{Salakhutdinov-2010,
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@InProceedings{Salakhutdinov+Hinton2007,
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{Salakhutdinov+Hinton2007-small,
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  title =        "Semantic Hashing",
  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007,
  author =       "Ruslan Salakhutdinov and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    aistats07,
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  publisher =    "Omnipress",
  date =         "March 21-24, 2007",
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007-small,
  author =       "Ruslan Salakhutdinov and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    aistats07-small,
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007-short,
  author =       "R. Salakhutdinov and G.E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    {AI \& Stat.'2007},
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007b,
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  booktitle =    ICML07,
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  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  pages =        "791--798",
  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007b-small,
  author =       "Ruslan Salakhutdinov and Andriy Mnih and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  booktitle =    "ICML 2007",
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  year =         "2007",
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@InProceedings{SalakhutdinovR2007b-short,
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  pages =        "791--798",
  year =         "2007",
}


@InProceedings{Salakhutdinov+Murray-2008,
    title =     "On the Quantitative Analysis of Deep Belief Networks",
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    year =      "2008",
    volume =    "25",
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@InProceedings{Salakhutdinov+Hinton-2009,
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  year =         "2009",
  volume =       5,
  location =     "Clearwater (Florida), USA",
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@Article{Salamon88,
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@Article{Salton+Buckley88,
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@Article{Sanger89a,
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@InProceedings{Sanger89b,
  author =       "T. D. Sanger",
  editor =       NIPS1ed,
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@article{Sanger-1994,
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@article{Sanger-1994-small,
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@InProceedings{sarawagi03,
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  publisher =    "ACM Press",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
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  year =         "2003",
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@article{Sarkar-Moore-2005,
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@Article{Sato90,
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  year =         "1990",
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@Article{Saul+96,
  author =       "Lawrence K. Saul and Tommi Jaakkola and Michael I. Jordan",
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  year =         "1996",
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@Article{Saul+Roweis-2002,
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  year =         "2002",
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@InProceedings{Saul95,
  author =       "Lawrence K. Saul and Michael I. Jordan",
  editor =       NIPS7ed,
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  pages =        "435--442",
  year =         "1995",
}

@InProceedings{Saul96,
  author =       "Lawrence K. Saul and Michael I. Jordan",
  editor =       NIPS8ed,
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  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "1996",
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@InProceedings{SaulJordan97,
  author =       "Lawrence K. Saul and Michael I. Jordan",
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  pages =        "375",
  year =         "1997",
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@Article{Saund-1989,
  author =       "Eric Saund",
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  number =       "3",
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@InCollection{Scalettar88,
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@Article{schapire-90,
  author =       "Robert E. Schapire",
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@Article{Schapire-margin98,
  author =       "Robert E. Schapire and Yoav Freund and Peter Bartlett
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  journal =      "The Annals of Statistics",
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@InProceedings{schapire99theoretical,
  author =       "Robert E. Schapire",
  booktitle =    "Algorithmic Learning Theory, 10th International
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  title =        "Theoretical Views of Boosting and Applications",
  volume =       "1720",
  publisher =    "Springer",
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  year =         "1999",
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@InProceedings{SchapireSinger98,
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@Book{SchBurSmo99,
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@InProceedings{ScheinA2001,
  author =       "Andrew I. Schein and Alexandrin Popescul and Lyle H.
                 Ungar and David M. Pennock",
  booktitle =    "Workshop on Recommender Systems at SIGIR",
  title =        "Generative Models for Cold-Start Recommendations",
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{ScheinA2002,
  author =       "Andrew I. Schein and Alexandrin Popescul and Lyle H.
                 Ungar and David M. Pennock",
  booktitle =    "SIGIR '02",
  title =        "Methods and metrics for cold-start recommendations",
  publisher =    "ACM Press",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  pages =        "253--260",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InCollection{Scheines94,
  author =       "R. Scheines",
  editor =       "P. Cheeseman and R. W. Oldford",
  booktitle =    "Selecting Models from Data: Artificial Intelligence
                 and Statistics {IV}",
  title =        "Inferring causal structure among unmeasured
                 variables",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  pages =        "197--204",
  year =         "1994",
}

@InProceedings{Schenkel93,
  author =       "M. Schenkel and H. Weissman and I. Guyon and C. Nohl
                 and D. Henderson",
  editor =       NIPS5ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS5,
  title =        "Recognition-Based Segmentation of On-Line Hand-Printed
                 Words",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "723--730",
  year =         "1993",
}

@Article{schenkel95,
  author =       "M. Schenkel and I. Guyon and D. Henderson",
  title =        "On-line Cursive Script Recognition using Time Delay
                 Neural Networks and Hidden {Markov} Models",
  journal =      "{Machine} {Vision} and {Applications}",
  publisher =    "Springer Verlag",
  pages =        "215--223",
  year =         "1995",
}

@InProceedings{SchGra03,
  author =       "Nicol N. Schraudolph and Thore Graepel",
  editor =       "Christopher M. Bishop and Brendan J. Frey",
  booktitle =    "Proc.\ 9th Intl.\ Workshop Artificial Intelligence and
                 Statistics (AIstats)",
  title =        "Combining Conjugate Direction Methods with Stochastic
                 Approximation of Gradients",
  publisher =    "Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics",
  address =      "Key West, Florida",
  pages =        "7--13",
  year =         "2003",
  ISBN =         "0-9727358-0-1",
  abstract =     "The method of conjugate directions provides a very
                 effective way to optimize large, deterministic systems
                 by gradient descent. In its standard form, however, it
                 is not amenable to stochastic approximation of the
                 gradient. Here we explore ideas from conjugate gradient
                 in the stochastic (online) setting, using fast
                 Hessian-gradient products to set up low-dimensional
                 Krylov subspaces within individual mini-batches. In our
                 benchmark experiments the resulting online learning
                 algorithms converge orders of magnitude faster than
                 ordinary stochastic gradient descent.",
}

@Article{Schmidhuber92,
  author =       "J{\"u}rgen Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Learning Complex, Extended Sequences using the
                 Principle of History Compression",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "234--242",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{Schmidhuber96,
  author =       "J{\"u}rgen Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Sequential Neural Text Compression",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks",
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "142--146",
  year =         "1996",
}

@InCollection{Schmidt-2006,
  author =       "Volker Schmidt",
  booktitle =    "Lecture Notes, Summer 2006",
  title =        {Markov Chains and Monte-Carlo Simulation},
  address =      "Ulm University, Department of Stochastics",
  year =         "2006",
  URL =          "http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/stochastik/lehre/ss06/markov/skript-engl/skript-engl.htm",
}

@Article{Schmitt-2002,
  author =       "M. Schmitt",
  title =        "Descartes' Rule of Signs for Radial Basis Function
                 Neural Networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "14",
  number =       "12",
  pages =        "2997--3011",
  year =         "2002",
}

@Article{Schneider-2001,
  author =       "Tapio Schneider",
  title =        "Analysis of Incomplete Climate Data: Estimation of
                 Mean Values and Covariance Matrices and Imputation of
                 Missing Values",
  journal =      "Journal of Climate",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "853--871",
  year =         "2001",
}

@article{Schneidman+al-2003,
    address = {Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.},
    author = {Schneidman, E.  and Bialek, W.  and Berry, M. J. },
    issn = {1529-2401},
    journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
    month = {December},
    number = {37},
    pages = {11539--11553},
    title = {Synergy, redundancy, and independence in population codes},
    url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/37/11539},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2003}
}
    

@Article{schoelkopf97comparing,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and K. Sung and C. Burges and F.
                 Girosi and P. Niyogi and T. Poggio and V. Vapnik",
  title =        "Comparing support vector machines with {G}aussian
                 kernels to radial basis function classifiers",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing",
  volume =       "45",
  pages =        "2758--2765",
  year =         "1997",
  text =         "Sch{\"o}lkopf, B., Sung, K., Burges, C., Girosi, F.,
                 Niyogi, P., Poggio, T., and Vapnik, V.: Comparing
                 support vector machines with {G}aussian kernels to radial
                 basis function classifiers. IEEE Transactions on Signal
                 Processing, 45 (1997) 2758-2765.",
}

@Book{Scholkopf02-book,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and A. J. Smola",
  title =        "Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines,
                 Regularization, Optimization and Beyond",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Scholkopf96,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and A. Smola and K.-R. M{\"u}ller",
  title =        "Nonlinear Component Analysis as a Kernel Eigenvalue
                 Problem",
  number =       "44",
  institution =  "Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics,
                 Tübingen, Germany",
  year =         "1996",
}

@Article{Scholkopf98,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and A. Smola and K.-R. M{\"u}ller",
  title =        "Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue
                 problem",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "1299--1319",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Book{Scholkopf98-book,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and C. J. C. Burges and A. J. Smola",
  title =        "Advances in kernel methods: support vector learning",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "1998",
}

@Article{Scholkopf99,
  author =       "B. Sch{\"o}lkopf and S. Mika and C. Burges and P.
                 Knirsch and K.-R. M{\"u}ller and G. R{\"a}tsch and A.
                 Smola",
  title =        "Input Space Versus Feature Space in Kernel-Based Methods",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. Neural Networks",
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1000--1017",
  year =         "1999",
}

@Article{Schraudolph02,
  author =       "Nicol N. Schraudolph",
  title =        "Fast Curvature Matrix-Vector Products for Second-Order
                 Gradient Descent",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "14",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "1723--1738",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Schraudolph99,
  author =       "Nicol N. Schraudolph",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
                 Artificial Neural Networks",
  title =        "Local gain adaptation in stochastic gradient descent",
  pages =        "569--574",
  year =         "1999",
}

@InProceedings{Schutze92,
  author =       "Hinrich Sch{\"u}tze",
  booktitle =    "Supercomputing'92",
  title =        "Dimensions of Meaning",
  address =      "Minneapolis MN",
  pages =        "787--796",
  year =         "1992",
}

@InProceedings{Schutze93,
  author =       "H. Schutze",
  editor =       NIPS5ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS5,
  title =        "Word space",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo CA",
  pages =        "895--902",
  year =         "1993",
}

@Misc{Schuurmans1999,
  author =       "Dale Schuurmans",
  title =        "Greedy importance sampling: {A} new Monte Carlo
                 inference method",
  year =         "1999",
  URL =          "citeseer.nj.nec.com/25013.html",
}

@InProceedings{Schuurmans2000,
  author =       "Dale Schuurmans and Finnegan Southey",
  title =        "Monte Carlo inference via greedy importance sampling",
  pages =        "523--532",
  year =         "2000",
  URL =          "citeseer.nj.nec.com/281712.html",
}

@Article{Schuurmans2001,
  author =       "D. Schuurmans and F. Southey",
  title =        "Metric-based methods for adaptive model selection and
                 regularization",
  journal =      "Machine Learning",
  volume =       "48",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "51--84",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Schuurmans97,
  author =       "D. Schuurmans",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
                 Intelligence (AAAI-97)",
  title =        "A new metric-based approach to model selection",
  pages =        "552--558",
  year =         "1997",
}

@Article{Schwartz90,
  author =       "D. B. Schwartz and V. K. Samalam and S. A. Solla and
                 J. S. Denker",
  title =        "Exhaustive Learning",
  journal =      nc,
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "371--382",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Schwenk+Bengio00,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Boosting Neural Networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "1869--1887",
  year =         "2000",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk+Gauvain-2005,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    "Interspeech",
  title =        "Building continuous space language models for
                 transcribing European languages",
  pages =        "737--740",
  year =         "2005",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk+Gauvain2002,
  author =       "H. Schwenk and J-L. Gauvain",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "Connectionist Language Modeling for Large Vocabulary
                 Continuous Speech Recognition",
  address =      "Orlando, Florida",
  pages =        "765--768",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk+Gauvain2002-short,
  author =       "H. Schwenk and J-L. Gauvain",
  booktitle =    {Int. Conf. Acoust. Speech \& Sig. Proc.},
  title =        "Connectionist Language Modeling for Large Vocabulary
                 Continuous Speech Recognition",
  address =      "Orlando, Florida",
  pages =        "765--768",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk05C,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    "Joint Human Language Technology Conference and
                 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language
                 Processing (EMNLP)",
  title =        "Training Neural Network Language Models On Very Large
                 Corpora",
  address =      "Vancouver",
  pages =        "201--208",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "2005",
  URL =          "ftp://tlp.limsi.fr/public/emnlp05.pdf",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk05C-small,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    "EMNLP'2005",
  title =        "Training Neural Network Language Models On Very Large
                 Corpora",
  pages =        "201--208",
  year =         "2005",
}

@TechReport{Schwenk:2001:tr,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk",
  title =        "Language Modeling in the Continuous Domain",
  number =       "2001-20",
  institution =  "LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay, France",
  year =         "2001",
  date =         "dec 2001",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk:2002:icassp,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "Connectionist Language Modeling for Large Vocabulary
                 Continuous Speech Recognition",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "765--768",
  year =         "2002",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk:2003:sspr,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    "ISCA \& IEEE Workshop on Spontaneous Speech Processing
                 and Recognition",
  title =        "{Using Continuous Space Language Models for
                 Conversational Speech Recognition}",
  address =      "Tokyo",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "2003",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk:2004:icslp,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk and Jean-Luc Gauvain",
  booktitle =    icslp,
  title =        "Using a Continuous Space Language Model for
                 Conversational Speech Recognition",
  year =         "2004",
  note =         "submitted",
}

@InProceedings{Schwenk:2004:ijcnn,
  author =       "Holger Schwenk",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
  title =        "Efficient Training of Large Neural Networks for
                 Language Modeling",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "3050--3064",
  year =         "2004",
}

@InProceedings{SchYuGue07,
  author =       "Nicol N. Schraudolph and Jin Yu and Simon G{\"u}nter",
  booktitle =    "Proc.\ 11th Intl.\ Conf.\ Artificial Intelligence and
                 Statistics (AIstats)",
  title =        "A Stochastic Quasi-{Newton} Method for Online Convex
                 Optimization",
  publisher =    "Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics",
  address =      "San Juan, Puerto Rico",
  pages =        "433--440",
  year =         "2007",
  ISBN =         "0-9727358-2-8",
}

@InProceedings{Scofield88,
  author =       "C. L. Scofield",
  booktitle =    icnn,
  title =        "Learning Internal Representations in the Coulomb
                 Energy Network",
  volume =       "1",
  publisher =    "IEEE, New York",
  address =      "San Diego 1988",
  pages =        "271--276",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{Scott+al-2003,
  author =       "Scott S. L. Piao and Paul Rayson and Dawn Archer and
                 Andrew Wilson and Tony McEnery",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Multiword
                 expressions",
  title =        "Extracting multiword expressions with a semantic
                 tagger",
  publisher =    "Association for Computational Linguistics",
  address =      "Morristown, NJ, USA",
  pages =        "49--56",
  year =         "2003",
}

@Book{Scott92,
  author =       "D. W. Scott",
  title =        "Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and
                 Visualization",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{ScST95,
  author =       "A. Schaerf and S. Yoav and M. Tennenholtz",
  title =        "Adaptive load balancing: a study in multi-agent
                 learning",
  journal =      "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "475--500",
  year =         "1995",
}

@Article{Scudder65,
  author = 	 "{Henry J. Scudder, III}",
  title = 	 {Probability of Error of Some Adaptive Pattern-Recognition Machines},
  journal = 	 {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
  year = 	 1965,
  volume =	 11,
  pages =	 {363-371}
}

@TechReport{Seeger-2005,
  author =       "Matthias Seeger",
  title =        "Low Rank Updates for the {Cholesky} Decomposition",
  institution =  "Department of EECS, University of California at
                 Berkeley",
  year =         "2005",
}

@InProceedings{Seeger-Williams-Lawrence-2003,
  author =       "M. Seeger and C. Williams and N. Lawrence",
  booktitle =    "Workshop on AI and Statistics",
  title =        "Fast Forward Selection to Speed Up Sparse {G}aussian
                 Process Regression",
  volume =       "9",
  year =         "2003",
}

@TechReport{Seeger2001,
  author =       "M. Seeger",
  title =        "Learning with labeled and unlabeled data",
  institution =  "Edinburgh University",
  year =         "2001",
}

@InProceedings{seidl91p1,
  author =       "D. R. Seidl and D. Lorenz",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
  title =        "A structure by which a recurrent neural network can
                 approximate a nonlinear dynamic system",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "709--714",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{Sejnowski+Rosenberg86,
  author =       "T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg",
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  title =        "{\em NETtalk: A parallel network that learns to read
                 aloud}",
  type =         "Technical Report 86-01",
  institution =  "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
                 Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{Sejnowski86,
  author =       "T. J. Sejnowski and P. K. Kienker and G. Hinton",
  title =        "Learning Symmetry Groups with Hidden Units: Beyond the
                 Perceptron",
  journal =      physicaD,
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "260--275",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{Sejnowski87,
  author =       "T. J. Sejnowski and C. R. Rosenberg",
  title =        "Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English
                 Text",
  journal =      cs,
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "145--168",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{Seneff84,
  author =       "S. Seneff",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "Pitch and spectral estimation of speech based on an
                 auditory synchrony model",
  pages =        "",
  year =         "1984",
}

@TechReport{Seneff85,
  author =       "S. Seneff",
  title =        "Pitch and spectral estimation of speech based on an
                 auditory synchrony model",
  number =       "RLE Technical report no. 504",
  institution =  "LRE",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{Seneff86,
  author =       "S. Seneff",
  booktitle =    icassp,
  title =        "A computational model for the peripheral auditory
                 system: application to speech recognition research",
  pages =        "1983--1986",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{Seneff88,
  author =       "S. Seneff",
  title =        "A joint synchrony/mean-rate model of auditory speech
                 processing",
  journal =      "Journal of Phonetics",
  volume =       "16",
  pages =        "55--76",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Book{Seneta-81,
  author =       "E. Seneta",
  title =        "Nonnegative Matrices and {Markov} Chains",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Article{senseval-2000,
  author =       "Adam Kilgarrif and Joseph Rosenzweig",
  title =        "Framework and results for English {SENSEVAL}",
  journal =      "Computers and the Humanities: special issue on
                 {SENSEVAL}",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "15--48",
  year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Serbedzija-1996,
  author =       "Nikola B. {\v{S}}erbed{\v{z}}ija",
  title =        "Simulating Artificial Neural Networks on Parallel
                 Architectures",
  journal =      "Computer",
  volume =       "29",
  number =       "3",
  publisher =    "IEEE Computer Society Press",
  address =      "Los Alamitos, CA, USA",
  pages =        "56--63",
  year =         "1996",
  ISSN =         "0018-9162",
  doi =          "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.485893",
}

@Article{Serre2007,
  author =       "T. Serre and G. Kreiman and M. Kouh and C. Cadieu and
                 U. Knoblich and T. Poggio",
  title =        "A quantitative theory of immediate visual
                 recognition",
  journal =      "Progress in Brain Research, Computational
                 Neuroscience: Theoretical Insights into Brain
                 Function",
  volume =       "165",
  pages =        "33--56",
  year =         "2007",
}

@Article{Serre2007-small,
  author =       "T. Serre and G. Kreiman and M. Kouh and C. Cadieu and
                 U. Knoblich and T. Poggio",
  title =        "A quantitative theory of immediate visual
                 recognition",
  journal =      "Progress in Brain Res., Comput.
                 Neurosc.",
  volume =       "165",
  pages =        "33--56",
  year =         "2007",
}

@article{Serre-Wolf-2007,
  author = {Thomas Serre and Lior Wolf and Stanley Bileschi and Maximilian Riesenhuber},
  note = {Member-Poggio, Tomaso},
  title = {Robust Object Recognition with Cortex-Like Mechanisms},
  journal = {IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  year = {2007},
  issn = {0162-8828},
  pages = {411--426},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.56},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  address = {Washington, DC, USA},
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SeungS1998,
    author = {Sebastian H. Seung},
    title = {Learning continuous attractors in recurrent networks},
    editor =       NIPS10ed,
    booktitle =    NIPS10,
    year = {1998},
    pages = {654--660},
    publisher = {MIT Press}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jain-Seung-08,
    author = {Viren Jain and Sebastian H. Seung},
    title = {Natural Image Denoising with Convolutional Networks},
    editor =       NIPS21ed,
    booktitle =    NIPS21,
    year = {2008},
}

@inproceedings{Sha+Saul-2005,
    author = {Fei Sha and Lawrence K. Saul},
    title = {Analysis and extension of spectral methods for nonlinear dimensionality reduction},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning},
    year = {2005},
    isbn = {1-59593-180-5},
    pages = {784--791},
    location = {Bonn, Germany},
    doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1102351.1102450},
    publisher = {ACM},
    address = {New York, NY},
}

@article{Shannon-1949,
    Author = {C. E. Shannon},
    Title = {Communication in the presence of noise},
    Journal = {{Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers}},
    Volume = {37},
    number = 1,
    Pages = {10--21},
    Year = {1949}
}

@Article{shapiro00lift,
  author =       "Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro and Sam Steingold",
  title =        "Measuring lift quality in database marketing",
  journal =      "SIGKDD Explor. Newsl.",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  publisher =    "ACM Press",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  pages =        "76--80",
  year =         "2000",
  ISSN =         "1931-0145",
}

@InProceedings{shardanand95,
  author =       "Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes",
  booktitle =    "CHI '95: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human
                 factors in computing systems",
  title =        "{Social information filtering: algorithms for
                 automating ``word of mouth''}",
  publisher =    "ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.",
  pages =        "210--217",
  year =         "1995",
  location =     "Denver, Colorado, United States",
}

@article{Sharma-2000,
    title = {Induction of Visual Orientation Modules in Auditory Cortex},
    author = {J. Sharma and A. Angelucci and M. Sur},
    journal = {Nature},
    pages = {841--847},
    volume = {404},
    year = {2000},
} 

@Article{Sharpe-64,
  author =       "W. F. Sharpe",
  title =        "Capital Asset Prices: {A} Theory of Market Equilibrium
                 under Conditions of Risk",
  journal =      "Journal of Finance",
  volume =       "19",
  pages =        "425--442",
  year =         "1964",
}

@Article{Sharpe-66,
  author =       "W. F. Sharpe",
  title =        "Mutual Fund Performance",
  journal =      "Journal of Business",
  volume =       "39",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "119--138",
  year =         "1966",
}

@InProceedings{Shaw+Jebara-2007,
  author =       "Blake Shaw and Tony Jebara",
  booktitle =    aistats07,
  title =        "Minimum Volume Embedding",
  publisher =    "Omnipress",
  date =         "March 21-24, 2007",
  address =      "San Juan, Porto Rico",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Shawe-Taylor+Cristianini+Kandola-2002,
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@Article{Sondik73,
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@Article{Sondik78,
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@misc{Song+al-2008a,
    author = {Yangqiu Song and Feiping Nie and Changshui Zhang},
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    year = 2008,
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@article{Song+al-2008b,
    author = {Yangqiu Song and Feiping Nie and Changshui Zhang and Shiming Xiang},
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    journal = {Pattern Recognition},
    volume = 41,
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    year = 2008,
}

@incollection{Song+al-2008c,
    title = {Colored Maximum Variance Unfolding},
    author = {Le Song and Alex Smola and Karsten Borgwardt and Arthur Gretton},
    editor =       NIPS20ed,
    booktitle =    NIPS20,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    address = {Cambridge, MA},
    pages = {1385--1392},
    year = {2008}
}

@Article{Sontag-cs89,
  author =       "E. D. Sontag and H. J. Sussman",
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  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{Sontag-ijcnn89,
  author =       "E. D. Sontag and H. J. Sussman",
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  publisher =    "IEEE Press",
  address =      "Washington DC",
  year =         "1989",
  OPTpages =     "639--642",
}

@TechReport{sontag92t1,
  author =       "E. D. Sontag",
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  institution =  "Rutgers Center for Systems and Control",
  year =         "1992",
}

@Article{Soukoulis83,
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  year =         "1983",
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@Article{Specht90,
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  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Specht91,
  author =       "D. F. Specht",
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@Article{Spiegelhalter93,
  author =       "D. J. Spiegelhalter and A. P. Dawid and S. L.
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@InProceedings{Spielman-96,
  author =       "D. Spielman and S. Teng",
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  year =         "1996",
}

@TechReport{Spielman-96b,
  author =       "Daniel A. Spielman and Shang-Hua Teng",
  title =        "Spectral Partitioning Works: Planar Graphs and Finite
                 Element Meshes",
  number =       "UCB CSD-96-898",
  institution =  "U.C. Berkeley",
  year =         "1996",
}

@ARTICLE{spirkovska:1990,
    author={Spirkovska, L. and Reid, M. B.},
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@Book{Spirtes-book93,
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@Article{Spirtes-Glymour91,
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@InProceedings{Srebro-Jaakkola,
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@Book{SSL-Book-2006,
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@Article{Steels2003,
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@Article{Steinbuch61,
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@Article{SteinhausH1956,
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@InCollection{Stevens+Blumstein81,
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  title =        "The search for invariant acoustic correlates of
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  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum ass.",
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  year =         "1981",
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@InCollection{Stevens75,
  author =       "K. N. Stevens",
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@Article{Stevenson90,
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  month =        mar,
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  keywords =     "neural network fault tolerance robustness reliability
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@Book{Stewart-1998,
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@Book{Stewart73,
  author =       "G. W. Stewart",
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  year =         "1973",
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@InProceedings{Stinchcombe+White89,
  author =       "M. Stinchcombe and H. White",
  booktitle =    ijcnn,
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  publisher =    "IEEE",
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  pages =        "613--617",
  year =         "1989",
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@TechReport{Stokbro90,
  author =       "K. Stokbro and D. K. Umberger and J. A. Hertz",
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  type =         "Preprint",
  number =       "90/28 S",
  institution =  "Nordita",
  address =      "Copenhagen, Denmark",
  year =         "1990",
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@InProceedings{Stolcke-ICSLP02,
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@InProceedings{Stolcke93,
  author =       "A. Stolcke and S. Omohundro",
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  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
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  year =         "1993",
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@TechReport{Stolcke94a,
  author =       "A. Stolcke and S. M. Omohundro",
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  institution =  "International Computer Science Institute",
  address =      "Berkeley, CA",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1994",
}

@TechReport{Stolcke94b,
  author =       "A. Stolcke and J. Segal",
  title =        "Precise n-gram Probabilities from Stochastic
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  number =       "TR-94-007",
  institution =  "International Computer Science Institute",
  address =      "Berkeley, CA",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1994",
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@Article{Stone-80,
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@Article{Stormo82,
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@InProceedings{Stornetta88,
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@Book{Strang80,
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@PhdThesis{Suaudeau94,
  author =       "N. Suaudeau",
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@Article{suddarth91,
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@article{Sudderth-2007,
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@article{Sugiyama-2007,
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@InProceedings{Sun-ijcnn90,
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  booktitle =    ijcnn,
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@Book{Sundararajan+Saratchandran-1998,
  author =       "N. Sundararajan and P. Saratchandran",
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  year =         "1998",
  ISBN =         "0-8186-8399-6",
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@InProceedings{Sutskever+Hinton-2007,
  author =       "Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
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                 High-Dimensional Sequences",
  publisher =    "Omnipress",
  date =         "March 21-24, 2007",
  address =      "San Juan, Porto Rico",
  year =         "2007",
}

@Article{Sutskever+Hinton-2008,
  author =       "Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey E. Hinton",
  title =        "Deep Narrow Sigmoid Belief Networks are Universal
                 Approximators",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "to appear",
  year =         "2008",
}

@Book{Sutton+Barto-98,
  author =       "Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto",
  title =        "Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1998",
}

@InCollection{sutton06introduction,
  author =       "Charles Sutton and Andrew McCallum",
  editor =       "Lise Getoor and Ben Taskar",
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  title =        "An Introduction to Conditional Random Fields for
                 Relational Learning",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "2006",
  note =         "",
  URL =          "publications/crf-tutorial.pdf",
  tags =         "recent",
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@PhdThesis{Sutton84,
  author =       "R. S. Sutton",
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  school =       "University of Massachusetts",
  address =      "Amherst",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{Sutton88,
  author =       "R. S. Sutton",
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@InCollection{Sutton91,
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@InProceedings{Szu86,
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@InProceedings{Szummer+Jaakkola-2002,
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  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  year =         "2002",
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@article{Takabatake+al-2007,
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@InProceedings{TakahashiN2001,
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  year =         "2001",
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@InProceedings{Takens81,
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@Article{Takeuchi79,
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@InCollection{Tam+Perkel89,
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  year =         "1989",
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@Article{Tank86,
  author =       "D. W. Tank and J. J. Hopfield",
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@Article{Tank87a,
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  pages =        "1896--1900",
  year =         "1987",
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@InProceedings{Tank87b,
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  editor =       "M. Caudill and C. Butler",
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  address =      "San Diego 1987",
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  year =         "1987",
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@Book{Tanner1993,
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  publisher =    "Springer",
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@Article{Tappert90,
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@InCollection{Taylor+2007,
  author =       "Graham Taylor and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Sam Roweis",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Modeling Human Motion Using Binary Latent Variables",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "1345--1352",
  year =         "2007",
}

%%FRED: I deprecate this one as the years in the tag is not the one for the publication but the conference!
@InProceedings{Taylor2006,
  author =       "Graham Taylor and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Sam Roweis",
  editor =       NIPS19ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS19,
  title =        "Modeling Human Motion Using Binary Latent Variables",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "1345--1352",
  year =         "2007",
}

@InProceedings{Taylor2006-small,
  author =       "Graham Taylor and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Sam Roweis",
  booktitle =    "NIPS 20",
  title =        "Modeling Human Motion Using Binary Latent Variables",
  year =         "2006",
}

@InProceedings{TaylorHintonICML2009,
  author =    {Graham Taylor and Geoffrey Hinton},
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  pages =     {1025--1032},
  year =      2009,
  editor =    {L\'{e}on Bottou and Michael Littman},
  address =   {Montreal},
  month =     {June},
  publisher = {Omnipress}
}

@InProceedings{Taylor56,
  author =       "W. K. Taylor",
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  address =      "London 1985",
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@InProceedings{Tebelskis91,
  author =       "J. Tebelskis and A. Waibel and B. Petek and O.
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  editor =       NIPS3ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS3,
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  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo",
  address =      "Denver, CO",
  pages =        "199--205",
  year =         "1991",
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@Article{Teh-2003,
  author =       "{Yee Wye} Teh and Max Welling and Simon Osindero and
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  title =        "Energy-Based Models for Sparse Overcomplete
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  journal =      jmlr,
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "1235--1260",
  year =         "2003",
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@InProceedings{Teh-Roweis-2003,
  author =       "Y. Whye Teh and S. Roweis",
  editor =       NIPS15ed,
  booktitle =    NIPS15,
  title =        "Automatic Alignment of Local Representations",
  publisher =    "{MIT} Press",
  year =         "2003",
}

@article{TehY2006,
title=          "Hierarchical {D}irichlet Processes",
author=         "Y. W. Teh and M. I. Jordan and M. J. Beal and D. M. Blei",
journal=        "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
volume=         "101",
number=         "476",
pages=          "1566-1581",
year=           "2006"
}

@Article{tenenbaum00separating,
  author =       "Joshua B. Tenenbaum and William T. Freeman",
  title =        "Separating Style and Content with Bilinear Models",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "1247--1283",
  year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Tenenbaum2000-isomap,
  author =       "Joshua Tenenbaum and Vin {de Silva} and John C. Langford",
  title =        "A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear
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  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "290",
  number =       "5500",
  pages =        "2319--2323",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "2000",
}

@Article{Terrell+Scott-1992,
  author =       "G. R. Terrell and D. W. Scott",
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% HUGO: Haven't found what A. stands for...
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author={Yann LeCun and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y.},
booktitle={IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP'97)},
year={1997},
month={Apr},
volume={1},
pages={151--154},
keywords={backpropagation, banking, cheque processing, document image processing, image segmentation, optical character recognitionbusiness checks, business cheques, check reading system, cheque reading system, convolutional neural network character recognizers, gradient-based learning algorithms, graph-based stochastic models, machine learning paradigm, multilayer graph transformer networks, personal checks, personal cheques},
doi={10.1109/ICASSP.1997.599580},
 }

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rahim97discriminativefeature,
    author = {Mazin Rahim and Yoshua Bengio and Yann {LeCun}},
    title = {Discriminative Feature And Model Design For Automatic Speech Recognition},
    booktitle = {In Proc. of Eurospeech},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {75--78}
}

@InProceedings{Bengio-nncm-1996,
author = {Yoshua Bengio},
title = {Training A Neural Network with a Financial Criterion Rather then a Prediction Criterion},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Neural Networks in the Capital Markets (NNCM-96)},
editor = { A.S. Weigend and Y.S Abu-Mostafa and A.-P.N. Regenes},
publisher = {World Scientific},
pages = {433--443},
year = "1997",
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bengio+Bengio+Cloutier-1994,
title={Use of genetic programming for the search of a new learning rule for neural networks},
author={Bengio, S. and Bengio, Y. and Cloutier, J.},
booktitle={Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation},
year={1994},
month={Jun},
pages={324-327 vol.1},
keywords={ backpropagation, genetic algorithms, learning (artificial intelligence), neural nets, optimisation, search problems backpropagation algorithm, classification tasks, genetic algorithms, genetic programming, gradient descent, learning rule, neural networks, optimization, parametric function, rule parameters, search, simulated annealing, standard optimization methods},
doi={10.1109/ICEC.1994.349932},
}

@article{Chakraborty+al-2002,
 author = {Chakraborty, Basabi and Chakraborty, Goutam},
 title = {A new feature extraction technique for on-line recognition of handwritten alphanumeric characters},
 journal = {Inf. Sci. Appl.},
 volume = {148},
 number = {1-4},
 year = {2002},
 issn = {0020-0255},
 pages = {55--70},
 doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-0255(02)00276-1},
 publisher = {Elsevier Science Inc.},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 }


@INPROCEEDINGS{LeCun+al-1993,
title={On-Line handwriting recognition with neural networks: spatial representation versus temporal representation},
author={{LeCun}, Y and Bengio, Y. and Henderson, D. and Weisbuch, A.},
booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference on Handwriting and Drawing},
year={1993},
location= {Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bengio+al-92,
    author = {Yoshua Bengio and Samy Bengio and Jocelyn Cloutier and Jan Gecsei},
    title = {On the Optimization of a Synaptic Learning Rule},
    booktitle = {in Conference on Optimality in Biological and Artificial Networks},
    year = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bengio+al-91,
    author = {Yoshua Bengio and Samy Bengio and Jocelyn Cloutier and Jan Gecsei},
    title = {Learning a Synaptic Learning Rule},
    booktitle = ijcnn,
    location = "Seattle, WA",
    pages = "II-A969",
    year = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bengio91acomparative,
    author = {Yoshua Bengio and Renato De Mori and Giovanni Flammia and Ralf Kompe},
    title = {A Comparative Study On Hybrid Acoustic Phonetic Decoders Based On Artificial Neural Networks},
    booktitle = {Proceeding of EuroSpeech},
    location = {Genova, Italy},
    year = {1991}
}

@inproceedings { lecun-01a,
original =      "orig/lecun-01a.ps.gz",
author = 	"{LeCun}, Y. and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y. and Haffner, P.",
title = 	"Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition",
booktitle =     "Intelligent Signal Processing",
editors =       "Haykin, S. and Kosko, B.",
pages =         "306-351",
publisher =     "IEEE Press",
note =          "chap. 9",
year =		2001,
}

@InCollection{Hochreiter+al-2000,
    abstract = {Introduction Recurrent networks (crossreference Chapter 12) can, in principle, use their feedback connections to store representations of recent input events in the form of activations. The most widely used algorithms for learning what to put in short-term memory, however, take too much time to be feasible or do not work well at all, especially when minimal time lags between inputs and corresponding teacher signals are long. Although theoretically fascinating, they do not provide clear practical advantages over, say, backprop in feedforward networks with limited time windows (see crossreference Chapters 11 and 12). With conventional \&\#034;algorithms based on the computation of the complete gradient\&\#034;, such as \&\#034;Back-Propagation Through Time\&\#034; (BPTT, e.g., [22, 27, 26]) or \&\#034;Real-Time Recurrent Learning\&\#034; (RTRL, e.g., [21]) error signals \&\#034;flowing backwards in time\&\#034; tend to either (1) blow up or (2) vanish: the temporal evolution of the backpropagated error ex},
    author = {Hochreiter, Sepp and Informatik, Fakultat F. and Bengio, Yoshua and Frasconi, Paolo and Schmidhuber, Jurgen},
    citeulike-article-id = {4450697},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.7321},
    keywords = {gradient-descent, long-term-dependencies, rnn},
    posted-at = {2009-05-02 00:58:01},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Gradient Flow in Recurrent Nets: the Difficulty of Learning Long-Term Dependencies},
    url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.7321},
    booktitle =    "Field Guide to Dynamical Recurrent Networks",
    editor = "J. Kolen and S. Kremer",
    publisher = "IEEE Press",
    year = "2000",
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Lecun99objectrecognition,
    author = {Yann {LeCun} and Patrick Haffner and Léon Bottou and Yoshua Bengio},
    title = {Object Recognition with Gradient-Based Learning},
    booktitle = {Shape, Contour and Grouping in Computer Vision},
    year = {1999},
    publisher = {Springer},
    pages = {319--345},
}


% non-ref conference
@MISC{snowbird_learn_conf,
title = "Snowbirds papers",
author = "many authors",
howpublished = "Learning Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "many",
}

@MISC{Collobert+Bengio-2001,
title = "Magic Mix",
author = "Collobert, R. and Bengioy, Y.",
year = "2002",
howpublished = "Learning Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-2001,
title = "Learning a Distributed Representation for Statistical Language Modeling and Information Retrieval",
author = "Yoshua Bengio and Pascal Vincent and Florence d'Alché-Buc",
year = "2001",
howpublished = "Learning Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
}

@MISC{Bengio+Nadeau-2000,
title = "About Realistic Comparisons Between Learning Algorithms",
author = "Yoshua Bengio and C. Nadeau",
year = "2000",
howpublished = "Learning Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
}
@MISC{Bengio-1999,
title = "Learning from Structured High-Dimensional Data",
author = "Yoshua Bengio",
howpublished = "Meeting of the Mathematical Society of Canada",
location = "Montreal, Canada",
year = "1999",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1999,
title = "Gradient-Based Learning of Hyper-Parameters",
author = "Yoshua Bengio and S. Latendresse and Charles Dugas",
year = "1999",
howpublished = "Learning Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1999b,
title = "Learning Algorithms for Sorting Compounds from Titration Curves",
author = "Yoshua Bengio and J-J. Brault and F. Major and R. Neal and S. Pigeon",
howpublished = "Symposium on New Perspectives for Computer-Aided Drug Design",
location = "Montreal, Canada",
year = "1999",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1998,
title = "Stochastic learning of strategic equilibria for auctions",
author = "Yoshua Bengio and S. Latendresse and Charles Dugas",
howpublished = "Machines That Learn Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1998",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1997,
title = "On the Clusterization of Probabilistic Transducers",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Bengio, S. and Singer, Y. and Isabelle, J-F.",
howpublished = "1997 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1997",
}

@MISC{Bengio-1995,
title = "Fast High Capacity Classifiers",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Bengio, S. and Singer, Y. and Isabelle, J-F.",
howpublished = "1995 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1997",
}

@MISC{Bengio+Frasconi-1994,
title = "Réseaux de neurones Markoviens pour l'inférence grammaticale",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Frasconi, P.",
howpublished = "1994 ACFAS Conference, neural networks colloquium",
location = "Montréal, Québec",
year = "1994",
}

@MISC{Bengio+LeCun-1994,
title = "Reconnaissance de mots manuscrits avec réseaux de neurones et modèles de Markov",
author = "Bengio, Y. and {LeCun}, Y.",
howpublished = "1994 ACFAS Conference, neural networks colloquium",
location = "Montréal, Québec",
year = "1994",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1994,
title = "Optimisation d'une règle d'apprentissage pour réseaux de neurones artificiels",
author = "Bengio, S. and Bengio, Y. and Cloutier, J. and Gecsei, J.",
howpublished = "1994 ACFAS Conference, neural networks colloquium",
location = "Montréal, Québec",
year = "1994",
}

@MISC{Bengio+Frasconi-1994b,
title = "An {EM} Algorithm for Target Propagation",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Frasconi P.",
howpublished = "1994 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1994",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1993,
title = "The Problem of Learning Long-Term Dependencies in Recurrent Networks",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Simard, P. and Frasconi P.",
howpublished = "1994 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1993",
}
@MISC{Bengio-1992,
title = "Representations Based on Articulatory Dynamics for Speech Recognition",
author = "Bengio, Y.",
howpublished = "1992 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1992",
}

@MISC{Bengio+al-1991,
title = "Learning a Synaptic Learning Rule",
author = "Bengio, Y. and Bengio, S. and Cloutier, J.",
howpublished = "1991 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1991",
}

@MISC{Bengio+DeMori-1990,
title = "Recurrent networks with Radial Basis Functions for speech recognition",
author = "Bengio, Y. and De Mori, R.",
howpublished = "1990 Neural Networks for Computing Conference, Snowbird",
location = "Utah",
year = "1991",
}


%%tech repport
@TechReport{Bardou+Bengio-TR2002,
  author =       "O. Bardou and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Régularisation du prix des option : Stacking",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-44",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Dugas+Bengio-TR2002,
  author =       "O. Bardou and Yoshua Bengio",
  title =        "Étude du biais dans le prix des options",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-45",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Dugas+al-TR2002,
  author =       "C. Dugas and Y. Bengio and F. Bélisle and C. Nadeau and R. Garcia",
  title =        "Incorporating Second-Order Functional Knowledge for Better Option Pricing",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-46",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+al-TR2002,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and V.-P. Lauzon and R. Ducharme",
  title =        "Experiments on the Application of IOHMMs to Model Financial Returns Series",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-47",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+al-TR2002b,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and R. Ducharme and O. Bardou and N. Chapados",
  title =        "Valorisation d'options par optimisation du Sharpe Ratio",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-48",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Chapados+Bengio-TR2002,
  author =       "N. Chapados and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Cost Functions and Model Combination for VaR-based Asset Allocation using
 Neural Networks",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-49",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+Dugas-TR2002,
  author =       "Y. Bengio and C. Dugas",
  title =        "Forecasting Non-Stationary Volatility with Hyper-Parameters",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-50",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Gingras+al-TR2002,
  author =       "F. Gingras and Y. Bengio and C. Nadeau",
  title =        "On Out-of-Sample Statistics for Time-Series",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-51",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Chapados+Bengio-TR2002b,
  author =       "N. Chapados and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Input Decay : Simple and Effective Soft Variable Selection",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-52",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Ghosn+Bengio-TR2002,
  author =       "J. Ghosn and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "Multi-Task Learning For Option Pricing",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 2002s-53",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Collobert+al-TR2001,
  author =       "J. Ghosn and Y. Bengio",
  title =        "A Parallel Mixture of {SVM}s for Very Large Scale Problems",
  institution =  "IDIAP",
  location =     "Switzerland",
  number =       "IDIAP-RR-01-12",
  year =         "2001",
}

@TechReport{Vincent+Bengio-TR2001,
  author =       "Vincent, P. and Bengio, Y.",
  title =        "K-Local Hyperplane and Convex Distance Nearest Neighbor Algorithms",
  institution =  DIRO,
  location =     "Switzerland",
  number =       "1197",
  year =         "2001",
}

@TechReport{Chapados+al-TR2001,
  author =       "Chapados, N. and Bengio, Y. and Vincent, P. and Ghosn, J. and Dugas, C. and Takeuchi, I. and Meng, L.",
  title =        "Estimating Car Insurance Premia : a Case Study in High-Dimensional Data Inference",
  institution =  DIRO,
  number =       "1199",
  year =         "2001",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+Chapados-TR2001,
  author =       "Chapados, N. and Bengio, Y. and Vincent, P. and Ghosn, J. and Dugas, C. and Takeuchi, I. and Meng, L.",
  title =        "Extending Metric-Based Model Selection and Regularization in the Absence of Unlabeled Data",
  institution =  DIRO,
  number =       "1200",
  year =         "2001",
}

@TechReport{Nadeau+Bengio-TR1999,
  author =       "Nadeau, C. and Bengio, Y.",
  title =        "Inference and the Generalization Error",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 99s-25",
  year =         "2002",
}

@TechReport{Gingras+al-TR1999,
  author =       "Gingras, F. and Bengio, Y. and Nadeau, C.",
  title =        "On Out-of-Sample Statistics for Financial Time-Series",
  institution =  "Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montreal",
  number =       "2585",
  year =         "1999",
}

@TechReport{Bengio-1998-TR,
  author =       "Bengio, Y.",
  title =        "Using a financial training criterion rather than a prediction criterion",
  institution =  "Cahier Scientifique Cirano 98s-21",
  year =         "1998",
}

@TechReport{Bengio+DeMori-1990-TR,
  author =       "Bengio, Y. and De Mori, R.",
  title =        "Some connectionist models and their application to speech recognition",
  institution =  "School of Computer Science, McGill University",
  number =       "TR-SOCS-90-12",
  year =         "1990",
}

@article{becker+hinton:1993,
    author = {Becker, S. and Hinton, G. E.},
    title=  {Learning Mixture Models of Spatial Coherence},
    journal={Neural Computation},
    volume={5},
    pages={267--277},
    year={1993}
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@article{berkes:2005,
    author = {Berkes, Pietro and Wiskott, Laurenz},
    title = {Slow Feature Analysis Yields a Rich Repertoire of Complex Cell Properties},
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    number = {6},
    pages = {579-602},
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    eprint = {http://journalofvision.org/5/6/9/Berkes-2005-jov-5-6-9.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{hurri+hyvarinen:2003,
    author={Hurri, J. and Hyv{\"a}rinen, A.},
    title={Temporal Coherence, Natural Image Sequences, and the Visual Cortex.},
    booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15
        ({NIPS*02})},
    year={2003},
    pages={141--148},
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@article{wiskott:2002,
    author =       "Laurenz Wiskott and Terrence Sejnowski",
    year =         "2002",
    title = {Slow Feature Analysis: Unsupervised Learning of Invariances},
    journal =      "Neural Computation",
    volume =       "14",
    number =       "4",
    pages =        "715--770",
    url= {http://itb.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wiskott/Publications/WisSej2002-LearningInvariances-NC.ps.gz},
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@article{KouhPoggio2008,
    author={Minjoon M. Kouh and Tomaso T. Poggio},
    title={A Canonical Neural Circuit for Cortical Nonlinear Operations},
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@article{NykampRingach2002,
    author={D. Q. Nykamp and D. L. Ringach},
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@incollection{cadieu+olshausen:2009,
     title = {Learning Transformational Invariants from Natural Movies},
      author = {Charles Cadieu and Bruno Olshausen},
       booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 21},
        editor = {D. Koller and D. Schuurmans and Y. Bengio and L. Bottou},
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@book{DayanAbbott2001,
    author={Peter Dayan and L. F. Abbott},
    title = {Theoretical Neuroscience},
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@inproceedings{Chechik-MIR2008,
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@inproceedings{Bai-ECIR2009,
 author = {B. Bai and J. Weston and R. Collobert and D. Grangier},
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 booktitle = { European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'09)},
 year = 2009,
}

@article{Attwell+Laughlin-2001,
 author = {David Attwell and Simon B. Laughlin},
 title = {An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain},
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 year =2001,
 volume = 21,
 pages = {1133--1145},
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@article{Lennie-2003,
 author = {Peter Lennie},
 title = {The cost of cortical computation},
 journal = {Current Biology},
 year = 2003,
 month = {Mar 18},
 volume = {13},
 number = 6,
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@inproceedings{LowdD2005,
 author = {Lowd, Daniel and Domingos, Pedro},
 title = {Naive Bayes models for probability estimation},
 booktitle = ICML05,
 editor = ICML05ed,
 year = {2005},
 pages = {529--536},
 location = {Bonn, Germany},
 publisher = ICML05publ,
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@incollection{NairV2009,
 title = {Implicit Mixtures of Restricted Boltzmann Machines},
 author = {Vinod Nair and Geoffrey E Hinton},
 booktitle = NIPS21,
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 publisher = NIPS21publ,
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@incollection{Goodfellow2009,
 title = {Measuring Invariances in Deep Networks},
 author = {Ian Goodfellow and Quoc Le and Andrew Saxe and Andrew Ng},
 booktitle = NIPS22,
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 pages = {646--654},
 year = {2009}
}

@incollection{Xiao2009,
 title = {Dual Averaging Method for Regularized Stochastic Learning and Online Optimization},
 author = {Lin Xiao},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22},
 editor = {Y. Bengio and D. Schuurmans and J. Lafferty and C. K. I. Williams and A. Culotta},
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 year = {2009}
}

@incollection{Kwok2009,
 title = {Accelerated Gradient Methods for Stochastic Optimization and Online Learning},
 author = {Chonghai Hu and James Kwok and Weike Pan},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22},
 editor = {Y. Bengio and D. Schuurmans and J. Lafferty and C. K. I. Williams and A. Culotta},
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@article{Nesterov83,
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@incollection{Bai2009,
 title = {Polynomial Semantic Indexing},
 author = {Bing Bai and Jason Weston and David Grangier and Ronan Collobert and Kunihiko Sadamasa and Yanjun Qi and Corinna Cortes and Mehryar Mohri},
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 year = {2009}
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@incollection{Chechik2009,
 title = {An Online Algorithm for Large Scale Image Similarity Learning},
 author = {Gal Chechik and Uri Shalit and Varun Sharma and Samy Bengio},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22},
 editor = {Y. Bengio and D. Schuurmans and J. Lafferty and C. K. I. Williams and A. Culotta},
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 year = {2009}
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@incollection{Klampfl+Maass-2009,
 title = {Replacing supervised classification learning by Slow Feature Analysis in spiking neural networks},
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 booktitle = NIPS22,
 editor = NIPS22ed,
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 year = {2009}
}



@Article{GrandvaletCanuBoucheron97,
  author =       "Yves Grandvalet and Stéphane Canu and Stéphane Boucheron",
  title =        "Noise Injection: Theoretical Prospects",
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  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1093--1108",
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}

@Article{SietsmaDow91,
  author =       "J. Sietsma and R. Dow",
  title =        "Creating artificial neural networks that generalize",
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  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{HolmstromKoistinen92,
  author =       "Lasse Holmström and Petri Koistinen",
  title =        "Using additive noise in back-propagation training",
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@inproceedings{Baird90,
    author = "H. Baird",
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@TechReport{Poggio+Vetter92,
  author =       "T. Poggio and T. Vetter",
  title =        "Recognition and structure from one 2D model view: Observations on prototypes, object classes and symmetries",
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  institution =  "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
  year =         "1992",
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Scholkopf96invariances,
    author = {Bernhard Sch{\"o}lkopf and Chris Burges and Vladimir Vapnik},
    title = {Incorporating Invariances in Support Vector Learning Machines},
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@inproceedings{Cho+Saul09,
 title = {Kernel Methods for Deep Learning},
 author = {Youngmin Cho and Lawrence Saul},
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 pages = {342--350},
 year = {2010},
 publisher = {NIPS Foundation},
}


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	year = {1992}
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}


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}

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@inproceedings{Povey+Woodland-2002,
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 title = {Minimum error and {I}-smoothing for improved discriminative training},
 booktile = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics,
Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP'2002)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
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 pages = {I-105--I-108},
 address = {Orlando, Florida, USA},
}

@incollection{Susskind2008,
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 year = 2008,
 pages = {421--440},
}

@InCollection{Li2005,
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  title =        {An Abnormal {ECG} Beat Detection Approach for Long-Term Monitoring of Heart Patients Based on Hybrid Kernel Machine Ensemble},
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  pages =     {346-355},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year =      {2005},
  volume =    {3541/2005},
  series =    {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  address =   {Berlin / Heidelberg},
}

@incollection {Hughes_NIPS2003,
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  keywords = "hidden Markov models, Markov models, wavelets, segmentation, probabilistic models, biomedical signal processing, time series",
  }

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 publisher = {IEEE},
}

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@inproceedings{Lin2009,
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{a}o, Roberto K. H. and Becerra, Victor M. and Coelho, Clarimar Jos\'{e}},
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@Article{Crowe1992,
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  month =    {May},
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@ARTICLE{Hilton1997,
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    journal = IEEE_trans_biomed,
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    pages = {394--402}
}

@Article{Li1995,
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}

@article{Polat2007,
title = {Detection of {ECG} Arrhythmia using a differential expert system approach based on principal component analysis and least square support vector machine},
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volume = {186},
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pages = {898--906},
year = {2007},
issn = {0096-3003},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2006.08.020},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TY8-4KXDWBF-5/2/a9e1d7e2dfc4c88935386ea04ca9cb94},
author = {Kemal Polat and Salih G\"{u}nes},
keywords = {ECG Arrhythmia},
keywords = {Principal component analysis (PCA)},
keywords = {Least square support vector machine (LSSVM)},
keywords = {ROC curves},
}

@article{Song2005,
  author =       {Mi Hye Song and Jeon Lee and Sung Pil Cho and Kyoung Joung Lee and Sun Kook Yoo},
  title =        {Support Vector Machine Based Arrhythmia Classification  
Using Reduced Features},
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@article{Ubeyli2009,
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 pages = {320--329},
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 publisher = {Academic Press, Inc.},
 address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
 }

@article{Ubeyli2007,
  author =       {Elif Derya \"{U}beyli},
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  year =         {2007},
  volume =    {17},
  pages =     {675--684},
}

@Article{Soman2005,
  author =    {T. Soman and P. O. Bobbie},
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  year =      {2005},
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  number =    {6},
  pages =     {548--552},
  month =     {June},
}

@InProceedings{Chengwei2006,
  author =       {Li Chengwei and Wang Shoubin and Xu Aijun and Peng Hui},
  title =        {Clinical Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease Based on Support Vector Machine},
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  pages =     {1273--1276},
  year =      {2006},
  editor =    {R. Magjarevic and J. H. Nagel},
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  series =    {IFMBE Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
}

@Article{Chiu2005,
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  number =    {3},
  pages =     {147--152},
  month =     {June},
}

@Article{Silipo1998,
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@Article{Osowski2004,
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  title =        {Support Vector Machine-Based Expert System for 
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  year =         {2004},
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}

@article{PhysioNet,
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 volume = "101",
 number = "23",
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 note = PhysioNetNote,
}

@article{Lin2007,
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    day = {18},
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    number = {2},
    pages = {107--144},
    posted-at = {2008-05-21 23:56:04},
    priority = {2},
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    volume = {15},
    year = {2007}
}

@inproceedings{Lin2010,
  author = {Lin, Jessica and Li, Yuan},
  title = {Finding Structural Similarity in Time Series Data Using Bag-of-Patterns Representation},
  booktitle = SSDBM2009, 
  year = {2009},
  isbn = {978-3-642-02278-4},
  pages = {461--477},
  location = {New Orleans, LA, USA},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02279-1_33},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
 }

@Article{Ham1996,
  author =       {F. M. Ham and Soowhan Han},
  title =        {Classification of cardiac arrhythmias using fuzzy ARTMAP},
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  year =         {1996},
  volume =    {43},
  number =    {4},
  pages =     {425--429},
  month =     {April},
}
@article{Engin2004,
  title = "ECG beat classification using neuro-fuzzy network",
  journal = PRL,
  volume = "25",
  number = "15",
  pages = "1715 - 1722",
  year = "2004",
  issn = "0167-8655",
  doi = "DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2004.06.014",
  url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V15-4D0Y5TH-2/2/b83f364f61d79f96abeb1bc1b1898ab9",
  author = "Mehmet Engin",
  keywords = "ECG beat classification",
  keywords = "MIT/BIH database",
  keywords = "Neuro-fuzzy networks",
  keywords = "Higher-order statistics",
  keywords = "Wavelet transform",
  keywords = "AR modelling",
  keywords = "Pattern recognition"
}

@article{Turaga2010,
 author = {S. C. Turaga and J. F. Murray and V. Jain and F. Roth and M. Helmstaedter and K. Briggman and W. Denk and H. S. Seung}, 
 title = {Convolutional networks can learn to generate affinity graphs for image segmentation}, 
 journal = {Neural Computation}, 
 volume = 22, 
 pages = {511--538},
 year = 2010,
}

@article{Hahnloser-2003,
 author = {Richard H.R. Hahnloser and H. Sebastian Seung and J.J. Slotine},
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}

@techreport{Jenatton-2009,
 title={Structured Variable Selection with Sparsity-Inducing Norms},
 author={Jenatton, R. and Audibert, J.-Y. and Bach, F.},
 institution={arXiv:0904.3523},
 year={2009}
}

@ARTICLE{Erhan2010,
    author = {Erhan, Dumitru and Bengio, Yoshua and Courville, Aaron and Manzagol, Pierre-Antoine and Vincent, Pascal and Bengio, Samy},
     month = feb,
     title = {Why Does Unsupervised Pre-training Help Deep Learning?},
   journal = jmlr,
    volume = {11},
      year = {2010},
     pages = {625--660},
  abstract = {Much recent research has been devoted to learning algorithms for deep architectures such as Deep Belief Networks and stacks of auto-encoder variants, with impressive results obtained in several areas, mostly on vision and language datasets. The best results obtained on supervised learning tasks involve an unsupervised learning component, usually in an unsupervised pre-training phase. Even though these new algorithms have enabled training deep models, many questions remain as to the nature of this difficult learning problem. The main question investigated here is the following: why does unsupervised pre-training work and why does it work so well? Answering these questions is important if learning in deep architectures is to be further improved. We propose several explanatory hypotheses and test them through extensive simulations. We empirically show the influence of pre-training with respect to architecture depth, model capacity, and number of training examples. The experiments confirm and clarify the advantage of unsupervised pre-training. The results suggest that unsupervised pre-training guides the learning towards basins of attraction of minima that are better in terms of the underlying data distribution; the evidence from these results supports a regularization explanation for the effect of pre-training.}
}

@ARTICLE{Bengio2009FTML,
    author = {Bengio, Yoshua},
     title = {Learning deep architectures for {AI}},
   journal = FTML,
    volume = {2},
    number = {1},
      year = {2009},
     pages = {1--127},
      note = Bengio2009FTML_note,
  abstract = {Theoretical results suggest that in order to learn the kind of
complicated functions that can represent high-level abstractions (e.g. in
vision, language, and other AI-level tasks), one may need {\insist deep
architectures}. Deep architectures are composed of multiple levels of non-linear
operations, such as in neural nets with many hidden layers or in complicated
propositional formulae re-using many sub-formulae. Searching the
parameter space of deep architectures is a difficult task, but
learning algorithms such as those for Deep Belief Networks have recently been proposed
to tackle this problem with notable success, beating the state-of-the-art
in certain areas. This paper discusses the motivations and principles regarding 
learning algorithms for deep architectures,  in particular those exploiting as
building blocks unsupervised learning of single-layer models such as Restricted {Boltzmann} Machines,
used to construct deeper models such as Deep Belief Networks.}
}

@ARTICLE{Bengio1994ITNN,
    author = {Bengio, Yoshua and Simard, Patrice and Frasconi, Paolo},
     title = {Learning Long-Term Dependencies with Gradient Descent is Difficult},
   journal = IEEE_trans_NN,
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
      year = {1994},
     pages = {157--166},
  abstract = {Recurrent neural networks can be used to map input sequences to output sequences, such as for recognition, production or prediction problems. However, practical difficulties have been reported in training recurrent neural networks to perform tasks in which the temporal contingencies present in the input/output sequences span long intervals. We show why gradient based learning algorithms face an increasingly difficult problem as the duration of the dependencies to be captures increases. These results expose a trade-off between efficient learning by gradient descent and latching on information for long periods. Based on an understanding of this problem, alternatives to standard gradient descent are considered.},
optnote={(Special Issue on Recurrent Neural Networks)},topics={LongTerm},cat={J},
}

@article{Kohler1992,
    abstract = {The QRS complex is the most striking waveform within the electrocardiogram (ECG). Since it reflects the electrical activity within the heart during the ventricular contraction, the time of its occurrence as well as its shape provide much information about the current state of the heart. Due to its characteristic shape it serves as the basis for the automated determination of the heart rate, as an entry point for classification schemes of the cardiac cycle, and often it is also used in ECG data compression algorithms. In that sense, QRS detection provides the fundamentals for almost all automated ECG analysis algorithms. Software QRS detection has been a research topic for more than 30 years. The evolution of these algorithms clearly reflects the great advances in computer technology. Within the last decade many new approaches to QRS detection have been proposed; for example, algorithms from the field of artificial neural networks genetic algorithms wavelet transforms, filter banks as well as heuristic methods mostly based on nonlinear transforms. The authors provide an overview of these recent developments as well as of formerly proposed algorithms},
    author = {Kohler, B. U. and Hennig, C. and Orglmeister, R.},
    citeulike-article-id = {546409},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=993193},
    journal = eng_med_bio,
    keywords = {detector, ecg\_processing, qrs, qt\_interval, review\_article, rr\_interval},
    number = {1},
    pages = {42--57},
    posted-at = {2007-11-25 20:38:19},
    priority = {2},
    title = {The principles of software QRS detection},
    url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=993193},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2002}
}

@article{Thomas2006,
author = {Julien Thomas and Cedric Rose and Francois Charpillet},
title = {A Multi-HMM Approach to ECG Segmentation},
journal = ICTAI06, 
volume = {0},
issn = {1082-3409},
year = {2006},
pages = {609-616},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICTAI.2006.17},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
}

@inproceedings{Cortes+al-2000,
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 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshops on Advances in Pattern Recognition},
 year = {2000},
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 pages = {767--776},
 publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
 address = {London, UK},
 }


@Article{Oliveira+al-2002,
  author =       "Oliveira, L.S.  and  Sabourin, R.  and  Bortolozzi, F.  and  Suen, C.Y.",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  volume =       "24",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1438-1454",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "2002",
  doi  =         "10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1046154",
  issn =         "0162-8828",
}

@inproceedings{SimardSP03,
  author    = {Patrice Simard and
               David Steinkraus and
               John C. Platt},
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  booktitle = {ICDAR},
  year      = {2003},
  pages     = {958-962},
  ee        = {http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/icdar/2003/1960/02/196020958abs.htm},
  crossref  = {DBLP:conf/icdar/2003},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}

@inproceedings{Milgram+al-2005,
  author = {Milgram, J. and Cheriet, M. and Sabourin, R.},
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  year = {2005},
  pages = {906--1911},
  location = {Montreal, Canada},
 }

@proceedings{DBLP:conf/icdar/2003,
  title     = {7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
               (ICDAR 2003), 2-Volume Set, 3-6 August 2003, Edinburgh,
               Scotland, UK},
  booktitle = {ICDAR},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  year      = {2003},
  isbn      = {0-7695-1960-1},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}


@article{Granger+al-2007,
    author = {Eric Granger and Robert Sabourin and Luiz S. Oliveira and Catolica Parana},
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    year = {2007},
    volume = "2",
    number = "1",
    pages = "27-60",
}

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    year = {2008}
}

@TECHREPORT{Garris94+al-1994,
    author = {Michael D. Garris and James L. Blue and Gerald T. Candela and Gerald T. C and Darrin L. Dimmick and Jon Geist and Patrick J. Grother and Stanley A. Janet and Charles L. Wilson},
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    year = {1994},
    doi = {10.1.1.45.1560},
}

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    title = {Utility data annotation with Amazon Mechanical Turk},
    year = {2008}
}

@inproceedings{Grother-1995,
        AUTHOR = "Grother, P.J.",
        TITLE = "Handprinted Forms and Character Database, NIST Special Database 19",
        BOOKTITLE = "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Intelligent Systems Division (NISTIR)",
        YEAR = "1995",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1015.html#TT105853"}
}

@inproceedings{ whitehill09,
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}